金晶
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科
近年來,直腸癌的治療策略發(fā)生了很大變化,多學(xué)科的參與使直腸癌的療效得到極大提高。其中同步放化療理念的提出、術(shù)后同步放化療轉(zhuǎn)向術(shù)前同步放化療,使更多的患者提高了局部控制率、避免放化療的不良反應(yīng),同時(shí)可使一部分保留肛門無望的患者有保留正常器官的可能,因而可手術(shù)切除直腸癌的術(shù)前同步放化療目前是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療,是值得廣泛推廣應(yīng)用的一項(xiàng)治療手段。
直腸癌術(shù)前放療的生物學(xué)優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于:①腫瘤縮小,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目減少,減少術(shù)中腫瘤種植;②術(shù)前小腸未粘連固定,且在腹膜反折以上,小腸照射少,腸粘連、腸穿孔、出血的機(jī)會減少;③術(shù)前血供豐富,放射敏感性較高;④增加保存括約肌功能的概率;⑤降低分期,提高切除率;⑥提高局部控制率。
20世紀(jì)六十年代,美國首先開始了Ⅱ、Ⅲ期直腸癌術(shù)前放療的嘗試,進(jìn)行了多項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)。2001年結(jié)直腸癌協(xié)作組對1987年之前的28組隨機(jī)對照研究中的22個(gè)進(jìn)行了薈萃分析[1],結(jié)果顯示:術(shù)前放療、術(shù)后放療與單純手術(shù)相比均能降低局部復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及癌癥相關(guān)死亡率。等效放射生物學(xué)劑量(BED)≥30 Gy時(shí),術(shù)前放療不僅可以降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率和癌癥相關(guān)死亡率,還可以提高生存率,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Joakim Folkessom[2]等人2005年報(bào)道的SRCT(術(shù)前5×5短療程放療)長期隨訪的結(jié)果則指出:術(shù)前放療提高了長期生存率,提高了腫瘤相關(guān)生存率,降低各期局部復(fù)發(fā)率,且女性獲益更大。2011年報(bào)告了荷蘭隨機(jī)分組研究[3]12年的隨訪結(jié)果,術(shù)前短程放療與單純?nèi)蹦c系膜切除術(shù)(total mesorectal excision,TME)相比,顯著降低10年局部復(fù)發(fā)率(5%∶11%,P<0.000 1)和遠(yuǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)移率(26%∶32%,P=0.03),對于環(huán)周切緣(CRM)陰性、術(shù)后分期為Ⅲ期者,術(shù)前短程放療還可以顯著提高5年總生存率(50%∶40%,P=0.032)。另外,荷蘭研究[4]對不同的腫瘤原發(fā)位置進(jìn)行了療效分析,直腸腫瘤距離肛門5~10 cm者可以從術(shù)前短程放療中獲益(5年局部復(fù)發(fā)率:3.7% ∶13.7%,P<0.001),而0~5cm和大于10 cm的直腸癌,均不能從術(shù)前放療中獲益。
由此可見,術(shù)前放療對于降低分期、提高切除率、提高局部控制率是有效的,尤其對于中低位直腸癌患者。亞組分析,部分患者還可從中得到長期生存的獲益。與術(shù)前放療相比,直腸癌術(shù)后單純放療也可以降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率,但是并未提高長期生存率。
鑒于在其他腫瘤治療中同步放化療成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn),直腸癌術(shù)前、術(shù)后也開始嘗試同步放化療。美國進(jìn)行的一系列研究表明[5-6],術(shù)后同步放化療與單純手術(shù)、術(shù)后單純化療或單純放療相比,不僅可以顯著降低局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率,還可以顯著提高長期生存率,因此,從20世紀(jì)九十年代以來,Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌接受低位前直腸癌切除術(shù)(DIXON手術(shù))或腹會陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(Mile’s手術(shù))的患者,均應(yīng)該在術(shù)后接受同步放化療和輔助化療,這成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療模式。
