摘要:胃食管交界腺癌發(fā)生于食管、胃的交界處,發(fā)病率高,現(xiàn)有的多學(xué)科治療方法預(yù)后不佳。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胃食管交界腺癌免疫檢查點CTLA-4和PD-1/PD-L1的抑制劑,能夠減少腫瘤細(xì)胞免疫逃逸,提高抗腫瘤作用,為患者帶來更多生存獲益。圍手術(shù)期胃食管交界腺癌新輔助/輔助聯(lián)合免疫療法,可提高病理完全緩解率和手術(shù)成功率,能更大程度地降低術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率,延長患者生存周期。本文就免疫治療在可切除胃食管交界腺癌中的研究現(xiàn)狀作一綜述,以期為可切除胃食管交界腺癌的治療及研究提供新思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:可切除胃食管交界腺癌;免疫治療;免疫檢查點抑制劑
中圖分類號:R735 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.20.041
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)20-0188-05
Research Status of Immunotherapy for Resectable Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
SUN Jiawen1,2,ZHAO Xiaoling2,ZHANG Xiaochong2,WANG Jitao2,LIU Dengxiang2
(1.Graduate School of Chengde Medical University,Chengde 067000,Hebei,China;
2.Cancer Laboratory of Xingtai People's Hospital,Xingtai 054000,Hebei,China)
Abstract:Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction occurs at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach, with a high incidence. The prognosis of the existing multidisciplinary treatment is poor. In recent years, studies have found that inhibitors of immune checkpoints CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 in gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma can reduce tumor cell immune escape, improve anti-tumor effects, and bring more survival benefits to patients. Perioperative neoadjuvant/adjuvant combined immunotherapy for gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma can improve the pathological complete remission rate and surgical success rate, reduce the postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis rate to a greater extent, and prolong the survival period of patients. This article reviews the research status of immunotherapy in resectable gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment and research of resectable gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.
Key words:Resectable gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma;Immunotherapy;Immune checkpoint inhibitors
胃食管交界腺癌(gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, GEJAC)位于食管、胃的移行區(qū)。Siewert分類系統(tǒng)[1]將其分為三型:Ⅰ型食管遠(yuǎn)端腺癌(腫瘤中心位于胃食管交界處以上1~5 cm)、Ⅱ型賁門癌(腫瘤中心位于胃食管交界處以上1 cm或以下2 cm)、Ⅲ型賁門下胃癌(腫瘤中心位于胃食管交界處以下2~5 cm),兼有食管癌與胃癌的特征。據(jù)統(tǒng)計[2],胃癌與食管癌在2020年全球癌癥發(fā)病率中分別排第5和第8位,全球范圍內(nèi)每年有超過169萬新發(fā)病例和130萬死亡病例,且GEJAC的發(fā)病率逐年上升。目前,可切除GEJAC患者主要采取新輔助化療和/或放療,以實現(xiàn)腫瘤降期,提高手術(shù)成功率,降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,雖然生存獲益,但5年生存率僅為23%~45%[3]。近年來,免疫療法是癌癥研究的前沿,免疫檢查點抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)在各種類型腫瘤中表現(xiàn)出了較好的療效,成為繼手術(shù)、放療、化療和靶向治療之后的又一協(xié)同療法。本文就ICIs應(yīng)用于可切除GEJAC的進(jìn)展作一綜述,旨在為GEJAC的治療提供最新的思路及方法。
