傅紅英
有人說,學(xué)生學(xué)英語的目的應(yīng)該是閱讀,而不是說話。這顯然是片面的。人們用語言進(jìn)行交際,無非是口語和書面語兩種形式,而兩者相比,不論是從語言的發(fā)展或?qū)W習(xí)語言的自然規(guī)律來看,都應(yīng)是口語居先。如果不會(huì)說只會(huì)讀怎么算得上是學(xué)會(huì)了一種語言呢?人們說某人的英語好,自然指的是他的英語說得好。學(xué)生到學(xué)校來學(xué)英語,首先懷著的愿望便是她們能學(xué)會(huì)講英語。在初中入學(xué)之時(shí),學(xué)會(huì)了互道“Good-bye”“Good morning”“Nice to meet you”時(shí),往往表現(xiàn)很濃的興趣。家長在聽到孩子在家里說:“Mummy,I am hungry.”“May I watch TV, Dad?”即使是非常簡單的英語,他們的心情也是高興,但是隨著年齡的增長,他們?cè)絹碓脚麻_口,怕出錯(cuò)被人笑,因此,所學(xué)英語變成了啞巴英語,而在九年級(jí)教學(xué)中也把大量時(shí)間都花在閱讀能力的提高上,這樣忽略了學(xué)生的口語能力的培養(yǎng)。據(jù)報(bào)道,教學(xué)以聽說領(lǐng)先,能大大地提高他們學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣和熱情。下面談?wù)勁囵B(yǎng)中學(xué)生口語能力的幾點(diǎn)方法。
一、(值日生)口頭報(bào)告
(值日生)口頭報(bào)告在許多學(xué)校都有實(shí)施,通常在剛剛上課時(shí),值日生會(huì)站起來做簡短的口頭報(bào)告,報(bào)告日期、天氣、缺席者等等??陬^報(bào)告如果組織得好、引導(dǎo)得好,對(duì)發(fā)展學(xué)生的說話能力大有幫助,因?yàn)檫@不是背誦課文或?qū)υ?,而是表達(dá)個(gè)人的思想。若能持之以恒,學(xué)生便會(huì)增加信心和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是不少教師并沒有費(fèi)神去計(jì)劃、組織和引導(dǎo)這項(xiàng)課程活動(dòng),只把這種報(bào)告內(nèi)容當(dāng)作是例行公事。結(jié)果九年級(jí)的學(xué)生報(bào)告內(nèi)容與七年級(jí)的學(xué)生的報(bào)告內(nèi)容沒有多大的區(qū)別。
口頭報(bào)告的引導(dǎo)方法是多方面的:
1.對(duì)口頭報(bào)告的內(nèi)容要有一個(gè)長期的安排。報(bào)告內(nèi)容通常有:dates,weather,absence,reason for absence, the days schedule, personal experience, films,stories ,TV programs, sports news and important events.以上這些話題,有可以安排在七八年級(jí)。有些可以安排在九年級(jí),同一個(gè)話題起碼要使用一周,便讓學(xué)生熟悉這方面的詞匯和表達(dá)法,經(jīng)反復(fù)練習(xí)得以鞏固。
在值日生口頭報(bào)告之時(shí),可事先給他們一些問題,提示以及主要的單詞和詞組,以“電影”這個(gè)話題為例,教師可以先給口頭報(bào)告者提供:What film? When did you see it? Do you like it or dislike it? Why? (good, bad interesting,dull ,etc.) Do you want to see it again? Whats it about? (workers, farmers, teachers ,students, the old, the young, children, etc.) 再如學(xué)完一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),讓學(xué)生做口頭報(bào)告:What do you usually do on Sunday?
