摘要 大面積腦梗死(MCI)是急性缺血性腦卒中較嚴(yán)重的一種臨床分型,具有進(jìn)展迅速、預(yù)后不佳等臨床特點(diǎn),死亡率高達(dá)53%~78%,如能盡早了解MCI的危險(xiǎn)因素及可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制,將有助于醫(yī)生確定病人病情,盡早采取積極措施改善病人預(yù)后。炎癥反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是急性缺血性腦卒中重要的發(fā)病機(jī)制,現(xiàn)對(duì)急性MCI病人炎癥相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜述,以期為臨床早期精準(zhǔn)干預(yù)或評(píng)估炎癥相關(guān)因子對(duì)急性MCI預(yù)后的影響。
關(guān)鍵詞 大面積腦梗死;炎癥反應(yīng);預(yù)后評(píng)估;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.20.014
作者單位 山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第五臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(太原 030012)
通訊作者 劉毅,E-mail:13834681049@163.com
引用信息 籍丹丹,劉毅.炎性因子與急性大面積腦梗死預(yù)后相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2024,22(20):3731-3734.
大面積腦梗死(massive cerebral infarction,MCI)通常是由頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈主干、大腦中動(dòng)脈主干或皮質(zhì)支閉塞所致,表現(xiàn)為病灶對(duì)側(cè)完全性偏癱、偏身感覺障礙及向病灶對(duì)側(cè)凝視麻痹[1],約占腦卒中病人總數(shù)的10%[2],呈進(jìn)行性加重,易出現(xiàn)明顯的腦水腫和顱內(nèi)壓增高征象,甚至發(fā)生腦疝。腦卒中后早期急性炎癥反應(yīng)能夠減輕受損腦組織的繼發(fā)性損傷,維持神經(jīng)元生理功能。隨著促炎細(xì)胞因子的釋放增多,血清中免疫細(xì)胞向大腦招募,白細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞等炎性細(xì)胞參與并引起缺血缺氧性腦損傷[3-4]的發(fā)生,激活多條生化通路,快速產(chǎn)生大量氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)物,導(dǎo)致腦水腫和繼發(fā)性腦損傷[5]。隨著神經(jīng)元對(duì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的抑制功能增強(qiáng)[6-7],受損腦組織進(jìn)一步失活甚至死亡,同時(shí)大量的致?lián)p因子進(jìn)入缺血半暗帶,致梗死核心區(qū)不斷擴(kuò)大[8],引起疾病迅速進(jìn)展,甚至危及生命。目前如何早期適度控制全身及局部免疫反應(yīng)是MCI病人治療的熱點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn),而腦卒中后免疫細(xì)胞活化與作用途徑等都有可能成為免疫干預(yù)的靶點(diǎn),本研究擬對(duì)MCI免疫反應(yīng)以及血清-神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的相互作用進(jìn)行綜述。
1 MCI早期炎癥損害機(jī)制
血栓形成、栓塞或低灌注等導(dǎo)致腦組織血供驟減,梗死核心區(qū)神經(jīng)元穩(wěn)態(tài)因能量供應(yīng)不足而失衡,迅速出現(xiàn)包括氧化應(yīng)激、酸毒性、離子失衡、梗死周圍去極化等在內(nèi)的導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡的病理生理過程,而缺血半暗帶中的神經(jīng)元?jiǎng)t因側(cè)支循環(huán)代償僅處于失活狀態(tài),短期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)血流再通能夠有效挽救失活的神經(jīng)元[9];然而隨著發(fā)病時(shí)間的延長,梗死核心區(qū)釋放多種氧自由基、興奮性氨基酸、促炎介質(zhì)、細(xì)胞毒性因子等,激活局部腦組織級(jí)聯(lián)免疫及炎癥反應(yīng),并持續(xù)作用數(shù)天至數(shù)周,加速腦組織損傷及神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀[10]。在再灌注治療背景下,中性粒細(xì)胞與小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞協(xié)同參與加速血管再通后血栓形成過程,而淋巴細(xì)胞在實(shí)現(xiàn)再灌注后對(duì)腦組織損傷或修復(fù)作用尚不明確[11]。一些短暫性腦缺血?jiǎng)游锬P惋@示在實(shí)現(xiàn)腦血流重建后,T、B淋巴細(xì)胞參與早期再灌注損傷,另一些模型顯示B淋巴細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用[12-13]。雖然有報(bào)道稱血管內(nèi)治療(endovascular treatment,EVT)與短暫性腦缺血實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P陀幸恍┫嗨浦帲孕柽M(jìn)一步研究以提高對(duì)再灌注治療后免疫反應(yīng)的理解。
2 與MCI預(yù)后相關(guān)的血液炎性指標(biāo)
MCI可誘導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞增多,并且已被證明與腦卒中后死亡率增加、功能預(yù)后不佳、早發(fā)性腦卒中后譫妄和延長住院時(shí)間有關(guān)[14-15];白細(xì)胞可分為中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞[16]。多項(xiàng)臨床研究表明,單核細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)與急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)后腦損傷的嚴(yán)重程度、梗死體積、不良功能預(yù)后呈正相關(guān),可作為病人臨床預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子[17-19]。本研究將逐一闡述其他與MCI預(yù)后相關(guān)的白細(xì)胞亞型。
2.1 中性粒細(xì)胞與MCI預(yù)后的相關(guān)性