但是,由于術(shù)后同步放化療的近期和遠(yuǎn)期急慢性不良反應(yīng)較重,部分患者較難接受,歐洲各國、尤其北歐學(xué)者一致致力于可手術(shù)切除直腸癌的術(shù)前同步放化療的研究,尤其是在TME基礎(chǔ)上的術(shù)前同步放化療。
FFCD 92-03以及EORTC 22921在1993年至2003年進(jìn)行了術(shù)前放療與術(shù)前同步放化療的研究[7-8],結(jié)果均顯示:在可手術(shù)切除的直腸癌患者中,術(shù)前同步放化療較術(shù)前放療相比進(jìn)一步提高了病理完全緩解率(PCR)、局部控制率,降低了病理分期,但無長期生存獲益,也未能提高肛門括約肌保留率。
2004年德國研究[9]、2009年MRC研究[10]以及美國NSABP R-03研究[11]為術(shù)前同步放化療的價(jià)值作出了最好的詮釋。在德國的研究中,可手術(shù)切除的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌患者隨機(jī)分為兩組:一組接受術(shù)前同步放化療,另一組接受術(shù)后同步放化療,手術(shù)均為TME。在完成長期隨訪后,接受術(shù)前同步放化療的患者不僅長期生存率與術(shù)后同步放化療者相似,局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率在術(shù)后同步放化療的基礎(chǔ)上下降了50%,也就是說從13%左右下降到6%左右,而且一部分患者治療前被認(rèn)為不能保留肛門,通過術(shù)前放化療得到保留肛門的機(jī)會。同時(shí),接受術(shù)前放化療的患者急慢性不良反應(yīng)顯著低于接受術(shù)后同步放化療者,而圍術(shù)期的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率在兩者亦無顯著差別。因此,術(shù)前同步放化療成為可手術(shù)切除Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌患者的另一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段,并且因?yàn)樾g(shù)前同步放化療的諸多優(yōu)勢,NCCN(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,美國國立綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò))治療指南[12]優(yōu)先推薦術(shù)前同步放化療為Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療模式。對于不可手術(shù)切除的直腸癌,挪威2008年報(bào)道的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照研究[13]顯示:術(shù)前放療聯(lián)合化療[5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)+亞葉酸鈣(LV)]較單純術(shù)前放療相比,可以提高R0切除率、局部控制率、至疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間以及癌癥相關(guān)生存率。
由此可見,對于可手術(shù)切除的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌,周全的綜合治療是保證療效的唯一方法,術(shù)前同步放化療+TME手術(shù)+全身化療是第一推選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療模式,手術(shù)+術(shù)后同步放化療+輔助化療是第二選擇。在充分認(rèn)識到術(shù)前、術(shù)后同步放化療優(yōu)劣后,應(yīng)首選術(shù)前同步放化療。
卡培他濱是一種口服的5-FU的前體藥物,本身沒有或只有很小的細(xì)胞毒性。它進(jìn)入人體后通過三種酶、三個(gè)步驟被激活,成為氟尿嘧啶,并且在腫瘤組織中有較高的氟尿嘧啶濃度,同時(shí)口服給藥,便于患者在家服用,是更易于患者接受的化療藥物。在晚期結(jié)直腸癌以及結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)后輔助化療的多項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究[14-17]中,證實(shí)卡培他濱單藥化療的療效不劣于5-FU/CF的常規(guī)方案。在同步放化療領(lǐng)域,多項(xiàng)Ⅰ期臨床研究[18-20]顯示了卡培他濱在1600 mg/(m2d)和1 650 mg/(m2d)用量時(shí)聯(lián)合術(shù)前放療的安全性,而Ⅱ期的研究[21-22]則證實(shí)了卡培他濱術(shù)前同步放化療與5-FU相比,降期率以及病理完全緩解率相當(dāng)(9.2%~31%)。2009年NCCN[12]亦推薦卡培他濱為放療增敏劑,用于直腸癌術(shù)前同步放化療。