可以給他們提供相關(guān)的典型的句子:
On Sunday I usually—
—stay in bed late
—get up at about 9:30
—visit friends
—go to the parks with my parents in the afternoon
—watch TV in the evening
—go to bed at eleven
通過對(duì)典型句子的分析,學(xué)生的腦子里就會(huì)有一個(gè)點(diǎn)的影響,就能把握住這一單元的主要內(nèi)容,同時(shí)也把它們轉(zhuǎn)化成了自己的東西。
2.報(bào)告可逐漸擴(kuò)充。因此,同樣話題,便將呈螺旋式上升之勢(shì)。以weather為例,對(duì)八年級(jí)上學(xué)期的學(xué)生可滿足于: “Its a fine day today. Its not cold. Its warm” 八年級(jí)下學(xué)可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生擴(kuò)展成: “Its a fine day today. Yesterday was a fine day, too But the weather report says its going to rain tomorrow. I hope it wont rain tomorrow, because we are going to have our holiday!”
3.教師還可以提前一兩天發(fā)給學(xué)生一張圖畫或一組圖畫,讓值日生先準(zhǔn)備,在看圖報(bào)告時(shí),要把圖畫對(duì)向全班同學(xué)。同時(shí)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生使用課本中學(xué)過的詞組和句型。例如,學(xué)生剛學(xué)過形容詞的比較級(jí),給學(xué)生的圖畫里可體現(xiàn)下列內(nèi)容或直接把問題附在圖畫下面:Is today hotter then yesterday? Was yesterday colder? What about yesterdays football match? Which team played better?
看圖報(bào)告的練習(xí)起始間段可讓值日生邀幾個(gè)同學(xué)先準(zhǔn)備,大家七嘴八舌地說,由值日生書面記下,并把材料組織好,然后第二天再在上課時(shí)間向班里作口頭報(bào)告。
假如學(xué)生學(xué)過有關(guān)英國、美國或其它英語國家的課文,教師便可發(fā)給學(xué)生上面這些國家的圖片、郵票、地圖、明信片等,讓學(xué)生看圖報(bào)告。有些學(xué)生在教師的幫助下,報(bào)告得相當(dāng)出色,有一個(gè)學(xué)生手里拿著美國圖片做了以下的口頭報(bào)告:Today Ill tell you something about the United States. The United Sates is a very big country, almost as big as China. It is the fourth largest country in the world. It has 50 states. Its capital is Washington D.C. Another big city is New York .Its also one of the biggest cities in the world. The United States is in North America.
教師還要想法使得每個(gè)學(xué)生都注意傾聽該同學(xué)的口頭報(bào)告, 有時(shí)可叫一二個(gè)學(xué)生把他們所聽到的口頭報(bào)告復(fù)述一下。
二、問答練習(xí)
問答練習(xí)也是行之有效的一種讓學(xué)生練習(xí)說英語的手段之一。在進(jìn)行這個(gè)練習(xí)宜注意以下列事項(xiàng)。
1.所提的問題要根據(jù)難易分類。通??梢苑譃槿齻€(gè)層次:
第一層次——其回答可在課文中直接找到的。
第二層次——其回答不能直接從課文中找到的,而需要進(jìn)行一些推理引申的。
第三層次——根據(jù)學(xué)生自己的看法和見解為基礎(chǔ)而實(shí)際的問題。現(xiàn)在以九年級(jí)課本中的一段落為例來加以說明:
School ended a little earlier. We all went to the football field, and soon the game started, We were playing against No.64 Middle School. It was a draw, when we played against them last time. They were all very big and strong, and we felt a little afraid of them. Though we were neither very big nor strong, we were a good team, we play together very well. But still we werent sure if we could beat them. “Dont worry.”Mr. Hu said. “Just remember ——TEAM WORK!”
第一層:Which team did they play against? What was No.64 Middle schools football like?
第二層:Could the writers team win the match? Why?
第三層:What do we learn from this passage?
