議論文是新課標(biāo)要求考生掌握的文體之一，也是考試中繞不開(kāi)的體裁之一，同樣也是困擾考生的文體類(lèi)型。一般而言，在閱讀理解四選一的題型中，以議論文為體裁的語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型也是考生比較易于犯錯(cuò)誤的題目。考生若能掌握議論文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，理解其命題規(guī)律，那么答題的正確率也會(huì)顯著提高。本文以2024年廣州市普通高中畢業(yè)班綜合測(cè)試 （二）B篇閱讀為例，來(lái)闡釋議論文的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)及其命題規(guī)律，幫助考生駕馭該類(lèi)型文本，提高答題的正確率。

一、 例析議論文的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)

華南師范大學(xué)朱曉燕教授在其著作《英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的語(yǔ)篇分析》一書(shū)中專(zhuān)門(mén)對(duì)議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行闡釋。朱教授認(rèn)為議論文一般以影評(píng)、演講、書(shū)評(píng)、社論等為主要內(nèi)容，其特點(diǎn)是表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)以說(shuō)服他人，通常包括三個(gè)部分：第一部分表明同意或反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)；第二部分提出若干論據(jù)或者論證作為支撐材料，說(shuō)明同意或反對(duì)的理由，即論據(jù)；第三部分重申自己的立場(chǎng)或觀點(diǎn)。下面以2024年廣州市普通高中畢業(yè)班綜合測(cè)試 （二）B篇閱讀為例來(lái)闡釋議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，原文如下：

①Courage is a huge theme in my life， a quality I constantly seek， appreciate， and analyze. The root of “courage” is “cor，” the Latin word for heart. Originally， courage meant “to speak ones mind by telling all ones heart.” While courage is often associated with heroism nowadays， I believe true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel．

②I recently witnessed an example of true courage. During a mountain-climbing trip with my 15-year-old daughter and some college students， I noticed her struggling to keep up with the group. Despite my suggestions to rest， she persisted until she couldnt breathe properly．

③Panicked， I called out to the front for help， but there was no response， and we had no cellphone signal. Fortunately， two students just came back to check out on us. They offered assistance and calmed us down. As we continued at a slower pace， they shared their own experiences， from starting out as beginners like my daughter to becoming consistently among the first to reach the peak．

④“You know，” one of them said， looking at my daughter， “I was just like you when I started. But with practice and proper pace， youll get there too.”

⑤“Yeah， dont let your lack of experience stop you，” the other added. “Its okay to admit when youre struggling or not feeling alright. In fact， its important to speak up and ask for help when you need it. Thats how we improve and grow.”

⑥Reaching the mountain top was a huge relief for both my daughter and me. However， the two students addressed the celebrating group directly， emphasizing the importance of staying together in tough environments. Their words led the group to apologize to us for overlooking our struggle．

⑦I was totally amazed at their bravery， and my daughter learned that its okay to be the least experienced in a group. Courage， Ive come to realize， has a ripple effect. Each time we choose courage， we inspire those around us to be a little braver and make the world a little better．

本文主要論證了真正的勇氣在于自我的開(kāi)放和坦誠(chéng)，并以自己和女兒參加爬山的例子作為論據(jù)以佐證自己的觀點(diǎn)。本文共有七個(gè)自然段（每個(gè)段落前面的序號(hào)即是段落序號(hào)），可以分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分即第一自然段作者首先追溯了“courage”一詞的來(lái)源進(jìn)而引出自己的觀點(diǎn)：I believe true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel；第二部分即第二至第六自然段講述女兒在爬山時(shí)忽視自己的感受，堅(jiān)持爬山直到即將暈倒，其他登山者發(fā)現(xiàn)之后鼓勵(lì)女兒要尊重自己真實(shí)的感受，及時(shí)求助，不斷訓(xùn)練，才能到達(dá)山頂。第三部分即最后一段作者及女兒都明白了“bravery”的意義及其好處。

根據(jù)以上分析可見(jiàn)，該議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)是：提出論點(diǎn)（第一部分）——理由或例證（第二部分）——重申觀點(diǎn)或立場(chǎng)（第三部分）。

