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DSA與TEE引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮PFO封堵術(shù)安全性與有效性比較

2024-10-17 00:00:00孫沖時(shí)培軒宋文慧武力舟王海燕
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版) 2024年4期

[摘要]目的比較血管造影(DSA)與經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(TEE)引導(dǎo)下行經(jīng)皮卵圓孔未閉(PFO)封堵術(shù)的可行性、安全性和有效性。

方法2018年1月—2022年12月,山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院住院治療的不明原因腦卒中和藥物治療無效的PFO相關(guān)性偏頭痛332例,所有病人均接受經(jīng)皮PFO封堵術(shù)治療。根據(jù)其引導(dǎo)方式分為TEE組 101例, DSA組231例;根據(jù)病因分為偏頭痛組151例和隱匿性腦卒中組181例?;仡櫺苑治霾∪说呐R床特征、超聲心動圖、術(shù)中及術(shù)后1年隨訪等臨床資料。

結(jié)果DSA組和TEE組的手術(shù)成功率與手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無顯著差異,但TEE組的手術(shù)時(shí)間更長、住院費(fèi)用更高(t=5.125,Z=8.265,P<0.001)。偏頭痛組和隱匿性腦卒中組的手術(shù)成功率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與總體結(jié)果相一致。隨訪1年偏頭痛亞組DSA和TEE病人的HIT-6評分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;隱匿性腦卒中亞組DSA病人復(fù)發(fā)腦卒中3例(2.2%),而TEE病人無腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)者,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)論TEE和DSA引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮PFO封堵術(shù),在手術(shù)成功率、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生及術(shù)后1年療效等方面無明顯差異,但在手術(shù)時(shí)長和住院費(fèi)用方面DSA病人更具優(yōu)勢。

[關(guān)鍵詞]卵圓孔,未閉;心血管造影術(shù);超聲心動描記術(shù),經(jīng)食管;偏頭痛;卒中;治療結(jié)果

[中圖分類號]R541.1;R540.45

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A

[文章編號]2096-5532(2024)04-0528-05doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.111

[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20240829.1342.004;2024-08-3017:34:43

Safety and efficacy of digital subtraction angiography versus transesophageal echocardiography in guiding percutaneous patent foramen ovale occlusion

SUN Chong, SHI Peixuan, SONG Wenhui, WU Lizhou, WANG Haiyan

(Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shangdong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Abdominal Medical Imaging, Jinan 250013, China)

; [Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) versus transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in guiding percutaneous patent foramen ovale (PFO) occlusion.

MethodsA total of 332 patients with PFO-related migraine due to unexplained stroke or no response to pharmacotherapy who were hospitalized in The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from January 2018 to December 2022 were enrolled, and all patients underwent percutaneous PFO occlusion. According to the guidance method, they were divided into TEE group with 101 patients and DSA group with 231 patients, and according to the etiology, they were divided into migraine group with 151 patients and occult stroke group with 181 patients. A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data including clinical features, echocardiog-

raphy, intraoperative data, and one-year postoperative follow-up.

ResultsThere wereno significant differences between the DSA group and the TEE groupin surgical success rate and the incidence rate of surgical complications, but the TEE group had a significantly longer time of operation and significantly higher hospitalcosts (t=5.125,Z=8.265,P<0.001). Surgical success rate and the incidence rate of complications in the migraine group and the occult stroke group were consistent with the overall results. One-year follow-up showed no significant difference in HIT-6 score between the patients undergoing DSA and those undergoing TEE in the migraine subgroup; in the occult stroke subgroup, 3 patients (2.2%) experienced the recurrence of stroke among the patients undergoing DSA, while no patient experienced such recurrence among the patients undergoing TEE, without a significant difference.

ConclusionThere areno significant differences between TEE-and DSA-guided percutaneous PFO occlusion in surgical success rate, the incidence rate of complications, and 1-year postoperative outcome, but patients undergoing DSA tend to have advantages in the time of operation and hospital costs.

