路小光 戰(zhàn)麗彬 康新 劉國輝 董云 范治偉 白黎智 劉莉 紀春陽 王小周
·論著·
大黃附子湯對急性壞死性胰腺炎大鼠小腸黏膜屏障功能的保護作用
路小光 戰(zhàn)麗彬 康新 劉國輝 董云 范治偉 白黎智 劉莉 紀春陽 王小周
目的探討大黃附子湯對急性壞死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠小腸黏膜屏障功能的影響及意義。方法將60只SD大鼠按數(shù)字表法隨機分為假手術組(19只)、ANP組(21只)和大黃附子湯治療組(20只)。經胰膽管逆行注入4%?;悄懰徕c1 ml/kg體重建立ANP模型,同時行空腸造瘺。治療組于制模后0.5 h經空腸造瘺管注入大黃附子湯2 ml,隔4、8 h再注入2 ml;其他兩組注入等容積生理鹽水。術后24 h經腹主動脈取血,測定血淀粉酶、內毒素、D-乳酸含量及二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性。取胰腺、小腸組織行病理學檢查,測定腸上皮損傷指數(shù),觀察小腸黏膜超微結構改變。結果假手術組大鼠血淀粉酶、內毒素、D-乳酸含量及DAO活性分別為(152±32)U/L、(6.95±2.10)pg/L、(3.96±1.08)μg/ml和(14.26±2.67)μg/ml,ANP組分別為(1549±93)U/L、(40.48±3.41)pg/L、(12.34±1.23) μg/ml和(80.28±3.54)μg/ml,治療組分別為(655±49)U/L、(19.55±2.50)pg/L、(6.75±1.36)μg/ml和(20.69±7.53)μg/ml,ANP組較假手術組明顯升高,而治療組較ANP組顯著降低,但仍高于假手術組(P<0.05或<0.01)。ANP組小腸黏膜厚度、絨毛高度分別為(389.44±29.87)μm、(16.52±3.73)μm,顯著低于治療組的(501.95±45.38)μm、(27.82±5.17)μm,更顯著低于假手術組的(658.72±57.49)μm和(35.49±6.43)μm;而腸上皮損傷指數(shù)為3.72±0.65,顯著高于治療組的2.12±0.37和假手術組的0.85±0.24。同時,大黃附子湯治療后小腸黏膜組織學和超微結構改變亦均較ANP組明顯減輕。結論大黃附子湯可明顯減輕ANP大鼠小腸黏膜屏障功能損害的程度。
胰腺炎,急性壞死性; 大黃附子湯; 內毒素類; 二胺氧化酶; 腸道屏障功能障礙
重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)早期易并發(fā)腸屏障功能障礙(intestine barrier functional disturbance,IBFD),造成腸源性細菌和內毒素易位引起繼發(fā)感染,導致全身炎癥反應綜合征(SIRS)和多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS) 等嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[1-5]。因此,如何保護腸黏膜屏障功能的完整性,減輕和防止發(fā)生腸源性感染,成為控制SAP發(fā)展、減少并發(fā)癥的關鍵。本實驗應用大黃附子湯干預急性壞死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠,觀察其對小腸屏障功能的保護作用,為大黃附子湯臨床應用提供理論依據(jù)。
一、實驗動物及分組
清潔級健康雄性SD大鼠60只購自大連醫(yī)科大學實驗動物中心,體重(280±20)g。用抽簽法將動物隨機分為假手術組(19只)、ANP組(21只)和大黃附子湯治療組(治療組,20只)。采用逆行胰膽管緩慢注入4%牛磺膽酸鈉1 ml/kg體重的方法制備ANP模型,假手術組大鼠僅觸摸胰腺數(shù)次。另選取空腸起始部以下約2 cm處置入造瘺管,經由皮下引出體外,妥善固定。
二、藥物制備與給藥方法
將附子9 g(先煎)、大黃9 g(后下)、細辛3 g常規(guī)水煎制成懸濁液,置100℃水浴消毒80 min,冷卻后置4℃冰箱。治療組大鼠于制模后0.5 h開始,每隔4 h經瘺管注入大黃附子湯2 ml,共3次;假手術組和ANP組大鼠于同時間點注入等容積生理鹽水。
三、檢測指標及方法
1.血淀粉酶、內毒素、D-乳酸含量及二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性測定:術后24 h經腹主動脈取血,分離血清或血漿。全自動生化儀器測定大鼠血清淀粉酶含量,分光光度法測定血清D-乳酸含量(試劑盒購自Sigma公司),比濁法測定血漿內毒素含量(試劑盒購自天津一瑞生物工程有限公司),活性比色法測定血漿DAO活性(試劑盒購自上海杰美基因醫(yī)藥有限公司)。
2.胰腺、小腸黏膜病理組織學檢查及腸上皮損傷指數(shù)測定:取胰腺及距幽門10 cm處約2 cm長小腸,常規(guī)固定病理檢查,測20個小腸絨毛的絨毛高度及小腸黏膜厚度。參照文獻[6]將小腸黏膜損傷分為6級:0級,正常黏膜絨毛結構;Ⅰ級,腸黏膜絨毛頂端上皮下間隙增寬;Ⅱ級,絨毛上皮下間隙進一步擴大,絨毛頂端上皮抬高與固有膜剝離;Ⅲ級,絨毛兩邊上皮成塊脫落;Ⅳ級,絨毛上皮完全脫落,僅存固有膜結構;V級,黏膜固有膜崩解,出現(xiàn)出血和潰瘍。
3.小腸黏膜超微結構觀察:取約2 cm長小腸,置2.5%戊二醛溶液中固定,經乙醇脫水,環(huán)氧樹脂包埋,美蘭染色后光學顯微鏡下定位, 醋酸鈾、檸檬酸鉛染色,透射電鏡(JEM-200EX,JEOL公司)下觀察并攝片。
四、統(tǒng)計學處理
一、血清淀粉酶、D-乳酸、內毒素含量及DAO活性的變化
ANP組大鼠血淀粉酶、D-乳酸、內毒素含量及DAO活性均明顯高于假手術組(P<0.01)。治療組大鼠血淀粉酶、D-乳酸、內毒素含量及DAO活性較ANP組明顯降低(P<0.01或<0.05),但仍顯著高于假手術組(P<0.05,表1)。