2.問答練習(xí)可以根據(jù)學(xué)生已學(xué)過的例句進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。如剛學(xué)完形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí),則下面的問答不僅有助于鞏固所學(xué)的知識(shí),也有助于訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說英語:
Who is taller, you or your sister? Who is older, you or Mary? Which one is more difficult, this lesson or the last one ? Which do you like best, football, basketball or volleyball? etc.
3.問答練習(xí)可根據(jù)圖畫進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)掛圖或自畫簡筆畫,教師可自己先看圖敘述,然后,再提問學(xué)生,也可以直接提問學(xué)生。如七年級(jí)學(xué)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),可指著圖畫問:
What is the girl doing ? Is the man working near the house ?etc.
4.要重視交際功能型問題的練習(xí),交際功能型的問題能把學(xué)生的注意力從固定的課文中引開,進(jìn)入到外界社會(huì)中的真是日常生活中去。下面的離子說明這位教師在課堂上,根據(jù)學(xué)生的問答實(shí)際情況隨機(jī)應(yīng)變,從而使學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)入交際功能型的練習(xí):
T: When did you get up?
S1:I got up at seven this morning.
T: When did you do to bed yesterday?
S2 :I went to bed at eight.
T: When did you go to bed last night?
S3: I went to bed at eleven.
教師說:Oh, too late.然后他提問了一下一些問題:Why so late? What were you doing then? Do you often go to bed so late? Its too late for a boy of fourteen to go to bed at eleven, isnt it? Do any of you go to bed as late as he does?頓時(shí),課堂氣氛活躍了起來,同時(shí)達(dá)到了交際功能型的練習(xí)目的。
5.Yes-no問答練習(xí),教師把一張卡片給一個(gè)學(xué)生,卡片上寫著一個(gè)人名,或一只動(dòng)物或其它物體。班里的學(xué)生先問幾個(gè)問題(如十個(gè))有持卡人回答Yes或No,最后由提問題的學(xué)生猜出卡片的人名或物名。這樣讓學(xué)生在游戲活動(dòng)中,運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語言知識(shí)手機(jī)信息,完成交際任務(wù)。如:Student A thinks of a famous woman, one of the other students begins by asking questions about her.
A: Is she Chinese?
B: Yes, she is.
A: Is she a famous actress?
B: No, she isnt.
A: Is she good at sports?
B: Yes, she is.
A: Has she ever been a world champion?
B: Yes she is.
A: Is her name Deng Yaping ?
B: Yes, it is.
3.角色扮演
讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用新舊語言知識(shí),通過情景創(chuàng)設(shè),自編對(duì)話,進(jìn)行角色扮演。
如在學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)購物的句型時(shí),結(jié)合功能項(xiàng)目讓小組創(chuàng)設(shè)購物情景(事先準(zhǔn)備好不同型號(hào)、顏色、款式的衣服),扮演顧客和售貨員。在角色扮演中通常會(huì)用到以下的所學(xué)的交際用語:
What can I do for you ?
Id like——for me daughter.
Do you like this one?
Can I try it on?
Its (not) cheap enough, Im afraid, I cant decide which one to buy.
Have you got——? Please take you time.
Thats fine. Ill take it——
再如,學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)打電話的句型時(shí),結(jié)合功能項(xiàng)目 “passing on message”讓學(xué)生就前幾個(gè)單元所學(xué)的話題,自編對(duì)話,進(jìn)行角色扮演,并在對(duì)話中運(yùn)用所學(xué)的有關(guān)打電話的交際用語。
除了以上做法,教師還可以幫助學(xué)生搞采訪或設(shè)立咨詢臺(tái)等來提高問答練習(xí)。
總之,教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)千方百計(jì)訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說英語的能力,而且要從低年級(jí)開始訓(xùn)練。學(xué)語音、學(xué)詞匯,學(xué)句型等本身都不是目地,而是達(dá)到學(xué)會(huì)交流這個(gè)目的的手段。因此課堂上要想法讓學(xué)生敢說、肯說且有話可說,真正提高說的技能。
(責(zé)任編輯全玲)