史繼全
(河北省臨西縣第二中學(xué))
images/BZ_123_238_1377_474_1504.png 名詞性從句 定語從句 狀語從句that 連詞:(無詞義) 關(guān)系代詞:不翻譯 ×which 連接代詞:“哪個(gè)” 限定性定語從句中不翻譯;非 ×限定性定語從句中“這一點(diǎn)”what 連接代詞:① “什么”; × ×② “……的東西/地方/時(shí)間/人……”(相當(dāng)于the thing/place/time/person...that)when 連接副詞:“什么時(shí)候”; 關(guān)系副詞:限定性定語從句中 連接副詞:“當(dāng)where “在/到哪里” 不翻譯;非限定性定語從句中 ……的時(shí)候“;“在那時(shí)”;“在那里” “……的地方”whatever 連接代詞:“任何的東 × 連接代詞:“無whoever 西”;“任何……的人” 論什么(都)”;(相當(dāng)于 anything/ “無論誰(都)”anybody that) (=no matter what/who)no matter × × 連詞:“無論什what/who 么(都)”;“無論誰(都)”
在名詞性從句中,that是連詞,只連接從句,本身沒有詞義,也不做從句成份。what是連接代詞,有兩個(gè)含義:①仍保留疑問代詞 “什么”的意思;②靈活翻譯成“…的東西/事情/地方/時(shí)間/人……”(相當(dāng)于“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”the thing/place/time/person...that)。 例如:
That light travels in a straight line is known to all.眾所周知,光線沿直線傳播。(主語從句)
The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illnesses caused by smoking.問題是每天有三百人死于由吸煙引起的疾病。(表語從句)
I hear(that)he has joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。(賓語從句)
What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。(主語從句)(“什么”)
She is no longer what she used to be.她已不再是從前的她了。(表語從句)(“……的人”,相當(dāng)于the person that)
注意:that連接主語從句時(shí)常使用形式主語it,而what連接主語從句時(shí)意思為“什么”時(shí)才可以使用形式主語it。
It is known to all that light travels in a straight line.
It is not yet known what she did.
在定語從句中,that/which做主、賓語,when/where和介詞+which做時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語。試用“帶入法”:關(guān)系代、副詞代替先行詞,可試將先行詞帶入定語從句中觀察—先行詞可做從句主、賓語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞that/which,先行詞可做從句時(shí)、地狀語時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系副詞when/where或介詞+which。例如:
He usually has very quick meals in restaurants that/which are always crowed with people waiting to be served.他通常在擠滿很多等待吃飯人的餐館里吃快餐。(先行詞restaurants可做are always crowed with people的主語)
This is the school(that/which)they built last year.這就是他們?nèi)ツ杲ǖ膶W(xué)校。(先行詞school可做built的賓語)
The school where (in which)he once studied is very famous.他以前學(xué)習(xí)的那個(gè)學(xué)校很出名。(先行詞school可做studied的地點(diǎn)狀語)
We often think of the days(that/which)we spent together on the island.我們經(jīng)常想起一起在島上度過的日子。(先行詞days可做spent的賓語)
I often think of the days when (in which)we lived together on the island.我常想起我們一起在島上生活的日子。(先行詞days可做we lived together的時(shí)間狀語)
在狀語從句中where是連接副詞,表示“……的地方”,在定語從句中where是關(guān)系副詞也表示地方,二者有糾結(jié)之處。判斷方法:修飾前面名詞(先行詞)的是定語從句,修飾前面動詞的是狀語從句。例如:
我在原來放它們的地方找到了我的書。I found my books where I had left them.(從句前面沒有名詞做先行詞,修飾動詞found)(狀語從句)
I found my books in the place where I had left them.(從句前面有名詞place做先行詞)(定語從句)
竹子長在陽光和雨水充分的地方。
Bamboo grows where there is plenty of water and sunlight.(從句前面沒有名詞做先行詞,修飾動詞grows)(狀語從句)
Bamboo grows in the places where there is plenty of water and sunlight.
我們應(yīng)該到最需要我們的地方去。(從句前有名詞places做先行詞)(定語從句)
where在狀語從句中表示“……的地方”,what名詞性從句中也可以表示 “……的地方”(the place that)。判斷方法:where是連接副詞,在從句中做狀語;what是連接代詞,在從句中做主、賓、表語。例如:
This park is where we first met.這個(gè)公園是我們第一次認(rèn)識的地方。(where在從句中做狀語修飾動詞met)
Always put things where you can find them at once.永遠(yuǎn)把東西放在你能立刻找到它們的地方。(where在從句中做狀語修飾動詞put)
Exactly when the first people arrived in what is known as California,no one really knows.確切什么時(shí)間最早的人們到達(dá)現(xiàn)在被稱為加利福尼亞的地方,沒有人真正知道。(what在從句中做is known as的主語,相當(dāng)于the place that)
連接代詞whatever/whoever①連接名詞性從句表示 “任何……的東西”/人”(相當(dāng)于anything/anybody that);②連接讓步狀語從句表示“無論什么/誰(都)”。連詞詞組no matter what/who只連接讓步狀語從句(同上②)。判斷方法:whatever/whoever作為連接代詞用于名詞性從句時(shí)既做從句成份又做主句成份,用于讓步狀語從句時(shí)只做從句成份而不做主句成份;no matter what/who作為連詞詞組既不做從句成份也不做主句成份。例如:
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡值得做的東西就值得做好。(名詞性從句)(whatever既做從句主語也做主句主語)
They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island.他們在荒島吃任何找得到的東西。(名詞性從句)(whatever既做從句賓語也做主句賓語)
Whoever comes to the club is welcome.不論誰來參加這個(gè)俱樂部都?xì)g迎。(名詞性從句)(whoever既做從句主語又做主句主語)
You may offer the book to whoever likes it.你可把這本書給任何喜歡它的人。(名詞性從句)(whoever既做從句主語又做主句賓語)
Do it whatever(no matter what)others say.不管別人怎么說,盡管干。(讓步狀語從句)(whatever只做從句賓語不做主句成份)(只有在讓步狀語從句中no matter what才可以和no matter what互換)
Whoever(No matter who)you are,you must obey the rule.不管你是誰,你都要遵守這項(xiàng)規(guī)則。(讓步狀語從句)(whoever只做從句表語不做主句成份,可以與no matter who互換)
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