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Th17細(xì)胞與腫瘤免疫的研究進(jìn)展

2012-08-15 00:48綜述審校
腫瘤基礎(chǔ)與臨床 2012年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)胞因子分化誘導(dǎo)

李 維,曹 莉 綜述;鄧 凡 審校

(南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院細(xì)胞生物學(xué)教研室,廣東 廣州 510515)

輔助性T細(xì)胞17(Helper T cells 17,Th17)是以高分泌白介素(interleukin,IL)17為特征的CD4+T細(xì)胞,可表達(dá)IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-6和 TNF-α等炎性細(xì)胞因子,在抗胞外菌感染和介導(dǎo)慢性炎癥、自身免疫病等過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[1]。本文擬就Th17細(xì)胞及其相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子與腫瘤免疫相關(guān)進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1 Th17細(xì)胞的分化與調(diào)節(jié)

初始CD4+T細(xì)胞接受抗原刺激后,在不同的條件下可分化成不同亞型的T細(xì)胞執(zhí)行不同的功能。初始CD4+T細(xì)胞在IL-12和IFN-γ的誘導(dǎo)下分化為Th1細(xì)胞,分泌IFN-γ,參與細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答;在IL-4的誘導(dǎo)下分化為Th2細(xì)胞,分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13,參與體液免疫應(yīng)答;轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β) 單獨(dú)誘導(dǎo)下分化為 Treg細(xì)胞,分泌TGF-β,參與免疫調(diào)節(jié);在TGF-β和IL-6的共同誘導(dǎo)下分化為Th17,分泌IL-6和IL-17,參與炎癥反應(yīng)和自身免疫性疾病。在此過程中,T細(xì)胞上的相關(guān)受體分子及轉(zhuǎn)錄子都發(fā)揮著重要的作用。Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg細(xì)胞的發(fā)育和分化分別受轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 T-bet、GATA-3、孤兒核受體 γt(retinoid related orphan receptor γt,RORγt) 和 Foxp3 等的特異性調(diào)控[2]。

RORγt是 Th17細(xì)胞分化的重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。RORγt的表達(dá)受STAT3的調(diào)節(jié)。TGF-β和IL-6可通過誘導(dǎo)大量RORγt表達(dá)進(jìn)而啟動(dòng)RORγt信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,促進(jìn)Th17細(xì)胞的分化。IL-23可以介導(dǎo)STAT3磷酸化過程,使 STAT3激活從而促進(jìn) IL-17的分泌。TGF-β和IL-21共存也可促進(jìn) CD4+T細(xì)胞分化為Th17細(xì)胞,并釋放IL-21。此外,IL-1、TNF-α也可以促進(jìn) TGF-β、IL-6對(duì) Th17 細(xì)胞分化的誘導(dǎo)[3]。

IFN-γ可以通過抑制 TGF-β下游信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子Smad3的磷酸化,從而阻斷Smad3對(duì)TGF-β受體的作用,進(jìn)而干擾TGF-β誘導(dǎo)Th17細(xì)胞分化的過程。細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)蛋白抑制分子3(suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins3,Socs3)是細(xì)胞因子依賴性的STAT3磷酸化的重要調(diào)控因子,Socs3對(duì)IL-23介導(dǎo)的STAT3磷酸化起著負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用,進(jìn)而抑制Th17細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生與分化。IL-2是Th17細(xì)胞分化的抑制因素,IL-2優(yōu)先活化STAT5,STAT5可能通過抑制RORγt的活性來抑制Th17細(xì)胞的分化[4]。

2 Th17細(xì)胞與腫瘤免疫

Th17細(xì)胞在腫瘤中的作用尚不明確,有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為Th17細(xì)胞促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),而另一些研究則表明Th17細(xì)胞通過腫瘤免疫抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[5]。腫瘤發(fā)生時(shí)患者外周血中Th17細(xì)胞水平增高,這一點(diǎn)可以在肝癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、黑素瘤、頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、纖維肉瘤、髓母細(xì)胞瘤等惡性腫瘤中得到印證。Sfanos等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤分化程度與Th17細(xì)胞水平在前列腺腫瘤中呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Derhovanessian等[7]證明外周血中Th17細(xì)胞水平與腫瘤惡化時(shí)間呈負(fù)相關(guān)。研究表明,在卵巢癌患者中,Th17細(xì)胞水平與患者存活率呈正相關(guān)。這些提示了Th17細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)有一定的抑制作用。