1免疫檢查點抑制劑在晚期GEJAC治療中的應(yīng)用
1.1 CTLA-4抑制劑 CTLA-4是協(xié)同抑制分子,CD28是協(xié)同刺激分子,二者高度同源,可競爭性結(jié)合B7分子,下調(diào)T細(xì)胞抗腫瘤免疫應(yīng)答[4]??笴TLA-4單抗通過阻斷CTLA-4與B7之間的相互作用,消除免疫抑制作用,從而誘導(dǎo)和增強抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)。
以伊匹木單抗為代表的抗CTLA-4單抗被證實能延長晚期GEJAC患者的總生存期(OS)。在一項Ⅱ期臨床試驗[5]中,伊匹木單抗組和化療組的中位OS分別為12.7個月和12.1個月,雖然差異不大,但其可控的安全性為后續(xù)伊匹木單抗聯(lián)合其他治療提供可能。特別是在伊匹木單抗加納武利尤單抗雙重CTLA-4/PD-1阻斷的研究中,二者的聯(lián)合治療具有更強的抗腫瘤效果,但3~4級不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著升高,提示在聯(lián)合用藥時應(yīng)慎重考慮不良反應(yīng)對患者生存質(zhì)量的影響[6]。以上研究為可切除GEJAC選擇治療藥物提供依據(jù)。
1.2 PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑 PD-1主要表達(dá)于活化的T細(xì)胞,它有兩個配體即PD-L1和PD-L2,PD-L1與其受體PD-1相互作用可抑制T細(xì)胞活化,而腫瘤細(xì)胞中PD-L1的高表達(dá)增加了腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫逃疫[7]。PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑分別與PD-1或PD-L1結(jié)合,阻止二者的相互作用,從而激活免疫效應(yīng),提高殺瘤作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],PD-L1在GEJAC腫瘤細(xì)胞和免疫基質(zhì)中高表達(dá)并與較差的預(yù)后相關(guān),可能成為免疫治療的靶點。
目前,GEJAC的免疫治療主要應(yīng)用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,在晚期GEJAC的治療中顯示出較好的療效。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[9-12],免疫單藥治療PD-L1陽性的患者與化療相比不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率大大降低(14% vs. 35%),患者中位OS顯著延長(17.4個月vs. 10.8個月),證明PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑較化療具有更顯著的療效和更高的安全性,引起了學(xué)者對晚期GEJAC免疫治療研究的興趣。隨后,有研究顯示[13-15],納武利尤單抗、帕博麗珠單抗、信迪利單抗等免疫藥物聯(lián)合化療一線治療,為晚期GEJAC患者帶來更多生存獲益。基于這些研究的成功,美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會發(fā)布最新指南將免疫聯(lián)合化療作為晚期GEJAC的一線治療推薦方案[16]。
2可切除GEJAC免疫治療
2.1新輔助免疫治療 對于局部晚期癌癥患者來說,新輔助治療是一種重要的治療手段,包括術(shù)前的放化療、化療和免疫治療等。近年來,可切除GEJAC的新輔助療法得到廣泛應(yīng)用。與新輔助化療相比,新輔助放化療可更好的控制局部腫瘤,獲得更高的無邊緣(R0)切除率和病理學(xué)完全緩解率(pCR),然而二者OS差異沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[17]。GEJAC患者使用哪種新輔助治療仍然存在爭議,治療方案的選擇主要取決于醫(yī)生的偏好、疾病特征和相關(guān)毒性。當(dāng)前新輔助放化療術(shù)后R0切除率為92%、PCR為23%,雖然比單純手術(shù)治療大幅提高,但預(yù)后仍然不佳,且毒性反應(yīng)不容忽視[18]。隨著免疫治療的蓬勃發(fā)展,相關(guān)試驗已經(jīng)證明了免疫治療可改善晚期GEJAC患者的OS。針對可切除GEJAC的免疫治療,尚未得到廣泛的研究。因此,新輔助免疫治療的有效性和安全性值得去探索。
