胡圣平

高考英語試題中的“短文改錯”從詞匯、語法、篇章等方面來考查考生在語篇中綜合運用英語知識的準確性和在特定語境中對語言使用進行評價的能力,因此,它要求考生必須掌握足夠的詞匯和語法知識,并靈活運用以判斷、發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正錯誤,但它又不是單純的語法檢測,還要求考生具有一定的閱讀分析與邏輯推理能力,在語篇和上下文理解中運用語言知識去解決實際的語言問題。

短文改錯不同于單句改錯,解題時,考生要在讀懂全文的基礎上,對短文進行逐句研究,仔細推敲詞匯用法、句子結構和篇章邏輯,將存在的錯誤改正,因此,切不可孤立地依行改錯,既要看該行所在的整句,也要顧及前后句甚至全文。

根據(jù)筆者指導考生做短文改錯題的多年體會與實踐,我覺得考生在理解短文大意基礎上,將短文分解成句、將句分解為行,在每行中,通過下列“查一致”逐句逐行來找錯、改錯,頗有成效。

1. 查詞性與詞形是否一致

主要指在短文改錯題中出現(xiàn)的詞性混用現(xiàn)象,如:可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞混用,形容詞與副詞混用。

It is dishonest and foolishly to help.

解析:foolishly改為foolish。is后要用形容詞作表語,且與dishonest一致。

Football is not too badly as long as I watch it with my dad!

解析:badly改為bad。要用形容詞作表語。

2. 查時態(tài)是否一致

檢查該行中謂語動詞的時態(tài)與上下文、特定語境或該句的時間狀語是否一致。

Since long ago many adults and children called their friends together.

解析:called前加have。由since long ago可知,謂語動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時。

One of them was that they can earn money.

解析:was改為is。文章說的事情是現(xiàn)在的事實,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。

3. 查并列平行結構是否一致

由并列連詞或詞組連接的結構,詞性、時態(tài)等形式要保持前后一致。

All over the world men and woman, boys and girls enjoy sports.

解析:woman改為women。and前后的名詞復數(shù)一致。

I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer.

解析:opening改為opened。聯(lián)系上下文此處應用opened作并列謂語。

4. 查主謂語是否一致

檢查該行中的謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)上是否與主語保持一致。

There are advantage for students to work…

解析:advantage改為advantages。與are一致。

Earning their own money allow them to spend much on what they like.

解析:allow改為allows。動名詞作主語,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。

5. 查該行中的中心詞與其修飾詞是否一致

主要指修飾名詞的冠詞或代詞,修飾形容詞的副詞,修飾比較級的副詞等。

She looked at me serious and said…

解析:serious改為seriously。行為動詞look要用副詞來修飾。

That was a dinner we had waited for several month.

解析:month改為months。several修飾復數(shù)名詞。

My first one job was to clean the tables in a small restaurant.

解析:去掉one。first表示第一個,不能再與one連用。

6. 查語態(tài)是否一致

檢查該行中的謂語動詞或非謂語動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞,由此判斷動詞語態(tài)是否正確。

After the drive, it was cost just over 2 to put the car…

解析:去掉was。此句為主動語態(tài)。

Much larger values are destroying.

解析:destroying改為destroyed。values是動詞destroy的動作承受者, 應用被動語態(tài)。

7. 查各種搭配是否一致

主要指在該行中的習慣用語、詞組、動詞與其賓語搭配等是否正確。

…decide if or not each of us meets the requirement.

解析:if改為whether。if不能與or not連在一起使用。

Some students may also to save up for their college or future use.

解析:去掉to。情態(tài)動詞后面要用動詞原形。

The medicine had so a bitter taste that I took it unwillingly.

解析:so改為such。句式such+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…

8. 查代詞指代是否一致

檢查該行中用于指代的代詞在人稱、數(shù)、格、性等與上下文是否一致。

It is good manners for them to help each other if we have any difficulty with our work.

解析:them改為us。從上下文可知是針對我們。

I thought that was dull to watch a game which was uninteresting to us.

解析:that改為it。只有it可用作形式主語或賓語。

Some students may also save up for our college or future use.

解析:our改為their。與some students 相對應的形容詞性物主代詞是their。

9. 查比較結構是否一致

檢查該行中如有比較結構,看形容詞或副詞的級是否正確。

Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better.

解析:去掉more或將more改為much。比較級前much用于加強語氣。

So he decided to make a best car himself.

解析:best改為better。依據(jù)句意要用比較級。

What I learned from the job, in the hard way, was much more important as what I earned.

解析:as改為than。構成more…than結構。

10. 查行文邏輯是否一致

這類錯誤較難發(fā)現(xiàn),要求通篇考慮行文邏輯,錯誤主要涉及并列連詞、從屬連詞、肯定與否定等。

I dont know that they dont like to talk with me.

解析:that改為why。從上下文來看要用why引導賓語從句。

Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play.

解析:and改為but。此處句意表示轉折關系。

They would have to ask their parents for money.

解析:would后加not。依據(jù)上句意思應該是否定。

短文改錯題包含多項語法規(guī)則和語言技能,任何一處都有可能出現(xiàn)錯誤,而且常為學生在平時的寫作中易出現(xiàn)的錯誤。因此,平時學習中,考生要多注意總結與積累,準確規(guī)范地使用英語,訓練自己的改錯能力,把握短文改錯題的命題特點、考查重點等,則在考試時就會遇難不慌,較好地解答短文改錯題了。