吳新忠(綜述) 周志武*(審校)
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科二病區(qū),陜西 延安 716000)
顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤的外科治療研究
吳新忠(綜述) 周志武*(審校)
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科二病區(qū),陜西 延安 716000)
動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血常致患者殘廢或死亡,動(dòng)脈瘤再次破裂出血是致患者死亡、殘疾的重要原因。顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤的病因治療,目前主要有血管內(nèi)栓塞和顯微外科手術(shù)夾閉兩種方法。關(guān)于這兩種方法的臨床研究已很多,但在許多方面還存在爭(zhēng)議。
顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤;手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī);手術(shù)方式
傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為腦動(dòng)脈瘤破裂早期因蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(SAH)、顱內(nèi)血腫、腦水腫、腦血管痙攣、顱內(nèi)高壓等,術(shù)中分離暴露困難,手術(shù)難度大、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,主張保守治療,待病情穩(wěn)定后再行晚期手術(shù)?,F(xiàn)多主張?jiān)缙谥委燂B內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤。現(xiàn)就動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血治療的血管內(nèi)栓塞和顯微外科手術(shù)夾閉手術(shù)方式優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)綜述如下。
血管內(nèi)栓塞治療顱內(nèi)破裂性動(dòng)脈瘤是安全有效的治療手段[1]。顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤早期栓塞的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:①不受顱內(nèi)壓增高和腦腫脹等影響,術(shù)中可使用球囊擴(kuò)張血管,術(shù)后早期行腰椎穿刺清除蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔血液,減少腦血管痙攣的發(fā)生。②創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。③彈簧圈栓塞破裂的微小動(dòng)脈瘤是切實(shí)可行的[2]。④早期手術(shù)的適應(yīng)證明顯好于開(kāi)顱動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù),可極大的降低病死率和致殘率[3]。栓塞的缺點(diǎn)是:①血管內(nèi)栓塞有治療后再出血、再通的危險(xiǎn)[4]。再出血多發(fā)生在術(shù)后早期,第1年的再出血率為1.8%~2.6%,1年后罕見(jiàn)[5]。Ferns等[6]對(duì)彈簧圈栓塞治療動(dòng)脈瘤的研究表明,次全栓塞率29.5%,不全栓塞率8.2%,隨訪4.7~38個(gè)月,再通率20.8%。②新型材料Hydro-Coils等對(duì)防止再通有一定的作用,但有無(wú)菌性腦膜炎及腦積水的并發(fā)癥[7]。③術(shù)中可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤破裂,??芍職堉滤溃凰笠?guī)模醫(yī)療中心2005年報(bào)道其術(shù)中破裂率為1%,與此相關(guān)的致殘率為17%[8]。
顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤的顯微手術(shù)治療優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:①術(shù)中可以充分打開(kāi)側(cè)裂池、頸動(dòng)脈池等,盡可能清除蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔積血,去除導(dǎo)致腦血管痙攣的氧合血紅蛋白及血管活性物質(zhì),有效防止術(shù)后腦血管痙攣。②手術(shù)清除腦底諸池的積血,視術(shù)中情況行終板造瘺,有效防止術(shù)后腦積水的發(fā)生。③可以行減壓術(shù),有效防止高顱壓致腦疝造成患者病情加重。缺點(diǎn)是:①手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大。②手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,分離、牽拉、臨時(shí)阻斷載瘤動(dòng)脈等,可引起腦血管痙攣致腦缺血,甚至發(fā)生腦梗死。③顯微手術(shù)后患者的生活不能自理或死亡的相對(duì)和絕對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性較血管內(nèi)治療分別高22.6%和6.9%。
①對(duì)于破裂動(dòng)脈瘤血管內(nèi)治療時(shí)機(jī)目前多主張?jiān)谠缙?、超早期進(jìn)行,“超早期”是指在動(dòng)脈瘤破裂導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后24h內(nèi)進(jìn)行[9]。②破裂性動(dòng)脈瘤早期很少發(fā)生腦血管痙攣,栓塞后及早處理SAH可以防治隨后可能發(fā)生的并發(fā)癥[10],出血后早期對(duì)動(dòng)脈瘤進(jìn)行栓塞較為理想。
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂后“最佳手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)”的問(wèn)題還存在爭(zhēng)議。①對(duì)于Hunt-Hess分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí),年齡較輕患者,或已有腦疝先兆,危及生命的動(dòng)脈瘤破裂患者可考慮早期手術(shù)治療,而對(duì)于Hunt-Hess分級(jí)Ⅱ~Ⅳ級(jí),年齡大,合并癥多,或動(dòng)脈瘤較大(直徑>1.5cm)的患者應(yīng)盡量先讓病情穩(wěn)定和充分的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備后再行手術(shù)治療,可明顯降低手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。②Santana 等[12]提出術(shù)前Hunt-Hess分級(jí)≤Ⅲ級(jí),顱腦情況良好,直經(jīng)<15mm 的多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤可行Ⅰ期手術(shù)全部夾閉。Hunt-Hess分級(jí)較差、合并癥較多的患者可分次處理。③Jian-Wei等[13]超早期(24h內(nèi))手術(shù)可以避免早期顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的再出血,Hunt-Hess分級(jí) Ⅳ~Ⅴ的破裂動(dòng)脈瘤可以選擇超早期手術(shù)。④Nieuwkamp[14]等報(bào)道無(wú)論患者Hunt-Hess分級(jí)如何,接受早期手術(shù)治療患者預(yù)后均不亞于同級(jí)別保守治療者。
綜上所述,對(duì)于顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤治療,兩種方法各有利弊,手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)各家報(bào)道也不完全一致,今后需要解決的問(wèn)題是腦出血手術(shù)治療的最佳時(shí)機(jī);不同顱內(nèi)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤患者哪一種手術(shù)方法更為有效等。
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R651.1
A
1671-8194(2011)03-0052-02
*通訊作者