[Key words]foramen ovale, patent; angiocardiography; echocardiography, transesophageal; migraine; stroke; treatment outcome

卵圓孔未閉(PFO)是成人中最常見的先天性心臟異常,發(fā)生率約25%[1]。在大多數(shù)情況下,PFO不需要治療。但在某些特殊情況下,PFO可能會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,包括卒中和非卒中性疾病,如偏頭痛、減壓病、斜臥呼吸-直立性低氧血癥和系統(tǒng)栓塞等[2-4],這些情況下通常需要治療。臨床上最常見的是PFO相關(guān)性腦卒中和偏頭痛,目前多個(gè)國家制定了PFO相關(guān)性卒中治療指南,推薦對此類病人行PFO封堵治療[5-8]。對于PFO相關(guān)性偏頭痛,張玉順等[9]制定的中國專家共識認(rèn)為,有心房水平持續(xù)性右向左分流、合并房間隔膨出瘤、中大量右向左分流/易栓傾向及先兆性偏頭痛病人可能通過PFO封堵治療獲益。血管造影(DSA)和經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(TEE)是目前行經(jīng)皮PFO封堵術(shù)最常用的兩種引導(dǎo)方式,但以往對其優(yōu)劣性研究較少,也未見進(jìn)行偏頭痛、腦卒中的分組研究。本研究旨在評估這兩種引導(dǎo)方式的可行性、安全性和有效性,從而為PFO病人選擇治療方式提供依據(jù)。

1資料與方法

1.1對象選擇

根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的指南及專家共識,納入2018年1月—2022年10月于山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院住院治療的332例接受經(jīng)皮PFO封堵術(shù)病人。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①不明原因腦卒中;②藥物難治性偏頭痛并且未明確其他偏頭痛機(jī)制;③右心聲學(xué)造影(c-TTE)為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①房間隔缺損;②其他原因引起的偏頭痛及腦卒中;③心腔內(nèi)血栓形成,或合并心房顫動(房顫);④合并嚴(yán)重肺動脈高壓或者PFO為特殊通道;⑤感染性疾病、妊娠、抗血小板或抗凝治療禁忌證。其中,DSA引導(dǎo)231例,TEE引導(dǎo)101例。根據(jù)病因不同將病人分為偏頭痛組151例和隱匿性腦卒中組(腦卒中組)181例。本研究已經(jīng)完成美國臨床注冊(clinicaltrials.gov,注冊號NCT06192173)。

1.2診斷與評估方法

所有病人經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖聯(lián)合c-TTE檢測到Ⅱ~Ⅲ級右向左分流(RLS)[10]。在封堵術(shù)前均行TEE檢查,觀察房間隔解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及心房水平的分流情況。隱源性腦卒中病人均行顱腦CT掃描(或MRI)及腦血管CTA檢查、頸動脈和椎動脈超聲多普勒檢查等,偏頭痛病人均行頭痛影響測評量表-6(HIT-6)[11]評估偏頭痛嚴(yán)重程度。

1.3引導(dǎo)方法及效果評估

DSA組采用表面麻醉穿刺股靜脈,選擇DSA下經(jīng)皮經(jīng)股靜脈路徑,在右心房內(nèi)PFO部位進(jìn)行高壓造影確定其位置及大小,選擇合適封堵器進(jìn)行封堵,術(shù)前及術(shù)后即刻行TTE監(jiān)測。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間及透視時(shí)間。TEE組在氣管插管靜脈麻醉下通過TEE二維及彩色多普勒檢查明確PFO位置、大小及分流情況,選擇合適輸送鞘和封堵傘,采用與DSA組相同的手術(shù)途徑,TEE全程引導(dǎo)封堵過程及術(shù)后即刻評估。

這兩種引導(dǎo)方式均由高年資及年輕介入科醫(yī)生各1名和1名超聲科醫(yī)生完成,TEE組額外需要1名麻醉醫(yī)生。手術(shù)即刻成功定義為封堵器順利置入,超聲心動圖評估封堵器位置形態(tài)良好,對毗鄰結(jié)構(gòu)無影響,心房水平無殘余分流,無心包積液、無出血、無心律失常。術(shù)后常規(guī)給予抗血小板治療,口服阿司匹林(100 mg,每天2次)或阿司匹林(100 mg,每天1次)聯(lián)合氯吡格雷(75 mg,每天1次)6個(gè)月。出院前行TTE及心電圖檢查。所有病人接受術(shù)后12個(gè)月的門診隨訪,主要內(nèi)容包括臨床表現(xiàn)、TTE及c-TTE、心電圖檢查等項(xiàng)目,對偏頭痛病人記錄HIT-6及△HIT-6評分,腦梗死病人是否有卒中復(fù)發(fā)。手術(shù)短中期成功率定義為術(shù)后12月封堵器位置形態(tài)良好,c-TTE檢查顯示左心腔微氣泡數(shù)量<10個(gè)/幀,無新發(fā)心律失常等。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)正態(tài)分布者采用±s表示,非正態(tài)分布者用M(P25~P75)表示,分類變量用頻率(占總數(shù)的百分比)表示,運(yùn)用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)、卡方檢驗(yàn)、Fisher確切概率法和非參數(shù)Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行組間比較。所有檢驗(yàn)均為雙尾檢驗(yàn),以P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1病人基線臨床特征及其分組比較

