劉向陽(yáng),張 寧,吳 峰
2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝與慢性腎臟疾病的關(guān)系
劉向陽(yáng),張 寧,吳 峰
目的 探討2型糖尿病 (T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝 (NAFLD)與慢性腎臟疾病 (CKD)的關(guān)系。方法 選取300例T2DM患者,按是否合并NAFLD將患者分為T2DM未合并NAFLD組 (A組)及T2DM合并NAFLD組 (B組)。比較兩組患者的一般資料及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,然后將差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素作為自變量,將CKD作為因變量進(jìn)行多元Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果 300例T2DM患者中,A組131例 (43.7%),B組169例 (56.3%)。B組患者的腰臀比、胰島素抵抗指數(shù) (HOMA-IR)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶 (AST)顯著高于A組,而高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (HDL-C)水平顯著低于A組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。多元Logistic回歸分析顯示,NAFLD是T2DM患者發(fā)生CKD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素〔OR=1.032,95%CI(1.012,1.052)〕。結(jié)論 NAFLD與CKD密切相關(guān),故早期診斷和干預(yù)NAFLD有可能會(huì)預(yù)防CKD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
糖尿病,2型;非酒精性脂肪肝病;慢性腎臟疾病
非酒精性脂肪肝 (NAFLD)包括單純性脂肪變、脂肪性肝炎及脂肪性肝硬化,在西方國(guó)家是引起肝功能異常的最常見(jiàn)原因[1]。以往研究認(rèn)為,NAFLD更多的與冠心病、腦卒中等大血管并發(fā)癥有關(guān)[2-3],而對(duì)腎病、神經(jīng)病變、視網(wǎng)膜病變等微血管病變的影響研究較少。故本研究對(duì)2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并NAFLD與慢性腎臟疾病 (CKD)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了探討。
1.1 一般資料 選取天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)代謝病醫(yī)院2009年5月—2010年6月入院的T2DM患者300例為研究對(duì)象,其中男146例,女154例;平均年齡 (55.6±9.5)歲;糖尿病病程(7.3±2.9)年。入選者均符合世界衛(wèi)生組織 (WHO)1999年T2DM診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),排除惡性腫瘤、肝硬化、大量飲酒史(男性每周攝入乙醇量>140 g,女性每周攝入量>70 g)、病毒性肝炎標(biāo)志物陽(yáng)性、自身免疫性肝炎及肝損傷藥物使用史者。根據(jù)是否合并NAFLD,將患者分為T2DM未合并NAFLD組 (A組)及T2DM合并NAFLD組 (B組)。
1.2 方法 收集所有患者的性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、腰臀比、糖尿病病程、既往史 (如高血壓、冠心病、腦梗死)等一般資料和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo)〔包括高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (HDLC)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶 (ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn) (OGTT)結(jié)果、胰島素、C肽釋放試驗(yàn)結(jié)果〕,同時(shí)用穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評(píng)估法 (HOMA)評(píng)價(jià)胰島素抵抗程度,以胰島素抵抗指數(shù) (HOMA-IR)表示?;颊呓? h后接受腹部超聲波檢查 (LOGI7型彩色超聲診斷儀,美國(guó)GE公司)。
NAFLD參照中華肝臟病學(xué)會(huì)脂肪肝及酒精性肝病學(xué)組2010年1月修訂的NAFLD診療指南中的B超診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。尿清蛋白/肌酐比值 (UACR)≥300為大量蛋白尿。大量蛋白尿和 (或)肌酐清除率 (Ccr)≤60 ml/min即診斷為CKD[5]。高血壓診斷明確且在進(jìn)行藥物治療或收縮壓≥140 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)和 (或)舒張壓≥90 mm Hg。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以 (±s)表示,組間比較用t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料轉(zhuǎn)換成對(duì)數(shù)后再進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);用Logistic回歸法分析NAFLD與CKD的關(guān)系。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2.1 兩組患者臨床指標(biāo)比較 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果顯示,300例T2DM患 者 中,A組 131例 (43.7%),B組 169例(56.3%)。兩組患者性別、年齡、糖尿病病程、體質(zhì)量、空腹血糖 (FPG)、空腹胰島素 (FINS)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而兩組腰臀比、HDL-C、HOMA-IR、ALT、AST比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。
2.2 CKD多因素Logistic回歸分析 以是否合并CKD為結(jié)局變量 (是=1,否=0),將單因素分析差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素作為自變量進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡、糖尿病病程、吸煙、合并NAFLD、合并高血壓病進(jìn)入回歸方程 (見(jiàn)表2),并且在剔除了年齡、糖尿病病程、高血壓病、吸煙的影響后,NAFLD仍然是2TDM患者合并CKD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
表1 A組和B組患者臨床指標(biāo)比較 (±s)Table 1 Comparison of clinical factors between no-NAFLD group and NAFLD group
表1 A組和B組患者臨床指標(biāo)比較 (±s)Table 1 Comparison of clinical factors between no-NAFLD group and NAFLD group
注:HDL-C=高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,F(xiàn)PG=空腹血糖,F(xiàn)INS=空腹胰島素,HOMA-IR=胰島素抵抗指數(shù),ALT=丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,AST=天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶;*為χ2值
組別 例數(shù) 性別(男/女)年齡(歲)糖尿病病程(年)體質(zhì)量(kg)腰臀比HDL-C(mmol/L)FPG(mmol/L)(mU/L)HOMA-IR ALT(U/L)FINS AST(U/L)14.0 ±8.0 B 組 169 87/82 55.9 ±9.9 7.4 ±3.1 68.4 ±5.8 0.93 ±0.05 1.0 ±0.2 11.0 ±2.6 14.5 ±6.8 6.8 ±2.3 16.0 ±8.0 15.0 ±7.0 t(χ2)A 組 131 69/62 54.7 ±8.9 7.3 ±2.3 67.5 ±6.9 0.87 ±0.06 1.2 ±0.1 10.2 ±3.4 12.5 ±8.1 5.0 ±1.0 12.0 ±6.0 92 0.000 0.019 0.014 357 2.390 2.507 P 值 0.838 0.149 0.459 0.192 0.030 0.030 0.550 0.1值 0.042*-1.46 0.744 1.318 3.292 -2.215 -0.600 1.318 4.
