廖砳

英語閱讀理解涉及語篇、段落、句子、詞匯四個(gè)層次的理解問題，其中根本的是對詞匯的理解。詞匯是構(gòu)成語言的基本元素，句子則是表達(dá)意思的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。如果掌握的詞匯量太少，讀一篇文章，處處是生詞，就會處處碰壁，文章不可能順利讀懂。英語閱讀理解的關(guān)鍵則在于真正讀懂文章。讀懂每一句話表達(dá)的意思是真正讀懂一段話、一篇文章的基礎(chǔ)。

在英語閱讀教學(xué)中，大力倡導(dǎo)的SM3R閱讀法旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自主閱讀能力，鍛煉他們分析、綜合的邏輯思維能力。

SM3R閱讀法的操作共分五步。

第一步：S－survey（瀏覽）。在閱讀一本書或一篇文章之前，先瀏覽目錄、小標(biāo)題、前言（說明）和圖表，在閱讀文章的正文之前，先瀏覽每篇或每段的開頭和結(jié)尾，尋找文章的主題句和結(jié)論，獲取文章的重要信息。

第二步：M—main ideas（大概意思）。學(xué)生根據(jù)初步獲得的信息，回憶文章的大概意思再閱讀。

第三步：R－read（閱讀）。仔細(xì)地閱讀文章和回答自行提出的問題，并在表達(dá)文章的中心思想和重要細(xì)節(jié)的地方畫線，以便了解學(xué)生的理解程度，要求將所讀文章的中心思想作為每天值日報(bào)告中的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，突出閱讀中的說。

第四步：R－recite（列舉綱要）。在閱讀過程中把文章的提綱列出來，歸納文章的中心思想和重要細(xì)節(jié)，并用口、筆頭形式復(fù)述出來。

第五步：R－review（復(fù)習(xí)）。及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)閱讀筆記，加深對文章的理解和認(rèn)識；鞏固學(xué)到的新詞組，再帶著綱要、新詞匯、主題句等閱讀課文。必要時(shí)可選擇一個(gè)主題段落背誦、默寫。

下面以2009年四川高考卷B篇為例，原文如下：

July 21st，2007 was a typical English summers day—it rained for 24 hours.As usual，I rushed home from work at midday to check on the house.Nothing was amiss.By the time I lift work at 5 pm，however，the road into our village was flooded.Our house bad never been flooded but，as I opened the front door，a wave of water greeted me.Thank God the kids werent with me，because the house was 5 feet deep in water.We lost everything downstairs.And the plaster had to be torn off the walls，ceilings pulled down.

At first we tried to push on through.We didnt want to move the children out of home，so we camped upstairs.We put a sheet of plastic across the floor to protect us from the damp.But after three months，we felt very sick， so we moved to a wooden house in a park.The house was small，but at first we were all just delighted to be in a new place.Unfortunately，things took longer than expected and we were there for 10 months.The life there was inconvenient.What surprised me most was how much I missed being part of a community（社區(qū)）.We had lived in a friendly village with good neighbors，and Id never thought how much Id miss that.

Although-our situation was very bad，its difficult to feel too sorry for yourself when you look at whats happening elsewhere.I watched a news report about floods in Northern India and thought，“We didnt have a straw hut（茅草房）that was swept away，and our house is still sanding.Were lucky.”

We moved back home in August.With December coming，theres reconstruction work to be done，so its difficult to prepare for Christmas. But I cant wait—Im going to throw a party for our friends in the village to say thanks for their support.This year，I wont need any gifts—living away from home for months has made me realize how little we actually need or miss all our possessions.Although we are replacing things，theres really no rush—we have our home back，and thats the main thing.

第一步，我們先看每段的開頭和結(jié)尾。

P1:July 21st，2007 was a typical English summers day—it rained for 24 hours!And the plaster had to be torn off the walls，ceilings pulled down.

P2:At first we tried to push on through.We had lived in a friendly village with good neighbors，and Id never thought how much Id miss that.

P3:Although-our situation was very bad，its difficult to feel too sorry for yourself when you look at whats happening elsewhere.Were lucky.

P4:We moved back home in August.we have our home back，and thats the main thing.

第二步，回憶文章的大意。本文夾敘夾議，大災(zāi)之后更加看重親情和鄰里之間的友情（have our home back）。

第三步，再精讀原文，并在表達(dá)文章的中心思想和重要細(xì)節(jié)的地方畫線。

Nothing was amiss.Thank God the kids werent with me，Although-our situation was very bad，its difficult to feel too sorry for yourself when you look at whats happening elsewhere.we have our home back，and thats the main thing.

第四步，列舉綱要。

P1：遭受洪災(zāi)，一樓家具全毀，所幸孩子們未受傷害。

P2：搬進(jìn)公園一個(gè)簡易的木房，但我們更懷念住在社區(qū)的日子。

P3：參照其他重災(zāi)區(qū)，我們已是幸運(yùn)。

P4：我們重新回到了家，舉辦圣誕派對以示感謝村民。

第五步，復(fù)習(xí)。及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)閱讀筆記，加深對文章的理解和認(rèn)識；鞏固學(xué)到的新詞組，再帶著綱要、新詞匯、主題句等上閱讀課，并要求學(xué)生背誦第一和第四，因這兩段最能體現(xiàn)作者表達(dá)的主題思想。

當(dāng)然，在英語閱讀教學(xué)中，一方面我們不排斥分析難句、解析新語法現(xiàn)象、精練語法知識和語言點(diǎn)，也不排斥略讀（skim）、掃讀（scan）或跳讀（skip）、細(xì)讀、精讀，總結(jié)單元和篇章、慣用法、成語、習(xí)語、口語表達(dá)法等常規(guī)教學(xué)步驟和方法，另一方面，閱讀教學(xué)需要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生聽、讀課文，培養(yǎng)其語感，并且根據(jù)精讀材料，用自己所學(xué)的英語知識，進(jìn)行歸類、分析、總結(jié)。只有這樣，才能讓學(xué)生越讀越會，越學(xué)越有興趣。