PFO封堵術(shù)病人(總樣本組)332例,按照病因分為PFO相關(guān)腦卒中(腦卒中組)181例,PFO相關(guān)性偏頭痛(偏頭痛組)151例;按照封堵術(shù)誘導(dǎo)方式分為DSA組231例,TEE組101例。總樣本組、腦卒中組和偏頭痛組基線臨床特征在不同封堵術(shù)誘導(dǎo)方式之間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表1。所選用的PFO封堵器均為國產(chǎn)封堵器,DSA組84%病人選擇最常用的18/25 mm 和25/25 mm封堵器,TEE組93%病人選擇這兩個(gè)型號。

2.2DSA組和TEE組圍手術(shù)期相關(guān)資料比較

DSA組4例病人心房造影未能發(fā)現(xiàn)確切PFO而終止手術(shù),TEE組則有2例導(dǎo)管導(dǎo)絲未能通過PFO,但兩組手術(shù)即刻成功率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。TEE組中有2例是DSA引導(dǎo)封堵失敗轉(zhuǎn)為TEE引導(dǎo)封堵成功。TEE組病人較DSA組的手術(shù)時(shí)間更長且住院費(fèi)用更高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=4.693~8.265,t=3.759~5.125,P<0.001)。兩組病人均未出現(xiàn)圍手術(shù)期房顫、腦缺血及心包積液等并發(fā)癥。兩組病人住院天數(shù)無差異。腦卒中亞組和偏頭痛亞組圍手術(shù)期相關(guān)指標(biāo)與總體結(jié)果相近。見表2。

2.3封堵術(shù)后12個(gè)月隨訪結(jié)果比較

隨訪12個(gè)月結(jié)果顯示,總體上DSA組病人較TEE組遺留更多Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Fisher確切概率法,P<0.05)。在偏頭痛亞組中,盡管DSA組較TEE組遺留更多Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流病人、△HIT-6評分較低,但二者差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在隱匿性腦卒中亞組中,盡管DSA引導(dǎo)封堵的病人似乎有較TEE引導(dǎo)者更多出現(xiàn)Ⅱ級或以上殘余右向左分流的趨勢,以及更高的復(fù)發(fā)性腦卒中發(fā)生率,但二者差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表3。

3討論

多個(gè)國家的PFO封堵指南或?qū)<夜沧R或者多項(xiàng)臨床研究均認(rèn)為,封堵PFO對于預(yù)防不明原因腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)、治療難治性偏頭痛并且不合并其他偏頭痛發(fā)生機(jī)制的病人是有價(jià)值的[12-16,9]。本研究對比DSA與TEE的結(jié)果顯示,DSA組和TEE組手術(shù)即刻成功率、短中期成功率與手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無顯著差異,但TEE組手術(shù)時(shí)間更長、住院費(fèi)用更高。隨訪12月結(jié)果顯示,接受兩種不同引導(dǎo)方式的偏頭痛亞組病人偏頭痛改善程度、隱匿性腦卒中亞組復(fù)發(fā)腦卒中發(fā)生率均無明顯差異。