組別只數(shù)淀粉酶(U/L)內毒素(pg/L)D?乳酸(μg/ml)DAO(μg/ml)假手術組19152±326.95±2.103.96±1.0814.26±2.67ANP組211549±93b40.48±3.41b12.34±1.23b80.28±3.54b治療組20655±49bd19.55±2.50ad6.75±1.36ad20.69±7.53ac
注:與假手術組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01;與ANP組比較,cP<0.05,dP<0.01
二、胰腺和小腸病理組織學變化
假手術組胰腺及小腸黏膜組織均無明顯變化。ANP組胰腺組織不同程度出血、壞死、炎性細胞浸潤和胰周組織脂肪壞死;小腸黏膜上皮糜爛,大片壞死、脫落及缺損,大量炎細胞浸潤,絨毛樣結構減少。治療組胰腺水腫、出血、壞死,組織間隙略增寬,少量炎性細胞浸潤;小腸黏膜輕度水腫,片狀壞死,絨毛部分脫落及倒伏(圖1)。
三、小腸黏膜厚度、絨毛高度及腸上皮損傷指數(shù)變化
ANP組大鼠小腸黏膜厚度和絨毛高度均較假手術組明顯降低(P<0.01),小腸上皮損傷指數(shù)較假手術組明顯增加(P<0.01);治療組小腸黏膜厚度和絨毛高度較ANP組顯著增加(P<0.05或<0.01),而小腸上皮損傷指數(shù)較ANP組明顯降低(P<0.01),但與假手術組仍差異顯著(P<0.05或<0.01,表2)。
四、小腸黏膜超微結構改變
假手術組大鼠小腸黏膜上皮細胞表面微絨毛排列整齊,柱狀上皮細胞結構完整,細胞質內細胞器豐富,結構未見異常。ANP組大鼠小腸黏膜上皮微絨毛稀疏、部分缺如,上皮細胞萎縮,細胞核濃縮,染色質邊聚,線粒體高度腫脹,嵴缺失,內質網腫脹。治療組大鼠小腸黏膜上皮微絨毛排列不規(guī)則,上皮細胞線粒體、內質網輕度腫脹(圖2)。
圖1假手術組(a)、ANP組(b)和治療組(c)胰腺(左列,HE ×400)和小腸黏膜(右列,HE ×100)病理變化
組別只數(shù)黏膜厚度(μm)絨毛高度(μm)腸上皮損傷指數(shù)假手術組19658.72±57.4935.49±6.430.85±0.24ANP組21389.44±29.87b16.52±3.73b3.72±0.65b治療組20501.95±45.38bd27.82±5.17ac2.12±0.37bd
注:與假手術組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01;與ANP組比較,cP<0.05,dP<0.01
圖2假手術組(a)、ANP組(b)和治療組(c)小腸黏膜超微結構改變(×5000)
SAP在中醫(yī)學中屬于“胃脘痛”、“脾心痛”等范疇。因肝膽疏泄、膽汁郁滯不暢,致脾胃運化失常,痰濕內生,陽氣被遏。日久,濕從熱化,濕熱壅結,以致寒熱錯雜,痰淤凝滯,腑氣不通,不通則痛而發(fā)本病。大黃附子湯源自漢·張仲景《金匱要略》,由大黃、附子、細辛組方,有效成分包括大黃素、烏頭堿以及細辛醚等。大黃性苦寒,味重濁,直降下行,走而不守。《本經》中記載大黃可蕩滌腸胃,推陳出新,通利水谷。附子、細辛性溫熱,散寒止痛,溫運脾胃。三者合用,寒熱并投,剛柔并用,可避免大黃苦寒凝滯之弊,同時增加疏通之力。本方具有辛開苦降,清熱解毒,化淤散結之功,使臟腑通暢,氣血調和,邪去正安,危病得愈。我們曾報道[7],大黃附子湯可抑制ANP大鼠血清內毒素、TNF-α、IL-1β釋放,上調抗炎因子IL-4水平,從而減輕ANP損傷的程度。本實驗結果顯示,大黃附子湯治療后大鼠小腸黏膜的厚度、絨毛高度及腸上皮損傷指數(shù)均較ANP組得到明顯改善,說明大黃附子湯對ANP大鼠小腸黏膜具有良好的保護作用。
DAO是存在于腸黏膜上層絨毛細胞中具有高度活性的細胞內酶,以空、回腸活性最高。腸黏膜細胞受損、壞死后該酶釋放入血,導致血漿DAO活性增高。D-乳酸是腸道細菌酵解的固有代謝產物,正常情況下很少被吸收。當腸黏膜通透性增加時,腸道內D-乳酸進入血流,而哺乳動物無將其分解的酶系統(tǒng),因此血漿D-乳酸含量升高[8]。內毒素是腸道內革蘭陰性菌裂解產物,由于健全的腸道屏障作用,正常腸道內游離內毒素處于高水平[9]。因此,血DAO活性、D-乳酸和內毒素含量均是腸黏膜上皮細胞損傷及腸道屏障破壞的指標。本實驗結果顯示,大黃附子湯治療后大鼠血漿DAO活性、D-乳酸和內毒素含量均較ANP組明顯降低,說明大黃附子湯可明顯減輕小腸黏膜上皮細胞的損傷,保護腸道屏障功能。
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2010-04-16)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
2011年第1期 曲衍清、梁銳、王博、王立明、高振明“胰腺神經內分泌癌一例”一文的通信作者為:高振明,Email:gaozhenmingdl@163.com。特此補充說明。
ProtectiveeffectsofDahuangfuzidecoctionontheintestinebarrierfunctionalofacutenecrotizingpancreatitisinrats
LUXiao-guang,ZHANLi-bin,KANGXin,LIUGuo-hui,DONGYun,FANZhi-wei,BAILi-zhi,LIULi,JIChun-yang,WANGXiao-zhou.
DepartmentofEmergency,ZhongshanHospital,DalianUniversity,Dalian116001,China
KANGXin,Email:kangxinhao1@yahoo.com.cn
ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Dahuangfuzi decoction on the intestine barrier functional of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats.MethodsThe 60 rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=19), ANP group (n=21), and Dahuangfuzi treatment group (n=20). The rats of ANP group were induced by injecting 1ml/kg of 4% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatiobiliary duct, and jejunal fistula was esablished. The rats of treatment group
Dahuangfuzi decoction (2 ml, repeated at 4 and 8 h) through jejunum distal stoma tube 0.5 h after ANP induction. The other 2 groups received same amount of normal saline. Blood sample was collected through abdominal aorta, 24 h after ANP induction, and the serum amylase, endotoxin, D-lactate, plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) were detected. Pancreas, small intestine tissue was harvested for pathologic examination, index of intestinal epithelial damage was measured and ultrastructural changes in small intestinal mucosa was observed.ResultsThe expression of serum amylase, endotoxin, D-lactate, DAO in sham operation group was (152±32)U/L, (6.95±2.10)pg/L, (3.96±1.08)μg/ml and (14.26±2.67)μg/ml, while the corresponding values were (1549±93)U/L, (40.48±3.41)pg/L,(12.34±1.23) μg/ml and (80.28±3.54)μg/ml in ANP group, and they were (655±49)U/L, (19.55±2.50)pg/L,(6.75±1.36)μg/ml and (20.69±7.53)μg/ml in treatment group. The values in ANP group were significantly higher than those in sham operation group. The values in treatment group were significantly lower than those in ANP group, but significantly higher than those in sham operation group (P<0.05 orP<0.01). The thickness and height of intestinal mucosa in ANP group were (389.44±29.87)μm and (16.52±3.73) μm, which were significantly lower than those in treatment group [(501.95±45.38)μm, (27.82±5.17)]μm, and in sham operation group [(658.72±57.49)μm, (35.49±6.43)μm,Index of intestional epitholial donage in ANP group was 3.72±0.65 which is significently higher than those in theatment (2.12±0.37) and in sham operation group (0.85±0.24). The intestinal mucosa histological and ultrastructural changes in Dahuangfuzi treatment group were better than those in ANP group.ConclusionsDahuangfuzi decoction can significantly decrease the damage of intestine barrier function in ANP rats.
Pancreatitis, acute necrotizing; Dahuangfuzi decoction; Endotoxins; Diamine oxidase; Intestine barrier functional disturbance
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2011.01.012
國家自然科學基金項目(30672767、30971626);遼寧省科技廳(2007225005)
116001 大連,大連大學附屬中山醫(yī)院急診科(路小光、康新、董云、范治偉、白黎智、劉莉、紀春陽、王小周);大連醫(yī)科大學附屬二院中醫(yī)科(戰(zhàn)麗彬);吉林大學附屬第一醫(yī)院急診科 (劉國輝)
共同第一作者:戰(zhàn)麗彬
康新,Email:kangxinhao1@yahoo.com.cn