2011年ASCO(美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會)會上,NASBP R-04[23]首次隨機(jī)對比了卡培他濱同步放化療和5-FU同步放化療。這是一個(gè)2×2的研究設(shè)計(jì),除了上述研究目的,還比較了單藥卡培他濱/5-FU同步放化療與加用奧沙利鉑雙藥同步放化療。研究結(jié)果表明,卡培他濱與5-FU同步放化療的病理完全緩解率無顯著差別,兩者3、4度不良反應(yīng)率也相似,再一次證實(shí)卡培他濱可用于直腸癌術(shù)前同步放化療。
奧沙利鉑是三代鉑類,通過產(chǎn)生水化衍生物作用于DNA,形成鏈內(nèi)和鏈間交聯(lián),從而抑制DNA的合成,產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒作用和抗腫瘤活性。研究[24-26表明奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合持續(xù)氟尿嘧啶加四氫葉酸的方案(FOLFOX)無論在晚期結(jié)直腸癌一線治療中還是在結(jié)腸癌術(shù)后輔助治療中,療效均優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)5-FU和四氫葉酸,成為結(jié)直腸癌化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案。一系列的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究[27-33]表明,奧沙利鉑與5-FU聯(lián)合或與卡培他濱聯(lián)合的同步放化療,可獲得9%~24%的病理完全緩解率,R0切除率為81%~100%。
奧沙利鉑+卡培他濱或5-FU雙藥同步放化療是否優(yōu)于卡培他濱或5-FU單藥同步放化療?目前世界上至少4項(xiàng)前瞻性Ⅲ期隨機(jī)分組研究就該問題進(jìn)行了研究,包括STAR-01、ACCORD 12/0405、NSABP R-04、PETACC 6。前三項(xiàng)研究[23,34-35]均已經(jīng)完成全部患者的入組,并公開報(bào)道了近期療效和急性不良反應(yīng)。3項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果均顯示,奧沙利鉑+卡培他濱或5-FU雙藥術(shù)前同步放化療與卡培他濱或5-FU單藥同步放化療相比,均未顯著提高PCR,也沒有達(dá)到顯著降期目的,雙藥同步放化療顯著增加了3、4度不良反應(yīng)。其中,ACCORD12/0405[35]最近還報(bào)道了隨訪3年的結(jié)果,雙藥術(shù)前同步放化療與單藥相比,3年局部復(fù)發(fā)率(4%∶6%)、無瘤生存率(74%∶69%)、總生存率(均為88%)無顯著差別。因此,目前直腸癌術(shù)前同步放化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療方案仍為卡培他濱或5-FU單藥。
近年來,靶向治療與化療聯(lián)合治療晚期結(jié)直腸癌取得一定的療效,包括西妥昔單抗、貝伐單抗等。幾個(gè)Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床研究[36-38]顯示,西妥昔單抗同步放化療的PCR均不足10%,低于單純術(shù)前同步放化療,其具體原因尚不明晰。
貝伐單抗同步放化療治療局部晚期直腸癌也有小樣本的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床報(bào)道[39-44],PCR在13.3%~32%之間,但是貝伐單抗的主要不良反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致手術(shù)傷口的延遲愈合、吻合口瘺和出血,雖然發(fā)生率不高,但這是一個(gè)值得注意的問題。靶向治療與同步放化療相結(jié)合的治療療效和應(yīng)用前景,有待于大樣本研究,尤其是隨機(jī)對照研究。
綜上所述,直腸癌是需要多學(xué)科合作才能取得良好療效的腫瘤疾病??墒中g(shù)切除的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期直腸癌已經(jīng)從過去的術(shù)后同步放化療轉(zhuǎn)為術(shù)前同步放化療的治療模式。5-氟尿嘧啶類藥物(5-FU或卡培他濱)同步放化療是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療方案,靶向藥物是否可以協(xié)同同步放化療的療效是今后研究的方向。
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