Th17細(xì)胞是否由腫瘤微環(huán)境誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生或從遠(yuǎn)端組織募集到微環(huán)境中還不清楚。研究[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤相關(guān)的Th17細(xì)胞是腫瘤微環(huán)境的組成部分,雖然只是很小的一部分,但高于其他免疫細(xì)胞腫瘤微環(huán)境中的水平。腫瘤相關(guān)Th17細(xì)胞與微環(huán)境中的Th1細(xì)胞、CTL細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與Treg細(xì)胞呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。Th17細(xì)胞主要通過分泌細(xì)胞因子和與其他免疫細(xì)胞相互作用來參與腫瘤免疫。

2.1 Th17細(xì)胞與IL-17 IL-17是Th17細(xì)胞分泌的主要細(xì)胞因子。IL-17不僅由Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,也可由肥大細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞等產(chǎn)生[9]。IL-17可刺激血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移與聚集,促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成[10],IL-17在STAT3和其他機(jī)制的作用下促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)與侵襲[11]。此外,IL-17還能促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞或間質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌IL-8。IL-8除可以促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成外,還能直接促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移[12]。這些研究表明IL-17可促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)移。在小鼠腫瘤模型中IL-17有明顯的抗腫瘤作用。Xie等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-17F可以通過抑制腫瘤血管形成,發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。Th17細(xì)胞衍生的IL-17與INF-γ的聯(lián)合作用促進(jìn)炎性趨化因子CXCL9和 CXCL10的產(chǎn)生。CXCL9和 CXCL10能趨化Th1細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和 CTL細(xì)胞到腫瘤微環(huán)境中[1],并且轉(zhuǎn)染IL-17到人腫瘤細(xì)胞系中可以測(cè)得MHC-Ⅰ、Ⅱ的表達(dá)增強(qiáng),從而提高了腫瘤免疫[14]。提示IL-17有腫瘤免疫的作用。

2.2 Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞 正常組織中Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞可以相互影響,且處于動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。在TNF-β單獨(dú)作用下初始T細(xì)胞分化成Treg細(xì)胞,但在IL-6與TNF-β的共同作用下初始T細(xì)胞分化成Th17細(xì)胞。說明IL-6抑制Treg的分化[4]。與此同時(shí),IL-2也可通過刺激Treg細(xì)胞的分化而抑制Th17細(xì)胞的分化,來調(diào)節(jié) Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞[15]。

腫瘤微環(huán)境中的Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞密切相關(guān)。研究表明,鼠的Treg細(xì)胞通過調(diào)節(jié)STAT3信號(hào)肽來抑制 Th17 細(xì)胞的表達(dá)[16]。Maruyama 等[17]證明在胃癌中隨著癌癥的發(fā)展Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞的比值逐漸減小。提示在腫瘤微環(huán)境中Th17細(xì)胞可能通過對(duì)Treg細(xì)胞的抑制來抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)。Bouchliou等[18]的研究表明,Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞的比值在實(shí)體瘤的分型上是一致的。通過抑制Th17細(xì)胞的表達(dá)來阻斷Th17細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的腫瘤免疫是腫瘤組織逃避機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的有效方式。

2.3 Th17細(xì)胞與CTL細(xì)胞 在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,Th17細(xì)胞能夠募集樹突細(xì)胞提呈腫瘤相關(guān)抗原,并且引發(fā)保護(hù)性炎癥反應(yīng)來活化腫瘤特異性CD8+CTL細(xì)胞,從而增強(qiáng)腫瘤免疫[19]。研究表明,Th17細(xì)胞通過IL-2和pMHC刺激CD8+CTL細(xì)胞。且Th17細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤免疫主要由Th17細(xì)胞刺激的CD8+CTL細(xì)胞來介導(dǎo)[20]。Tomihara 等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn) B7-DC+B 細(xì)胞是通過增強(qiáng)Th17細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤特異性CD8+CTL細(xì)胞的活化來抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的。Th17細(xì)胞高效誘導(dǎo)腫瘤特異性CD8+CTL細(xì)胞的分化、擴(kuò)增和歸巢,為臨床腫瘤免疫治療提供新思路[22]。

