摘要:【目的】測試干旱荒漠區(qū)9個杏品種的花器官生理生化指標,分析9個杏品種花器官的半致死溫度,研究不同花器官抗寒性強弱,為選擇抗寒栽培品種與抗寒育種提供依據?!痉椒ā繙y試花器官電導率、SOD、POD生理生化指標,應用Excel表與DPS軟件分析測試數據?!窘Y果】杏品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣半致死溫度由高到低依次為花瓣>雄蕊>雌蕊;不同杏品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同低溫處理下杏品種花蕾、花朵半致死溫度由高到低依次為花蕾>花朵;不同杏品種已開放花器官、花蕾、花朵半致死溫度由高到低依次均為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理SOD活性變化趨勢,隨著處理溫度由高到低,各品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的SOD活性值呈先低至高再降低的趨勢,雌蕊、雄蕊出現高峰值的溫度為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏3個品種外-5℃仍為上升過程,其余品種在-1~-3℃;不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理POD活性變化趨勢,隨著處理溫度0、-1、-3和-5℃由高至低,各杏品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的SOD活性值呈低至高的趨勢,雌蕊、雄蕊SOD活性值呈由低至高再降低的過程,出現高峰值的溫度因品種抗寒性的不同而不同,巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏、杏王均為-3℃,凱特杏、紅李廣杏、李廣杏均為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏在-5 ℃仍為上升過程,其余品種高分值在-1~-3℃。
【結論】9個杏品種花器官抗寒性大小依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏,霜凍年份,各杏品種實際凍害結果與生理測試分析基本一致。
關鍵詞:干旱荒漠區(qū);杏樹;花器官;凍害
中圖分類號:S662.2文獻標志碼:A文章編號:1001-4330(2024)09-2223-08
0引 言
【研究意義】杏樹(Armeniaca vulgaris L.)為落葉喬木,是重要經濟果樹樹種,杏營養(yǎng)豐富,含糖、蛋白質以及鈣、磷等礦物質,還含有VA、VC和VB族等維生素[1-2]。杏樹由于花芽休眠期短、春季開花早,花期和幼果期常遭遇低溫和晚霜危害[3-4]。對于大部分杏樹品種,因萌芽和花期抗御低溫的能力降低,在花蕾期低于-3.9℃,花期低于-2.2℃,幼果期低于-0.6℃,低溫時間超過30 min時,容易發(fā)生凍害[5]?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】近年來,我國在選育品質優(yōu)、產量高、儲運性好、特別是花果抗晚霜凍害能力強的新優(yōu)杏品種育種方面取得了進展[6-7],其綜合經濟性狀與生態(tài)適應性遠優(yōu)于國外引進的杏品種,如珍珠油杏的選育、新疆優(yōu)選的小樹上干杏等新品種的問世,花果高抗晚霜凍害,花蕾期能抗低于-10.9℃的低溫,花期能耐零下4~6℃低溫而不受凍害[8]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】近幾年在我國北方地區(qū)大面積推廣的杏樹良種花器官遭受低溫脅迫后,需對杏花器官的抗凍性進行定量研究?!緮M解決的關鍵問題】測試干旱荒漠區(qū)9個杏樹品種花器官生理生化指標,研究杏花器官的抗凍機理,為杏樹花器官抗凍能力鑒定、抗凍性育種以及良種推廣提供理論依據。
1材料與方法
1.1材 料
試驗在甘肅省張掖市石崗墩戈壁荒灘地珍珠油杏示范基地、山丹縣示范點、臨澤示范點進行,試驗區(qū)海拔1 450~2 500 m,年均溫度5.0~7.0℃,最高氣溫38.6℃,絕對低溫-28.7~33.0℃,≥ 10℃有效積溫2 500~2 896℃,年均降水129~350 mm,≥10℃年日照3 085 h,太陽總輔射量601.51 kJ/cm2,年均相對濕度46%,無霜期120~156 d,土質為砂質壤土,pH值7.8,肥力中等,該區(qū)域屬典型的荒漠、半荒漠、干旱、半干旱氣候。
在甘肅省壹加壹農牧業(yè)科技有限公司杏樹良種示范基地內,選擇6年生的巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏、杏王、金太陽杏、凱特杏、紅李廣杏、李廣杏9個杏品種,株行距3×5(m),土壤為沙地,采取水肥一體化灌溉。
1.2方 法
1.2.1試驗設計
2018年3月下旬至4月上旬,選取樹勢中庸,開花正常的樣株5株,每品種采取花蕾期枝條100枝,帶至實驗室冷凍,花蕾枝設計處理溫度為0、-5、-7、-9和-11℃;在4月下旬至5月中上旬盛花期期間,在各品種間選擇無病蟲害、長勢均勻的開花枝條各100枝,立即進行冷凍處理,盛開花枝設計處理溫度為0、-1、-3和-5℃;以上處理按2℃/h降至設計溫度,保持30 min,對處理過的樣枝隨機取樣,測試花瓣、雌蕊、雄蕊相對電導率、SOD、POD活性,記錄花器官褐變情況,計算褐變率。
1.2.2測定指標
以花器官水浸狀變褐色為受凍標準,褐變率%=受凍花器官數/調查花器官總數×100[9];用電導儀測定相對電導率[10-11];超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)用NBT顯色法測定;過氧化物酶(POD)用愈創(chuàng)木酚法測定[12-13]。
1.3數據處理
應用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件進行數據分析,應用Excel 2016進行作圖。
2結果與分析
2.19個杏品種花的褐變與LT50的分析
研究表明,不同低溫處理下各杏品種花器雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣半致死溫度組織凍害由高到低依次為花瓣>雄蕊>雌蕊,花瓣的抗低溫能力最強,雌蕊的最差;不同品種雌蕊半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同品種雄蕊半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同品種花瓣半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏,杏花已開放花器官抗寒性由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏。表1
花蕾、花朵半致死溫度由高到低依次為花蕾>花朵,花蕾的抗低溫能力最強,花朵的較差;不同品種花蕾和花朵半致死溫度由高到低依次均為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏。表2
2.29個杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理下SOD的活性