本研究所有病人中DSA組與TEE組的手術(shù)即刻成功率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但TEE相比于DSA可能具有以下優(yōu)勢。①TEE空間分辨率高,可以更直觀準(zhǔn)確地觀察卵圓孔大小、形態(tài)、原發(fā)隔活動度以及PFO毗鄰結(jié)構(gòu),并可根據(jù)3D-TEE測量的卵圓窩大小來選擇合適型號的封堵器[17-18]。②在封堵術(shù)中TEE可以實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控并指引導(dǎo)絲、導(dǎo)管精準(zhǔn)通過PFO[19-21]。對于通過困難的病人,將輸送鞘頂在PFO的右房側(cè)開口處使用導(dǎo)絲反復(fù)嘗試,成功率更高。本研究中有2例病人在DSA引導(dǎo)下導(dǎo)管無法通過PFO,隨后在TEE引導(dǎo)下封堵成功。③TEE可直視觀察病人在封堵器置入即刻的形態(tài)、位置及殘余分流,可及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中并發(fā)癥,比如卵圓孔內(nèi)膜夾層、心包積液、封堵器表面血栓形成等[22]。盡管術(shù)中TEE引導(dǎo)具有諸多優(yōu)勢,但它也存在局限性,因?yàn)門EE引導(dǎo)術(shù)中需全身麻醉[23],并且需TEE全程進(jìn)行術(shù)中引導(dǎo)。

本研究中TEE和DSA引導(dǎo)下PFO封堵術(shù)的術(shù)中及術(shù)后短期并發(fā)癥無顯著差異,表明這兩種引導(dǎo)方式都是安全可靠的。盡管TEE探頭在術(shù)中長時(shí)間操作可能導(dǎo)致病人咽喉或食管不適,全麻也存在麻醉相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且其總手術(shù)時(shí)間也會更長,但本研究顯示DSA組與TEE組術(shù)后住院時(shí)間并無明顯差異,表明無術(shù)中或術(shù)后并發(fā)癥需要額外處理。雖然TEE引導(dǎo)下PFO封堵術(shù)的精準(zhǔn)度似乎更高,但因DSA具備安全、快速與高效等特點(diǎn)[24],DSA引導(dǎo)仍是目前主流手段。然而,對某些形態(tài)特殊PFO、預(yù)計(jì)手術(shù)操作難度大、有放射線禁忌證等病人,仍建議行TEE引導(dǎo)下封堵術(shù)。

以往研究將PFO封堵成功定義為封堵器與房間隔貼合良好,術(shù)后6個(gè)月c-TCD或c-TTE顯示左心微氣泡<10個(gè)/幀[25]。本研究考慮到封堵治療后6個(gè)月內(nèi)病人持續(xù)抗血小板治療會影響臨床療效評估,故最終將封堵術(shù)后12個(gè)月獲得的超聲復(fù)查結(jié)果作為評判依據(jù)。本研究結(jié)果表明,所有病人封堵器位置形態(tài)良好,對毗鄰結(jié)構(gòu)無擠壓或磨損,彩色多普勒超聲檢查提示心房水平無分流,并且在所有病人及偏頭痛亞組病人中,TEE引導(dǎo)封堵病人c-TTE顯示殘余分流發(fā)生率明顯低于DSA組,考慮可能與根據(jù)TEE結(jié)果選擇封堵器更加適合有關(guān)。

多國指南指出,對60歲以下PFO相關(guān)性卒中病人強(qiáng)烈建議封堵PFO[26-29]。本研究中隱匿性腦卒中亞組有3例(2.2%)病人術(shù)后1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)腦卒中,均為DSA引導(dǎo)封堵的病人。雖然近年來PFO封堵術(shù)治療偏頭痛仍存在爭議,但2023年張玉順等[9]對國內(nèi)人群長期研究后制定的專家共識指出,對于藥物難治性偏頭痛,如果未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他引起偏頭痛的機(jī)制并且有先兆、合并房間隔膨出瘤、RLS為中大量的病人,可以行PFO封堵術(shù)。本研究偏頭痛亞組中PFO封堵治療獲得令人滿意的短中期結(jié)果,這與先前研究結(jié)果一致[30-31]。

本研究尚存在一些局限性。首先,作為一項(xiàng)回顧性研究,課題設(shè)計(jì)存在一定缺陷;其次,樣本量偏小、單中心研究、術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間較短,未來需要納入更多受試者的多中心研究以獲得更可靠的結(jié)果。總之,TEE和DSA引導(dǎo)下的PFO封堵術(shù)均安全、可行和有效,僅在手術(shù)時(shí)長和住院費(fèi)用這兩方面,DSA病人更具優(yōu)勢。這兩種引導(dǎo)方式對隱匿性腦卒中和藥物難治性偏頭痛均取得了良好的治療效果,值得在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用。

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