中性粒細(xì)胞在腦卒中發(fā)生后1 h內(nèi)進(jìn)入并引起血腦屏障和腦組織損傷,2 d或3 d達(dá)到峰值,持續(xù)存在約14 d[20]。Buck等[21]對(duì)24 h內(nèi)發(fā)作的缺血性腦卒中病人進(jìn)行評(píng)估后發(fā)現(xiàn),在發(fā)病早期由擴(kuò)散加權(quán)磁共振成像(MRI-DWI)測量的梗死體積與早期白細(xì)胞(U=0.371,P<0.001)、中性粒細(xì)胞(U=0.415,P<0.001)呈正相關(guān),與淋巴細(xì)胞無顯著相關(guān)性。相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,抑制中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤或阻斷其促炎功能可以減少梗死體積,改善神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后[22-23];中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比率(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是一種全身炎癥生物標(biāo)志物,與AIS病人預(yù)后較差有關(guān),能用于評(píng)估心血管疾病、周圍血管疾病和癌癥病人的全身炎癥狀態(tài)[24-26]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NLR評(píng)估腦卒中嚴(yán)重程度、長期神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)程度以及腦梗死復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)性的敏感度為72.0%,特異度為70.9%;較高的NLR還與腦卒中后短期死亡率、癥狀性顱內(nèi)出血等并發(fā)癥有關(guān)[25-26]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于傳統(tǒng)白細(xì)胞預(yù)測AIS住院死亡的作用,NLR值特異度及敏感度更高[27-28]。因此,可以將NLR作為評(píng)估MCI病人病情進(jìn)展及不良預(yù)后結(jié)局的指標(biāo)進(jìn)一步研究。
2.2 淋巴細(xì)胞與MCI預(yù)后的相關(guān)性
與中性粒細(xì)胞相反,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血性腦卒中發(fā)生后數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)血液中的淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)呈指數(shù)下降[24],較低的淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)是預(yù)測嚴(yán)重腦損傷的標(biāo)志,此外,可作為遠(yuǎn)期神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后不良以及腦卒中相關(guān)感染的指標(biāo)[29]。Berchtold等[6]研究報(bào)道,B淋巴細(xì)胞通過產(chǎn)生抗炎細(xì)胞因子減輕腦卒中后的炎癥,改善腦卒中嚴(yán)重程度,但血清中長期存在的高水平B淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗體導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能長期損害和不良預(yù)后,如腦卒中后認(rèn)知障礙。T淋巴細(xì)胞既能通過釋放促炎細(xì)胞因子增強(qiáng)腦組織損傷[30],又可以促進(jìn)壞死組織清除[31],還在腦卒中誘導(dǎo)的免疫抑制綜合征(stroke-induced immunode-pression syndrome,SIDS)中發(fā)揮重要作用[32-33]。值得注意的是,這些細(xì)胞并不是獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞具有雙向通信功能,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞能影響星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型,而星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在缺血性腦損傷后大腦重塑過程中對(duì)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的吞噬活動(dòng)具有調(diào)節(jié)作用[34]。隨著外周炎性細(xì)胞的大量募集,在特異性T細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的初始誘導(dǎo)下,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放促炎因子參與瘢痕組織的形成過程,保護(hù)受損腦組織[7]。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生抗炎細(xì)胞因子,如腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子、白細(xì)胞介素-4(IL-4)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(TGF-β)等,加強(qiáng)吞噬中性粒細(xì)胞的功能,從而減輕腦組織損傷,但其潛在機(jī)制尚不清楚。
2.3 嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞與MCI預(yù)后評(píng)估
AIS易出現(xiàn)全身應(yīng)激反應(yīng),刺激糖皮質(zhì)激素和腎上腺素的釋放,通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡導(dǎo)致嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞減少[35]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞脫顆粒引起細(xì)胞毒性蛋白介導(dǎo)的血栓形成和內(nèi)皮損傷,促進(jìn)梗死體積的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大[36];另外,急性冠脈綜合征病人血栓中嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)較血清中高[33-35],這表明嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞能夠促進(jìn)血栓的形成和生長;通過對(duì)比急性心肌梗死與急性腦梗死病人血栓成分,發(fā)現(xiàn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)在腦梗死病人血栓中更多[36]。通過嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)預(yù)測梗死體積、感染率和不良預(yù)后[37-38]仍需更多臨床證據(jù),但MCI病人急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)更重,目前缺少相關(guān)研究揭示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞與MCI病情嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,需要臨床醫(yī)生不斷探索。