表2 CKD多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression of CKD-related factors
本研究結(jié)果顯示,T2DM患者合并NAFLD比例為56.3%,高于普通人群中15% ~30%的發(fā)病率[6],提示T2DM患者更容易發(fā)生NAFLD。T2DM合并NAFLD患者與未合并NAFLD患者相比,其腰臀比、HOMA-IR顯著升高,提示NAFLD與腹型肥胖、T2DM可能存在共同的病理生理特征——胰島素抵抗[7]。本研究中T2DM合并NAFLD患者血清ALT、AST水平顯著高于T2DM未合并NAFLD的患者,但NAFLD僅有11%(19/169)的患者ALT、AST超過(guò)正常上限,提示ALT、AST并不是診斷NAFLD的敏感指標(biāo)。因此,ALT、AST陰性不能作為除外NAFLD的可靠指標(biāo)。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,年齡、糖尿病病程、吸煙、合并高血壓均與CKD的發(fā)生有關(guān),這與以往的研究相似[8-9]。NALFD是T2DM患者發(fā)生冠心病、腦梗死等大血管并發(fā)癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這一點(diǎn)在以往的研究中已得到證實(shí)[2],而伴隨著T2DM患者并發(fā)CKD越來(lái)越多,NALFD與CKD的關(guān)系逐漸引起人們的注意。本研究結(jié)果顯示,NAFLD與T2DM患者發(fā)生CKD密切相關(guān),并且在矯正了年齡、糖尿病病程、吸煙、高血壓等因素之后,NAFLD仍然是CKD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這與Targher等[10]研究結(jié)果相符。關(guān)于NALFD促進(jìn)CKD發(fā)生發(fā)展的具體機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,目前認(rèn)為慢性炎癥是肥胖、胰島素抵抗、代謝綜合征及NAFLD的共同病理基礎(chǔ),而各種激活的炎癥因子參與了CKD的發(fā)生發(fā)展。脂肪肝患者中IkB激酶 (IкK-в)激活,導(dǎo)致核因子κB(NF-κB)由細(xì)胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞核,NF-κB作為一個(gè)前炎癥因子促進(jìn)纖溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)、C反應(yīng)蛋白 (CRP)、白介素 6(IL-6)生成[11-12]。而這些炎癥因子又與CKD密切相關(guān)。Yeo等[13]研究顯示:在亞洲糖尿病患者中,剔除了性別、年齡、吸煙等因素之后,腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)及CRP仍是CKD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。同樣,Lin等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可溶性腫瘤壞死因子受體2(sTNFR-2)及血管細(xì)胞黏附因子與T2DM患者的Ccr呈負(fù)相關(guān)。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM合并乙型病毒性肝炎 (乙肝)的患者發(fā)生終末性腎病的可能性高于無(wú)乙肝者,這也提示肝臟炎癥可以直接導(dǎo)致CKD的進(jìn)展[15]。
本研究存在的局限性在于,通過(guò)橫斷面研究來(lái)探討NALFD與CKD的關(guān)系,只能證明兩者間存在相關(guān)性,而不能證明它們之間是否具有因果關(guān)系;為證明兩者之間的因果關(guān)系,需要行前瞻性的隊(duì)列研究或相應(yīng)的干預(yù)措施。另外,NALFD可以根據(jù)組織學(xué)或影像學(xué)分為單純性脂肪性肝病、脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化,本研究中未觀察不同病理類型NALFD與CKD之間關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)度的變化,希望在今后的研究中進(jìn)一步探討。
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Association between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Chronic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
LIU Xiang-yang,ZHANG Ning,WU Feng.Metabolic Disease Hospital,Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300070,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and chronic kidney disease(CKD)in type 2 diabetic(T2DM)patients.Methods A total of 300 T2DM inpatients were selected and were divided into group A and group B according to the presents of NAFLD.The general information and laboratory data of the two groups were compared,and factors with statistically significant differences between the two groups were taken as independent variable and CKD was taken as dependent variable.Then multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted.ResultsThere were 131 cases in group A(43.7%)and 169 cases in group B(56.3%).The waist to hip ratio(WHR),homeostasis model assessment-IR(HOMA-IR),alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)of group B were significantly higher than those of group A,but high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)was significantly lower than that of group A(P <0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NAFLD was the independent risk factor for CKD among T2DM patients〔OR=1.032,95%CI(1.012,1.052)〕.ConclusionNAFLD is closely related to CKD in type 2 diabetic patients.Early identification and intervention of NAFLD may prevent the occurrence and development of CKD.
Diabetes mellitus,type 2;Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;Kidney disease
R 587.1
A
1007-9572(2012)10-3348-03
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2012.10.047
300070天津市,天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)代謝病醫(yī)院 (劉向陽(yáng));中國(guó)人民解放軍第254醫(yī)院 (張寧,吳峰)
2012-05-10;
2012-09-17)
(本文編輯:劉莉)