二、 議論文的命題規(guī)律

分析了議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)之后，那么其結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)解題有哪些幫助呢？議論文的命題有什么規(guī)律呢？現(xiàn)以上文的題目為例談探析議論文的命題特征。該文章的四個(gè)題目如下：

24. Why does the author mention the original meaning of courage？

A. To argue for the true essence of courage.

B. To question the common belief of courage．

C. To show the changing meaning of courage.

D. To compare different interpretations of courage．

25. What did the two students suggest the daughter do？

A. Challenge her own limits.

B. Seek help whenever possible．

C. Keep to a suitable pace.

D. Stick with experienced climbers．

26. Which action in the mountain-climbing story is an example of true courage？

A. The mother asked the girl to rest.

B. The girl tried hard not to fall behind．

C. The group celebrated the reach of the top．

D. The two students pointed out the groups fault．

27. What does the author intend to tell us？

A. Kindness connects us all.

B. Being a beginner takes courage．

C. With courage， everyone can be perfect.

D. We dont have to be a hero to be brave．

第24題的問(wèn)題是為什么作者要提及勇氣的最初含義，干擾項(xiàng)最強(qiáng)的是D選項(xiàng)：對(duì)比勇氣的不同釋義，而正確答案是A：為了論證勇氣的本質(zhì)。顯然這一題是在考查考生能否推斷出作者的意圖，能否抓住文章的論點(diǎn)。

第25題是關(guān)于兩個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)給女兒的建議是什么，很多考生選擇了A選項(xiàng)：挑戰(zhàn)自己的極限，說(shuō)明考生尚未對(duì)第一段的論點(diǎn)有較為清晰的認(rèn)知，如果挑戰(zhàn)了自己的極限，證明并沒(méi)有坦誠(chéng)面對(duì)自己的真實(shí)感受，與文章論點(diǎn)不符，因此正確答案應(yīng)是選項(xiàng)C。

第26題讓考生選出哪一個(gè)是真正勇氣的例子，ABC選項(xiàng)與論點(diǎn)：true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel 不符，而D選項(xiàng)是兩個(gè)學(xué)生坦誠(chéng)指出自己團(tuán)隊(duì)的失誤，與論點(diǎn)吻合，因此正確選項(xiàng)是D。

第27題考查作者的寫(xiě)作目的，也是考查考生對(duì)論點(diǎn)的理解，D選項(xiàng)與論點(diǎn)匹配。

綜上分析，24題考查考生能否找到論點(diǎn)，27題直接考查考生對(duì)論點(diǎn)的理解程度，25和26題通過(guò)對(duì)論據(jù)的考查間接考查考生對(duì)論點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)?？梢?jiàn)，議論文的命題方式主要是考查對(duì)論點(diǎn)的把握，和對(duì)論據(jù)的理解。通過(guò)對(duì)議論文結(jié)構(gòu)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，議論文的論點(diǎn)通常出現(xiàn)在第一段并在最后一段重申，而文章的中間部分通常是佐證材料即論據(jù)，因此考生要特別重視議論文的第一段和最后一段，找出論點(diǎn)，理解論點(diǎn)，理清論據(jù)，問(wèn)題便能迎刃而解，答題的正確率也會(huì)相應(yīng)提高。

【本文系中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究專(zhuān)項(xiàng)課題“基于深度閱讀的高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作任務(wù)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施研究”（批準(zhǔn)號(hào)：GDJY-2022-A-yyb84）以及廣東省教育科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目重點(diǎn)課題“高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中學(xué)科能力培養(yǎng)的行動(dòng)研究”（批準(zhǔn)號(hào)：2023ZQJK119）系列研究成果】

【作者簡(jiǎn)介：曾榮獲湛江市直屬中學(xué)高效課堂比賽一等獎(jiǎng)；湛江市班主任能力大賽一等獎(jiǎng)；主持申報(bào)的《高中英語(yǔ)閱讀中思維能力培養(yǎng)的實(shí)踐研究》榮獲湛江市基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)成果獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)；在《基礎(chǔ)外語(yǔ)教育》《廣東教育》等權(quán)威期刊發(fā)表論文16篇】

責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