2.1.1新輔助放化療聯(lián)合免疫治療 新輔助放化療是可切除GEJAC的治療手段之一,雖然對病理類型為鱗癌的患者獲益最大,但AC患者的生存率也顯著提高[19]。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[20],放療可上調(diào)腫瘤細(xì)胞的PD-L1表達(dá),抑制效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤活性,導(dǎo)致放療耐藥。新輔助放化療聯(lián)合ICIs有望進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)腫瘤抗原暴露,增強多樣化的免疫應(yīng)答,提高放療的敏感性。Tang Z等[21]研究對新輔助放化療聯(lián)合卡瑞利珠單抗在G/GEJ AC中的有效性及安全性進(jìn)行了評價,治療后的pCR(33.3%)顯著提升,后期生存也得到較大獲益。Shah MA等[22]研究結(jié)果顯示,帕博利珠單抗聯(lián)合術(shù)前放化療不僅耐受性良好,而且在50%的患者中產(chǎn)生了主要病理反應(yīng)(MPR),與歷史數(shù)據(jù)相比明顯更高。然而,Zhu M等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管帕博利珠單抗的加入顯示出一定的耐受性,但其在提高pCR方面的效果并不顯著。總的來說,可切除GEJAC新輔助放化療聯(lián)合免疫治療可提高pCR,使手術(shù)更易成功,更大程度地降低了術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率。與當(dāng)前常規(guī)治療手段相比,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率沒有增加,顯示出可接受的安全性,迫切需要大規(guī)模的Ⅲ期試驗來進(jìn)一步證實新輔助放化療聯(lián)合免疫治療的療效。
為確保安全性,應(yīng)當(dāng)警惕在放化療中添加ICIs可能會增加嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險。對于可切除GEJAC患者,采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新輔助放化療,總體毒性可接受,抗腫瘤反應(yīng)的成果轉(zhuǎn)化為延長OS。對于聯(lián)合免疫治療的患者,頻繁發(fā)生嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)可能在一定程度上降低免疫治療的潛在生存獲益。盡管以上研究的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率均未出現(xiàn)明顯增加,但近半數(shù)的患者出現(xiàn)了≥3級的不良反應(yīng),為了降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,在同步放化療與ICIs聯(lián)合治療時,應(yīng)考慮對放射劑量和靶區(qū)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
2.1.2新輔助化療聯(lián)合免疫治療 新輔助放化療對鱗癌和AC患者都有益處,而新輔助化療對AC患者效果更顯著。有研究表明[24],ICIs與細(xì)胞毒性化療聯(lián)合治療有助于克服ICIs的延遲反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞毒性化療的不持久反應(yīng),二者發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用。一項Ⅱ期試驗顯示[25],接受3周期新輔助化療聯(lián)合信迪利單抗的患者,雖然pCR與常規(guī)化療相比變化不大,但1年OS(94.1%)顯著提升。同樣,在Yin Y等[26]的研究中得到了相似的結(jié)果,并且在治療期間≥3級不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率僅為12.5%??梢姡螺o助放化療聯(lián)合免疫治療的優(yōu)勢之一是不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,可使患者在治療受益的同時避免較強的毒性反應(yīng)。Zhou M等[27]的研究也比較了免疫治療聯(lián)合新輔助化療或新輔助放化療的差異,國內(nèi)多側(cè)重于新輔助化療聯(lián)合免疫治療,是因為新輔助放化療術(shù)后出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的概率高于新輔助化療,放療和化療毒副反應(yīng)的疊加限制了其在臨床上的廣泛應(yīng)用[28]。但新輔助化療對患者而言,具有耐受性好、手術(shù)難度低以及安全性高等優(yōu)點。綜上所述,已有多項Ⅱ期臨床試驗表明新輔助化療聯(lián)合免疫治療可提高患者OS,且安全性較高,但仍需大量多中心的Ⅲ期臨床試驗來驗證其療效及安全性,為新輔助化療聯(lián)合免疫治療提供證據(jù)支持。
2.1.3新輔助雙藥免疫治療 GEJAC中約有10%表達(dá)為微衛(wèi)星高度不穩(wěn)定性(MSI-H),在該類型腫瘤中觀察到更高的PD-L1表達(dá)[29]。幾項研究的事后或亞組分析結(jié)果表明,MSI-H狀態(tài)可以預(yù)測晚期GEJAC患者免疫治療的療效,并且在免疫治療的基礎(chǔ)上添加化療沒有提高反應(yīng)率,也沒有增加任何生存優(yōu)勢[30]。因此,Antré T研究[31]首次探究了新輔助雙藥免疫治療對可切除MSI-H狀態(tài)GEJAC患者的療效,納武利尤單抗聯(lián)合伊匹木單抗新輔助免疫治療使術(shù)后pCR達(dá)到了58.6%,且治療期間未觀察到劑量相關(guān)的毒性。由于樣本量較少,此種療法能否作為特殊表型可切除GEJAC的新輔助治療,仍需要大樣本量的臨床研究。
