[摘要]中國已進入老齡化社會,以慢性膝關節(jié)軟骨病變?yōu)樘卣鞯南リP節(jié)骨性關節(jié)炎也逐年增加,終末期的膝關節(jié)病通常采用全膝關節(jié)置換術進行治療。術后患者的疼痛問題,一直是關節(jié)骨病科的常見困難。本文從區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛理念出發(fā),對硬膜外阻滯、股神經及坐骨神經阻滯、收肌管阻滯、腘動脈與關節(jié)囊后間隙阻滯的相關機理作一綜述,以探究神經阻滯對術后鎮(zhèn)痛的影響,為改善全膝關節(jié)置換術后的患者疼痛提供鎮(zhèn)痛選擇。
[關鍵詞]全膝關節(jié)置換術;區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛;收肌管阻滯;腘動脈與關節(jié)囊后間隙阻滯;術后鎮(zhèn)痛
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.022
Monitoring the Efficacy of Regional Analgesia following Total Knee Arthroplastyunder General Anesthesia for Painful Osteoarthritis
Tang Ziyi1,2,Kang Liheng3,Zhang Chengqi2*,Qin Yunzhi1*
1Department of Anesthesiology,Yanbian University Hospital,Yanji133000;2Department of Orthopaedics,the 964th Hospital,Changchun130062;3Department of Anesthesiology,the First Hospital of Jilin University,Changchun130062
*Corresponding author:Zhang Chengqi,email:124571435@qq.com;Qin Yunzhi,email:1271064222@qq.com
[Abstract]China is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population.As a result,the prevalence of osteoarthritis of the knee,which is defined by long-term damage to the knee's cartilage,is also rising steadily.In cases where the knee joint disease has reached an advanced stage,the conventional treatment is total knee arthroplasty.The department of joint and orthopedic diseases frequently encounters the challenge of postoperative pain in patients.This paper examines the concept of regional analgesia and reviews the mechanisms involved in various types of nerve blocks,such as epidural block,femoral and sciatic nerve block,adductor canal block,and popliteal artery and posterior joint capsule gap block.The objective is to investigate the impact of nerve blocks on postoperative pain relief and ultimately enhance the analgesic effect for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty.
[Key words]Total knee arthroplasty;Regional analgesia;Adductor canal block;Popliteal artery and posterior joint capsule gap block;Postoperative pain relief
