什么是with復合結構? with復合結構有何用途?
常有同學問這樣的問題。
傻傻弄不明白嗎?跟著老師開動大腦吧……
with復合結構就是with+賓語+賓語補足語。
即with+名詞/代詞+不定式to do/動詞-ing/動詞-ed/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。
一、with復合結構在句中的作用
with復合結構常常用來表示時間、原因、伴隨狀況、條件、結果等。如:
I cant go to the cinema with a lot of work to do.
有很多工作要做,我不能去看電影。 (with+to do表示原因)
The children began to play games with their homework done.
作業(yè)做完了,孩子們開始玩游戲。 (with+V-ed表示時間)
We will have a spring outing tomorrow with the weather fine.
明天如果天氣好,我們?nèi)ゴ河巍?(with+adj表示條件)
With you helping us, we will be able to finish the task on time.
有你在幫助我們,我們能夠按時完成任務。(with+V-ing表示伴隨行為)
Alice left the office in a hurry with tears in her eyes.
愛麗絲眼淚含著淚水,匆忙離開了辦公室。(with+prep表示伴隨狀況)
They have finished the peace talks with the agreement reached.
他們達成了協(xié)議,結束了和平談判。(with+V-ed表示結果)
The old man was sitting silently by the window with his head down.
老人靜靜地坐在窗邊,頭低著。 (with+adv 表示伴隨狀態(tài))
with復合結構是英語幾種復合結構中最常用的,有些語法書將其歸納為獨立主格結構的一種,但多數(shù)語法書認為它就叫with復合結構。
二、with 復合結構可以轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句、狀語從句或獨立主格結構。
前提是我們先理解句子的意義。如:
(一)伴隨狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換
The students were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open.
學生們在聽老師講,眼睛睜得大大的。 (表示伴隨行為狀語)
The students were listening to the teacher, and their eyes were wide open.(轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句)
The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open. (轉(zhuǎn)換為獨立主格結構作狀語)
The girl told us what had happened with tears in her eyes.
女孩眼里含著淚水,告訴了我們發(fā)生的事情。(表示伴隨狀語)
The girl told us what had happened while tears were in her eyes. (轉(zhuǎn)換為伴隨行為狀語)
Tears in her eyes, the girl told us what had happened.(獨立主格結構作狀語)
(二) 時間或條件狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
燈都亮了,廣場看起來更漂亮了。(表示時間狀語)
The square looks more beautiful when all the lights are on.(轉(zhuǎn)換為時間狀語)
All lights on , the square looks more beautiful. (獨立主格結構作時間狀語)
Id like to see the new movie with time permitting.
如果時間允許,我想去看這部新電影。 (表示條件狀語)
Id like to see the new movie if time permits. (轉(zhuǎn)換為條件狀語從句)
Time permitting, Id like to see the new movie. (獨立主格結構作條件狀語)
(三)原因狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換
With prices going up fast, people found their life getting difficult in Europe.
因為物價上漲太快,在歐洲人們發(fā)現(xiàn)生活變艱難了。 (表示原因狀語)
As prices were going up fast, people found their life getting difficult in Europe.(轉(zhuǎn)換為原因狀語從句)
Prices going up fast, people found their life getting difficult in Europe. (獨立主格結構作原因狀語)
With the museum being repaired, we can not visit it now.
由于博物館正在維修,我們現(xiàn)在不能參觀。 (表示原因狀語)
As /Because the church is being repaired, we can not visit it now.(轉(zhuǎn)換為原因狀語從句)
The church being repaired, we can not visit it now. (獨立主格結構作原因狀語)
(四) 結果狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換
The meeting came to an end with the problem solved.
會議結束了,問題解決了。(表示結果狀語)
The meeting came to an end, and the problem was solved. (并列句表示結果)
The meeting came to an end, the problem solved. (獨立主格結構表示結果)
(五)轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句
with復合結構有時可作句中定語,也可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句。如
We came to a river with red flowers and green grass on both banks.
我們來到一條兩岸長滿紅花綠草的河流。(作定語)
We came to a river, where red flowers and green grass were on both banks.(轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句)
We came to a river, red flowers and green grass on both banks. (獨立主格結構作定語)
三、with復合結構的否定形式 without+賓語+賓補, 其用法一樣。如:
He wanted to slide out of the classroom without anyone noticing him.
他想趁沒有人注意時溜出教室。 (without+賓語+V-ing表伴隨動作)
Without anyone to help, how can we go on with the work?
沒有人幫助,我們怎樣繼續(xù)工作? (without+代詞+to do 表原因)
I dont like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it.
我不喜歡甜咖啡,不加糖我更喜歡。(without+名詞+介詞短語表定語)
They debated for hours without a conclusion drawn.
他們爭論了幾個小時,也沒有做出結論。(without+名詞+V-ed表結果)
為什么要用with復合結構?這是為了表達簡潔高效,還說明英語表達的豐富多樣。with復合結構,可以靈活地轉(zhuǎn)換為并列句、狀語從句或獨立主格結構。With復合結構中的重點在于非謂語動詞的確定和使用。
【作者簡介:袁小林,被中國教育學會表彰為“全國優(yōu)秀外語教師”,在國家及省級期刊上發(fā)表教研文章70多篇,編寫教輔書4部,出版專著《經(jīng)典唐詩英譯欣賞》。于弟,深圳市高中英語教研員,廣東教育學會外語教學專業(yè)委員會理事,先后被表彰為深圳市寶安區(qū)教壇新秀、寶安區(qū)優(yōu)秀教師、寶安區(qū)教育系統(tǒng)“工程”中青年骨干教師】
責任編輯 吳昊雷