摘 要:根據(jù)國際權(quán)威工具書查證,作者認(rèn)為,pneumonia主要用作肺實(shí)質(zhì)病變的疾病名稱,而pneumonitis是肺炎疾病潛在問題的一個征象,不特指一種疾病,只是“肺炎”的一個通俗名稱,即肺組織炎癥的一般性術(shù)語。
關(guān)鍵詞:pneumonia,pneumonitis,肺炎
筆者在長期的醫(yī)學(xué)資料翻譯過程中,不時會被一些同義詞所困擾?,F(xiàn)就醫(yī)學(xué)英語術(shù)語中較常見的兩個同義詞pneumonia和pneumonitis加以比較。
pneumonia與pneumonitis的中文意思均是“肺炎”,但二者的含義有一定差別,因而在使用上也就有所區(qū)別。它們之間既有個性又有共性。關(guān)于二者基本含義的解釋,在國際權(quán)威醫(yī)學(xué)大詞典獶orland餾 Illustrated Medical Dictionary玔1]中分別作出了如下簡要的描述:“Pneumonia [Gr. 玃neum噉ia玗 inflammation of the lungs with consolidation”,即pneumonia來源于希臘語,指肺實(shí)變性炎癥;“Pneumonitis [Gr. 玃neum噉 lung+ 瞚tis] inflammation of the lungs”,即pneumonitis是由希臘語pneum噉(肺)這個詞為詞干加后綴瞚tis(炎癥)組成,指肺的炎癥。
再來看一看維基[2]這部大百科全書中的描述:“Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation)。”意思是,pneumonia是肺的一種炎癥性疾病,常常被用來描述肺實(shí)質(zhì)或肺泡的炎癥和肺泡中充滿了異常液體(實(shí)變及滲出)的狀態(tài)。而對于pneumonitis的描述是:“Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue;Pneumonia is pneumonitis combined with consolidation and exudation?!币馑际?,pneumonitis是關(guān)于肺組織炎癥的一般性術(shù)語;pneumonia是肺實(shí)變與滲出結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生的“pneumonitis”。又進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充道:“Many factors can cause pneumonitis,including breathing in animal dander,inhaling small food particles‘down the wrong pipe,and receiving radiation therapy to the chest?!逼浯笠馐?,pneumonitis可以由許多因素引起,包括呼吸了動物的皮屑、吸入少量食物微粒以及胸部接受放療。
綜合上述兩部大型工具書中的解釋,可以得出如下結(jié)論:從術(shù)語的來源上看,pneumonia和pneumonitis均來源于古希臘文字;從術(shù)語的旨意上看,pneumonia主要指肺的實(shí)質(zhì)(肺泡)發(fā)生炎癥性病變,如肺實(shí)變和肺泡炎性滲出液等,而pneumonitis是指肺組織炎癥的通用術(shù)語,具有通俗性即一般性;從臨床論文的文獻(xiàn)資料來看,pneumonia多與可引起肺實(shí)質(zhì)性病變的詞搭配組合成一個慣用術(shù)語,如:pneumococcal pneumonia[3](肺炎球菌性肺炎)、klebsiella pneumonia[4](克雷伯菌肺炎)、Legionella pneumonia[5](軍團(tuán)菌肺炎)和community瞐cquired pneumonia[6](社區(qū)獲得性肺炎)以及mycoplasmal pneumonia(支原體肺炎)、chlamydial pneumonia(衣原體肺炎)、streptococcus pneumonia(鏈球菌肺炎)、viral pneumonia(病毒性肺炎)、atypical pneumonia(非典型肺炎)和asthmatic pneumonia(喘息性肺炎)等;而pneumonitis與其他詞搭配組成的固定術(shù)語并不多見,通常只見hypersensitivity pneumonitis[7](過敏性肺炎)、chemical pneumonitis[1](化學(xué)性肺炎)和radiation pneumonitis[8](放射性肺炎)等少數(shù)幾個固定搭配術(shù)語。此外,也有少數(shù)幾個經(jīng)常搭配使用的術(shù)語,如:aspiration pneumonia[9](吸入性肺炎)、aspiration pneumonitis[1,10](吸入性肺炎),radiation pneumonitis(放射性肺炎)、radiation pneumonia(放射性肺炎)和interstitial pneumonitis(間質(zhì)性肺炎),interstitial pneumonia(間質(zhì)性肺炎)][11]等。
本文所引文獻(xiàn)[2]和[10]均認(rèn)為pneumonitis是一般性術(shù)語,亦即通用術(shù)語,不特指一種疾病,而是疾病潛在(或深層)問題的一種征象,它包括pneumonia在內(nèi)。從流行病學(xué)上來說,pneumonitis通常被認(rèn)為是表示“肺炎”一切致病因素的術(shù)語。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1]Friel J P.Pnumonia.Dorland餾 Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Twenty瞗ifth Edition. W.B. Saunders. Philadelphia. 1974: 1221-1222.
[2][2009-2-17]http://en.Wikiphttedia.Org/wiki/Pneumonitis.
[3]Marekovic′ I, Plecko V, Boras Z, et al. Evaluation of PCR as rapid microbiological method in diagnosis of Pneumococcal pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis, 2008, 40(10):843-845.
[4]Sutherland R E, Olsen J S, Mckinstry A, et al. Mast cell IL6 improves survival from Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis by enhancing neutrophil killing. J Immunol, 2008, 181(8):5598-5605.
[5]Vinter H, Nielsen H I. Legionella pneumonia in patients treated with infliximab. Ugeskr Laeger, 2009,171(4):24.
[6]Senstad A C, Surén P, Brauteset L, et al. Community勃┆゛cquired pneumonia(CAP) in children in Oslo, Norway. Acta Paediatr, 2009,98 (2):332-336.
[7]Hara Y, Kobayashi H, Osoreda H, et al. Bird瞨elated chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis demonstrating the fluctuation of disease activity accompanied with environmental changes. Nihon Koyuki Gakkai Zasshi, 2008,46(12):1045-1049.
[8]Rancati T, Ceresoli G L, Gagliardi G, et al. Factors predicting radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients: a respective study. Radiother Oncol, 2003,67(3):275-283.
[9]Tokuyasu H, Harada T, Watanabe E, et al. Effectiveness of meropenem for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients. Intern Med, 2009, 48(3):129-135.
[10][2009-2-16]http://www.Patient.Co.uk/showdoc/40025927.
[11]Donald A B. Lindberg.Pnumonia,Viral. Index Medicus, 2001, 42(12) (pt.1):1934.
余文海:江西省兒童醫(yī)院,330006