在老齡化社會背景下,骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,其中膝關節(jié)是最常見的發(fā)病部位,可引起關節(jié)疼痛、腫脹甚至功能喪失,嚴重影響患者身體狀況和生活品質[1-2]。對晚期膝關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎的患者,全膝關節(jié)置換術(Total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是一個療效比較持久的治療方法。傳統(tǒng)的TKA是髕旁內入路,能較好地顯示手術視野,是骨科醫(yī)師的首選手術方式[3]。但是,手術過程中往往涉及大量的骨骼和軟組織,患者在術后初期會感覺到強烈的疼痛。如果圍術期不進行有效的止痛處理,會延長患者的住院時間,增加術后并發(fā)癥的危險,對患者的功能恢復不利。區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛即區(qū)域麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛,是一種將局麻藥注入神經根、神經叢或神經干周圍,通過阻斷神經傳導達到鎮(zhèn)痛效果的方法。盡管其應用在臨床上得到了廣泛的認可,但是還沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范或指南。目前TKA的術后鎮(zhèn)痛方式多以區(qū)域阻滯為中心,常用的方法有硬膜外阻滯、股神經阻滯(Femoral nerve block,F(xiàn)NB)、收肌管阻滯(Adductor canal block,ACB)及腘動脈與關節(jié)囊后間隙(Interspace between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the posterior knee,IPACK)阻滯。本文對TKA術后上述區(qū)域阻滯技術作一綜述,旨在探討ACB聯(lián)合IPACK阻滯對患者術后疼痛的控制和早期運動功能的影響,評估其安全性和臨床應用價值,或可為TKA術后鎮(zhèn)痛提出新的思路,以期找到更佳的TKA術后鎮(zhèn)痛選擇。
1硬膜外阻滯
多項研究對比硬膜外麻醉和全身使用阿片鎮(zhèn)痛的療效,結果顯示,硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛組術后疼痛積分降低,更早下床活動,關節(jié)活動度更好,胃腸道功能恢復更好,住院期縮短。但硬膜外麻醉會影響患者感覺和運動,需住院治療,導致TKA術后積極的運動訓練效果不理想。外周神經阻斷技術用于TKA術后疼痛控制的需求日益增加。因此,中華醫(yī)學會中國老年患者膝關節(jié)手術圍術期麻醉管理指導意見(2020版)推薦TKA圍術期鎮(zhèn)痛應采用聯(lián)合神經阻滯的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法[4]。
2FNB及坐骨神經阻滯
FNB曾被公認為TKA術后鎮(zhèn)痛的“最佳實踐”。研究表明, TKA術后嗎啡用量明顯低于對照組,F(xiàn)NB術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果良好,但對股四頭肌的肌力有一定的影響,故需長期臥床,增加墜積性肺炎和下肢深靜脈血栓等圍術期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,不利于患者的快速康復[5]。而且,F(xiàn)NB并不能完全覆蓋膝后神經。坐骨神經對膝后方和外側的感覺和運動的神經進行支配。因此FNB聯(lián)合坐骨神經阻滯(Sciatic nerve block,SNB) 可以進一步減輕TKA患者的術后疼痛[6-7]。但在手術操作過程中,如果腓總神經受到損傷,術后SNB可能會掩蓋腓總神經牽拉或損傷,不利于術后對肌力減弱原因的準確判斷??傊?,SNB優(yōu)勢是手術后疼痛范圍可涵蓋全部坐骨神經的感覺神經。但不足之處在于使坐骨神經運動支受阻,導致膝下肌肉無力,對術后早期恢復不利。
3收肌管阻滯
ACB的止痛作用與FNB相當,且對股四頭肌肌力的損傷較小,更有利于早期康復。ACB能夠最大程度地保證患者的運動功能,但鎮(zhèn)痛只作用于膝關節(jié)前內側,不能有效緩解膝后疼痛[8]。如何在最大限度地減少疼痛和降低對運動功能的影響之間尋找一個平衡點,已成為麻醉界的一個熱門課題。但現(xiàn)有局部麻醉藥在不損害運動功能的前提下,仍無法實現(xiàn)對感覺神經的特異性阻斷,目前對于ACB的合適阻斷部位存在著爭論,ACB唯一可能阻滯的運動神經為股內側肌神經,這也是 ACB后某些患者肌肉力量減弱的原因,但是ACB對運動機能的最大保護作用仍備受重視。
由于收肌管內神經分布的復雜性和個體差異,患者對局麻藥的容量和濃度要求不同。有患者更傾向于適用高容量(30~40 mL)和低濃度的局麻藥液(0.1%羅哌卡因),以避免運動神經阻滯導致運動遲緩[9]。采用升降法研究阻滯效果,定量測定0.5%羅哌卡因的有效容積中位數為10.79 mL[10]。在尸體研究中,10 mL局部麻醉溶液即可提供充分的局部神經麻醉,但沒有提到局麻溶液的濃度[11]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),20 mL的0.5%羅哌卡因作ACB時,可導致膝關節(jié)鏡術后嗎啡用量顯著減少,延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間,血流動力學更好,視覺模擬評分更低且無并發(fā)癥[12]。根據上述研究,臨床推薦使用0.2%~0.5%羅哌卡因15~30 mL進行ACB,對于局麻藥的最佳濃度和劑量的選擇,尚需進一步驗證。
4IPACK阻滯