研究表明,不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理下的SOD活性隨著處理溫度0、-1、-3和-5℃由高到低,各品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的SOD活性值呈先低到高再降低的過程,雌蕊、雄蕊出現高峰值的溫度為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏在-5℃仍為上升過程,其余品種在-1~-3℃。杏品種花器官抗寒性越強,SOD活性值越高,SOD活性值出現高分值后下降則花器官受傷致死。圖1
2.39個杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理下POD的活性
研究表明,不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理下POD的活性隨著處理溫度0、-1、-3、-5℃由高到低,各品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的POD活性值呈由低到高的過程,雌蕊、雄蕊POD活性值呈由低到高再到低的過程,出現高峰值的溫度因品種抗寒性的不同而不同,巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏、杏王為-3℃,凱特杏、紅李廣杏、李廣杏為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏在-5℃仍為上升過程,其余品種在-1~-3℃。不同杏品種花器官抗寒性越強,POD活性值越高,否則杏品種花器官抗寒性越差,POD活性值出現高分值后下降,花器官受傷致死。9個杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理下POD活性變化趨勢為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏 >紅李廣杏> 李廣杏。圖2
2.49個杏品種田間凍害調查
研究表明,9個杏品種中巴丹油杏未受凍,當年仍表現豐產,其花器官抗凍性極強;珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏受凍較重,減產70%~80%,其花器官抗凍性較強;金太陽杏、凱特杏、紅李廣杏、李廣杏當年絕產,其花器官抗凍性差。表3
3討 論
3.1杏各品種不同低溫處理下花器組織凍害
雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣半致死溫度由高至低依次為花瓣>雄蕊>雌蕊,花瓣的抗低溫能力最強,雌蕊的最差;不同品種雌蕊半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同品種雄蕊半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏;不同杏品種花瓣半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏,杏花已開放花器官抗寒性由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏。杏各品種不同低溫處理下花蕾與花朵凍害分析結果表明,花蕾、花朵半致死溫度由高到低依次為花蕾>花朵,花蕾的抗低溫能力最強,花朵的較差;不同杏品種花蕾半致死溫度由高到低依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏。
3.2不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理SOD活性變化趨勢
隨著處理溫度0、-1、-3和-5℃由高到低,各品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的SOD活性值呈先降低升高再降低的過程,雌蕊、雄蕊出現高峰值的溫度為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏3個品種外-5℃仍為上升過程,其余品種在-1~-3℃。說明杏品種花器官抗寒性越強,SOD活性值越高,否則杏品種花器官抗寒性越差,SOD活性值出現高分值后下降,同時說明花器官受傷致死[14-16]。
3.3不同杏品種盛開花組織低溫處理POD活性變化趨勢
隨著處理溫度0、-1、-3和-5℃由高到低,各品種雌蕊、雄蕊、花瓣的POD活性值呈由低到高的過程,雌蕊、雄蕊POD活性值呈由低升高再降低的過程,出現高峰值的溫度因品種抗寒性的不同而不同,巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏、杏王為-3℃,凱特杏、紅李廣杏、李廣杏為-1℃,花瓣出現高峰值的溫度除巴丹油杏、珍珠油杏、小樹上干杏、豐園紅杏在-5℃仍為上升過程,其余品種在-1~-3℃。說明杏品種花器官抗寒性越強,POD活性值越高,否則杏品種花器官抗寒性越差,POD活性值出現高分值后下降,同時說明花器官受傷致死[17-18]。由盛開花組織低溫處理POD活性9個品種變化趨勢為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏。以新引進9個杏品種為材料,在低溫下,通過測定花蕾與盛開花的電解質滲出率,運用Logistic方程,結合組織褐變觀察,確定的花蕾與盛開花的LT50(半致死溫度)與觀察結果基本一致[19-20]。
4結 論
杏花蕾抵抗低溫的范圍為-7~-11℃,盛開花抵抗低溫的范圍為-3~-6℃,雌蕊抵抗低溫的范圍為-1~-2℃,雄蕊抵抗低溫的范圍-1~-3℃,花瓣低溫的范圍-3~-5℃。
9個杏品種抗寒性由大到小依次為巴丹油杏>珍珠油杏>小樹上干杏>豐園紅杏>杏王>金太陽杏>凱特杏>紅李廣杏>李廣杏,霜凍年份各杏品種實際凍害結果基本一致。
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Physiological study of frost damage on flower organs of nine apricot varieties in arid desert area
ZENG Wanqi1, HAN Duohong2, FENG Junren3
(1. Academy of Water Resources Conservation Forests in Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, Zhangye Gansu, 734000, China; 2. College of Life Sciences and Engineering,Hexi University,Zhangye Gansu, 734000,China; 3. Zhangye Academy of Forestry, Zhangye "Gansu 734000, China)
Abstract:【Objective】 To obtain the cold resistance of different flower organs and analyze the semi-lethal temperature of flower organs of 9 varieties by testing the physiological and biochemical indexes of flower organs of 9 apricot varieties in the hope of providing a basis for the selection of cold-resistant cultivation varieties and cold-resistant breeding.