3 與血管再通治療預(yù)后相關(guān)的炎性指標(biāo)
EVT被廣泛應(yīng)用于治療急性大血管閉塞性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion,AIS-LVO)病人,但其術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化、血管再閉塞及遠(yuǎn)端栓塞等并發(fā)癥,在一定程度上限制了其發(fā)展和使用。多項(xiàng)證據(jù)表明,中性粒細(xì)胞在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷后被早期激活,同時(shí)血小板的過度活化和聚集引起血栓形成,導(dǎo)致血管急性閉塞,加速缺血后損傷,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)基質(zhì)蛋白酶的不斷生成,破壞血腦屏障穩(wěn)態(tài),并產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)物[39-40];這一病理機(jī)制可能解釋了EVT后高NLR和血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比率(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)與再灌注率和梗死體積之間的潛在關(guān)聯(lián)。Brooks等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn),NLR為5.9可預(yù)測EVT后90 d AIS病人的不良預(yù)后;Lee等[42]研究提示較高的NLR和PLR可能提高再灌注不成功概率,同時(shí)與較大的梗死體積存在相關(guān)性,其閾值分別為6.2和103.6;Pektezel等[43]研究指出再灌注治療24 h后,NLR升高能提示較高的不良預(yù)后及出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨著對(duì)急性前循環(huán)閉塞缺血性腦卒中EVT的不斷深入研究,尋找更多便于評(píng)估其預(yù)后的相關(guān)指標(biāo)并量化其相關(guān)性,提高獲益,改善病人預(yù)后,減輕家庭和社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān),需要進(jìn)一步探索。
4 炎性指標(biāo)與無效再通的評(píng)估
無效再通仍然是EVT的重大挑戰(zhàn)。AIS急性期在炎癥反應(yīng)介導(dǎo)下內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞激活,導(dǎo)致微循環(huán)堵塞,影響實(shí)際毛細(xì)血管水平的組織再灌注。因此,盡管實(shí)現(xiàn)大血管再通,仍會(huì)影響缺血半暗帶的生存能力[44-45]。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞-白細(xì)胞-血小板相互作用可以在短期內(nèi)影響再通手術(shù)的結(jié)果,缺氧腦區(qū)的血流再通增加了血小板的促炎功能,并激活復(fù)雜的血栓炎癥通路,從而導(dǎo)致缺血-再灌注損傷,同時(shí)T細(xì)胞與血小板相互作用,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能惡化和梗死面積的增加[46]。接受EVT并成功實(shí)現(xiàn)再通的缺血性腦卒中病人入院時(shí)全身炎癥反應(yīng)指數(shù)(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)較高,并且SIRI高于3.8×109/L的病人3個(gè)月不良預(yù)后的可能性增加了近2倍[47-48];Peng等[49]研究顯示平均血小板體積(mean platelet volume,MPV)升高與降低血管再通成功率、神經(jīng)功能改善率獨(dú)立相關(guān),因此,MPV可作為預(yù)測EVT預(yù)后不良的指標(biāo)。Xie等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MPV和血小板分布寬度(platelet distribution width,PDW)升高與AIS病人接受靜脈溶栓的不良臨床結(jié)果獨(dú)立相關(guān)。Gao等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)較低的PDW水平更可能與AIS病人靜脈溶栓后3個(gè)月不良預(yù)后相關(guān),PDW升高可能反映了新血栓的形成,而較低的PDW則表明之前有血栓形成。無效再通的機(jī)制可能與腦缺血再灌注損傷有關(guān),涉及自由基產(chǎn)生、炎性反應(yīng)、鈣超載等相互作用[44]。進(jìn)一步了解無效再灌注的炎癥機(jī)制有助于確定新的治療靶點(diǎn),并改善病人預(yù)后。
5 小結(jié)與展望
神經(jīng)炎癥是腦卒中急性期和慢性期病理機(jī)制的重要組成部分。常駐免疫細(xì)胞的激活以及外周白細(xì)胞的浸潤影響急性炎癥的消退、組織修復(fù)重組以及運(yùn)動(dòng)和認(rèn)知功能。通過大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究,目前對(duì)腦缺血和創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷的病理生理機(jī)制認(rèn)識(shí)有了很大的提高,在實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦缺血和短暫性腦缺血模型中描述了興奮性毒性、氧化和亞硝化應(yīng)激、梗死周圍去極化、炎癥和凋亡等復(fù)雜途徑。盡管在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中取得了令人印象深刻的結(jié)果,仍應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步研究調(diào)查MCI病人血清炎性指標(biāo)升高是否有助于確定適合免疫調(diào)節(jié)治療的病人。
綜上所述,免疫細(xì)胞的功能在腦卒中后不同階段的免疫反應(yīng)過程中會(huì)發(fā)生變化。為了確定合適的治療策略,阻斷有害影響,增強(qiáng)免疫細(xì)胞的保護(hù)和促進(jìn)再生功能,進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)腦卒中后不同細(xì)胞群的詳細(xì)分子表征及其時(shí)空相互作用,并轉(zhuǎn)化至臨床應(yīng)用,仍然是今后需要研究的重要課題。
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(收稿日期:2023-02-22)
(本文編輯 王麗)