與ACB類似,IPACK阻斷術通過阻斷腘神經叢末梢感覺神經分支,從而達到緩解膝后疼痛的目的,也可以保留部分運動功能。有研究表明,在TKA中增加IPACK阻滯,使TKA的疼痛得到了進一步的改善,可大大減少住院天數,加快恢復速度[8,13-14]。關于IPACK阻滯對膝關節(jié)后方的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及最佳入路的選擇,目前仍存在爭議,需要進一步進行評價。目前,臨床上多選用布比卡因、左布比卡因及羅哌卡因等麻醉藥,但其最適濃度和用量仍有較大爭論,至今仍無定論與準則[15]。
5IPACK阻滯與ACB的聯(lián)合應用
ACB僅負責膝關節(jié)前內側感覺區(qū)域,不能解決膝關節(jié)后方的疼痛。關節(jié)腔周圍注射盡管對膝關節(jié)后側起到了一定的止痛作用,但是由于其是一種盲目的探查方法,效果不佳。IPACK阻滯對膝關節(jié)后方具有很好的止痛作用,且不會引起神經和血管的損害,從而保護患者的運動能力[8,14]。有研究表明,ACB聯(lián)合SNB對TKA患者術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果顯著,但從理論上分析,任何方法的SNB都存在影響術后下肢運動的可能性[16]。而IPACK阻滯已被證明可以有效控制膝關節(jié)后方的疼痛,并且不影響腓總神經的功能,即不影響膝關節(jié)的運動。也有研究證實,ACB聯(lián)合IPACK,對于單側TKA手術是FNB很好的替代方案,促進早期下床而不降低鎮(zhèn)痛效果[17]。一項隨機對照試驗臨床研究表明,將IPACK和ACB聯(lián)合應用可以明顯改善TKA患者的疼痛,并降低患者對阿片的劑量依賴[18]。ACB結合IPACK阻滯能明顯改善患者術后疼痛及疼痛癥狀,膝關節(jié)運動得到改善,平坦行走距離增加[13]。在meta分析中,比較單獨應用ACB和ACB聯(lián)合IPACK的兩組患者的術后疼痛評分、嗎啡用量以及關節(jié)功能訓練,均得到了顯著的改善[8]。研究顯示,在ACB聯(lián)合IPACK時,與0.20%羅哌卡因相比,0.25%和0.30%濃度的羅哌卡因可在術后最初6 h內提供早期疼痛緩解[19]。
局麻的一次麻醉是有時限的,即使長效的麻醉藥劑,其時效也很難達到24 h以上。目前已有研究表明,在局部麻醉中,通過持續(xù)的外周神經阻斷,可以使局部麻醉藥物的療效更久,減少患者的痛苦。一項回顧性研究表明,在連續(xù)ACB組中增加IPACK阻斷比單獨使用連續(xù)ACB更能減少手術當日的最小疼痛分數,而對其他結果無統(tǒng)計學意義,而且從疼痛評分上獲益也比較有限[20]。隨機雙盲試驗顯示,IPACK與連續(xù)ACB在麻醉后監(jiān)測治療室中的靜息痛評分低于單純連續(xù)ACB,但無實際臨床價值,故不建議將其作為 TKA的常規(guī)術后止痛手段,但是,它可能是一種補救式止痛方法[21]。72例單側橋式TKA中,增加IPACK并沒有降低術后阿片用量,也沒有提高止痛作用,但卻能提高TKA術后的即刻功能[22]。在此基礎上,進一步證實了IPACK與局部浸潤麻醉、連續(xù)ACB聯(lián)用對TKA的療效等。
總之,區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛是TKA術后常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方法之一,其方法是通過采取區(qū)域阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛技術來降低阿片類藥物的使用,縮短住院時間并加速術后康復。不同的鎮(zhèn)痛策略各有優(yōu)缺點,需要根據患者的具體情況和手術要求選擇合適的鎮(zhèn)痛方案。
6小結與展望
與傳統(tǒng)的TKA后鎮(zhèn)痛中使用的FNB聯(lián)合SNB阻滯技術相比,IPACK和ACB的聯(lián)合能達到更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,更好地保持了患者的運動功能,是一種非常理想的鎮(zhèn)痛方法[13-14,18]。隨著技術的發(fā)展與成熟會逐漸成為TKA術后鎮(zhèn)痛的主要神經阻滯技術。然而,IPACK阻滯和ACB在TKA手術中的療效仍存爭論,有待更多的研究來證實,從而為今后選擇更有效、更安全的鎮(zhèn)痛方法提供依據。TKA患者術后鎮(zhèn)痛不能只依賴于區(qū)域鎮(zhèn)痛技術,應該采用多模式鎮(zhèn)痛策略。例如局部浸潤鎮(zhèn)痛技術、口服或肌內注射鎮(zhèn)痛藥物等,也可以與區(qū)域阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛技術聯(lián)合使用,以達到更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。這些藥物可以單獨使用或與其他藥物聯(lián)合使用以達到最佳的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[23]。
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(2023-12-07收稿)