2.2輔助免疫治療 輔助治療是指手術(shù)后給予的治療,以消滅體內(nèi)殘留的癌細(xì)胞,降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性。對于可切除GEJAC患者,在新輔助放化療后手術(shù)中觀察到適度的生存獲益,但只有約23%的AC患者通過新輔助放化療達(dá)到pCR,大部分患者體內(nèi)存在殘留的腫瘤細(xì)胞[18]。較多學(xué)者嘗試在無pCR患者術(shù)后增加化療或放化療等,收效甚微[32]。在這種情況下,迫切需要研究無pCR患者的有效輔助療法。Kelly RJ等[33]的研究招募了經(jīng)新輔助放化療并有殘留病理病變的食管癌/GEJ癌患者,術(shù)后給予納武利尤單抗或安慰劑治療,結(jié)果顯示納武利尤單抗組的中位無病生存期(DFS)與安慰劑組相比顯著延長(22.4個月 vs. 11.0個月),該試驗促使美國食品藥品監(jiān)督局批準(zhǔn)納武利尤單抗用于輔助治療。Mamdani H等[34]的研究僅限于AC患者,也取得了相似的結(jié)果,度伐利尤單抗輔助治療后中位DFS為21個月,并將1年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率提高至78.6%。由此可見,未達(dá)到pCR的患者在接受輔助免疫治療后,復(fù)發(fā)和死亡風(fēng)險顯著降低,生存期延長近1倍。鑒于輔助免疫治療顯著的遠(yuǎn)期生存獲益,可切除GEJAC患者的輔助療法有了新的選擇。但以上研究僅納入了無pCR的患者,而不是所有可切除GEJAC患者,治療更加個性化。因此,輔助免疫治療是否適用于所有患者仍需進(jìn)一步研究證明,以避免過度治療。
3生物標(biāo)志物
GEJAC免疫治療的療效預(yù)測是目前的一項研究熱點,已有大量研究通過尋找可靠的預(yù)測生物標(biāo)志物,篩選對免疫治療敏感的患者,以達(dá)到緩解病痛和延長生存期的效果。目前臨床常用的免疫治療預(yù)測生物標(biāo)志物包括PD-L1、腫瘤突變負(fù)荷(TMB)、微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定(MSI)、錯配修復(fù)蛋白缺失突變(dMMR)和血漿循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA(ctDNA)[35,36]。對于接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑治療的可切除GEJAC患者,PD-L1仍然是一個被廣泛驗證和接受的生物標(biāo)志物。Kelly RJ等[33]在研究中指出,PD-L1陽性表達(dá)的患者均能從免疫治療中獲益。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[37],PD-L1是一種動態(tài)的生物標(biāo)志物,治療后其表達(dá)水平會發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化。因此,仍然缺乏明確的PD-L1表達(dá)界值和穩(wěn)定的生物標(biāo)志物來指導(dǎo)患者選擇最佳的治療方案。在André T等[31]的研究中,納入的研究對象全部為dMMR或MSI-H表型的患者,經(jīng)過雙重免疫阻斷治療后,達(dá)到了較高的pCR(58.6%),表明dMMR和MSI-H可以作為篩選患者進(jìn)行免疫治療的依據(jù)。從以上研究可知,可切除GEJAC免疫治療的生物標(biāo)志物有PD-L1、dMMR和MSI-H,對于可切除GEJAC的治療具有一定的指導(dǎo)價值,但PD-L1穩(wěn)定性較低,dMMR和MSI-H只在少數(shù)患者中表達(dá),篩選出適用免疫治療的患者較少。在后續(xù)的臨床研究中,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完善篩選獲益人群的生物標(biāo)志物,為患者提供最佳的治療方案,以增加患者生存獲益,提高生存質(zhì)量。
4總結(jié)
ICIs的發(fā)現(xiàn)給腫瘤患者的治療帶來了新希望,隨著晚期GEJAC患者免疫治療的生存獲益,針對可切除GEJAC患者的研究大量涌現(xiàn)。根據(jù)當(dāng)前研究,免疫治療總體上有著較好的抗腫瘤活性及可接受的安全性,為患者提供了新的治療選擇,但數(shù)據(jù)局限于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期臨床試驗,仍需大規(guī)模Ⅲ期臨床試驗來證實。同時,如何應(yīng)用免疫治療也有待探索和解決。圍手術(shù)期GEJAC進(jìn)行免疫治療的時機和周期會因癌癥類型、患者個體差異以及手術(shù)切除效果而有所不同。ICIs與化療放療均有協(xié)同作用,但考慮到不良反應(yīng)的增加,對于免疫治療與新輔助放化療或新輔助化療聯(lián)合使用的療效和安全性,有待進(jìn)一步研究。生物標(biāo)志物有助于確定免疫治療敏感的患者、監(jiān)測治療效果和預(yù)防治療風(fēng)險,例如PD-L1高表達(dá)、腫瘤突變負(fù)荷高等可確定免疫治療獲益的患者。綜上所述,仍需要大量前瞻性的臨床試驗來探索可切除GEJAC免疫治療的最佳策略,從而推動個性化醫(yī)療和精準(zhǔn)治療,減輕患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),改善患者的預(yù)后。
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編輯/王萌
基金項目:1.河北省“三三三人才工程”項目(編號:A202002032);2.河北省自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項目(編號:H2021108003)
作者簡介:孫嘉雯(1998.12-),女,山東青島人,碩士研究生,主要從事腫瘤免疫治療的研究
通訊作者:劉登湘(1969.10-),男,河北邢臺人,碩士,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事腫瘤臨床與早診早治的研究