【Methods】 The electrical conductivity of the flower organs, the physiological and biochemical indicators of SOD and POD were tested, and then the test data were analyzed with Excel table and DPS software.
【Results】 The sort of semi-fatal temperatures for pistils, stamens, and petals from high to low was petalsgt; stamensgt; pistils; the rating from high to low of the semi-fatal temperatures for pistils, stamens, and petals of different varieties were Prunus amygdalus Batsch gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armeniaca L gt; Prunus armeniaca L gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Prunus armeniaca; Through the analysis results of frost damage on flower buds and flowers under different low temperature treatments, the sorts from high to low of the semi-fatal temperature of flower buds and flowers were flower buds gt; flowers; At the same time, it was also shown that, in different varieties of apricot flowers, the sort from high to low of the semi-lethal temperature of the opened flower organs, flower buds, and flowers was Prunus amygdalus Batsch gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armeniaca L gt; Prunus-armeniaca-L gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Prunus armeniaca; the SOD activity of the flower tissues of different varieties changed from high to low. As the treatment temperature increased from high to low, the SOD activity values of each variety of pistils, stamens, and petals showed the tendency from low to high, the peak of the temperature of the pistils and stamens was -1℃, and the temperature of SOD peak for the petals was -5℃, except for the three varieties of "Prunus amygdalus Batsch、 Armeniaca vulgaris Lam, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam, which was still in an upward process. And those of the rest of the varieties were between -1 and -3℃; the POD activity of different apricot varieties changed. With treatment temperatures of 0, -1, -3 and -5℃ from high to low, the SOD activity values of each variety of pistils, stamens, and petals showed a process from low to high. The SOD activity values for pistils and stamens showed a process from low to high, then to low, the temperature of SOD peak varies according to the cold resistance of different varieties, the temperature of SOD peak of Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam, and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam, Prunus armemiaca, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam was -3 ℃, the temperature of SOD peak of Prunus armeniaca L, Prunus armemiaca and Prunus armeniaca was -1℃. The temperature of SOD peak for the petals was -5℃, except for the varieties of Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam , Prunus armemiaca, which was still in an upward process. And the high values of the rest varieties were between -1℃-3℃.
【Conclusion】 The sort of the cold resistance of the nine varieties of floral organs is Prunus amygdalus Batsch gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam gt; Prunus armeniaca L gt; Prunus armeniaca L gt; Prunus armemiaca gt; Prunus armeniaca. In the frost year, the actual frost damage results of each variety are basically consistent with physiological test analysis.
Key words:arid desert area; apricot tree; flower organs; frost damage
Fund projects:The Natural Science Foundation Project of Gansu Province “Ecological Process of Root and Tiller Reproduction in Linze Jujube and Its Function Mechanism in Population Conservation and Restoration” (22JR5RG1028)
Correspondence author: HAN Duohong(1977-),male,from Zhangye,Gansun,associate professor,research direction:Oiversity of plant resources,plant stress physiology and biochemistry,(E-mail)handuohong@163.com
收稿日期(Received):2024-02-17
基金項目:甘肅省自然科學基金項目“臨澤小棗根蘗繁殖生態(tài)過程及其在種群保護恢復中的作用機制”(22JR5RG1028)
作者簡介:曾萬祺(1968-),男,甘肅張掖人,高級工程師,研究方向為良種繁育,(E-mail)517344293@qq.com
通訊作者:韓多紅(1977-),男,甘肅張掖人,副教授,碩士,研究方向為植物資源多樣性、植物逆境生理生化,(E-mail)handuohong@163.com