2.4 Th17細(xì)胞與Th1細(xì)胞 腫瘤微環(huán)境中Th1細(xì)胞經(jīng)常伴隨Th17細(xì)胞出現(xiàn),兩者之間的關(guān)系還不是很明確。Damsker等[23]認(rèn)為Th1細(xì)胞與Th17細(xì)胞之間的界限不明顯,Th17細(xì)胞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為Th1細(xì)胞。這與Th17細(xì)胞的可塑性有關(guān),在不同的免疫環(huán)境下,Th17細(xì)胞可轉(zhuǎn)變成其他免疫細(xì)胞,發(fā)揮相應(yīng)作用[24]。Khader等[25]在接受結(jié)核分枝桿菌疫苗注射的小鼠肺部發(fā)現(xiàn)Th17細(xì)胞最先募集到肺部,接著IL-17誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子募集Th1細(xì)胞,提示Th17細(xì)胞有助于Th1細(xì)胞的募集。

3 Th17細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞

在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,腫瘤細(xì)胞與間質(zhì)細(xì)胞對(duì)Th17細(xì)胞的分化與調(diào)節(jié)有一定的促進(jìn)作用。研究[26]表明,卵巢癌中腫瘤細(xì)胞通過分泌一些細(xì)胞因子來誘導(dǎo)Th17細(xì)胞的分化與增殖。髓瘤患者骨髓中的樹突狀細(xì)胞可以把Th17細(xì)胞活化成Th17-1細(xì)胞并促進(jìn)其增殖[27]。同時(shí),如果抑制活化的單核/巨噬細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)就可明顯降低腫瘤浸潤(rùn)的Th17細(xì)胞數(shù)量及腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[28]。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

近年來,對(duì)Th17細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生與功能的研究有了很大的進(jìn)展。但是Th17細(xì)胞以及與其相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子在腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)與分化方面的作用還存在爭(zhēng)議。Th17與IL-17在腫瘤各階段的作用還有待于深入研究。

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[2]Noma T.Helper T cell paradigm:Th17 and regulatory T cells involved in autoimmune inflammatory disorders,pathogen defense and allergic diseases[J].Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi,2010,33(5):262-271.

[3]Ji Y,Zhang W.Th17 cells:positive or negative role in tumor[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2010,59(7):979-987.

[4]Chen Z,Lin F,Gao Y,et al.FOXP3 and RORγt:transcriptional regulation of Treg and Th17[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(5):536-542.

[5]Wilke CM,Kryczek I,Wei S,et al.Th17 cells in cancer:help or hindrance[J].Carcinogenesis,2011,32(5):643-649.

[6]Sfanos KS,Bruno TC,Maris CH,et al.Phenotypic analysis of prostate-infiltrating lymphocytes reveals TH17 and Treg skewing[J].Clin Cancer Res,2008,14(11):3254-3261.

[7]Derhovanessian E,Adams V,H?hnel K,et al.Pretreatment frequency of circulating IL-17+CD4+T-cells,but not Tregs,correlates with clinical response to whole-cell vaccination in prostate cancer patients[J].Int J Cancer,2009,125(6):1372-1379.

[8]Kryczek I,Banerjee M,Cheng P,et al.Phenotype,distribution,generation,and functional and clinical relevance of Th17 cells in the human tumor environments[J].Blood,2009,114(6):1141-1149.

[9]Cua DJ,Tato CM.Innate IL-17-producing cells:the sentinels of the immune system[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2010,10(7):479-489.

[10]Takahashi H,Numasaki M,Lotze MT,et al.Interleukin-17 enhances bFGF-,HGF-and VEGF-induced growth of vascular endothelial cells[J].Immunol Lett,2005,98(2):189-193.

[11]Inozume T,Hanada K,Wang QJ,et al.IL-17 secreted by tumor reactive T cells induces IL-8 release by human renal cancer cells[J].J Immunother,2009,32(2):109-117.

[12]Waugh DJ,Wilson C.The interleukin-8 pathway in cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2008,14(21):6735-6741.

[13]Xie Y,Sheng W,Xiang J,et al.Interleukin-17F suppresses hepatocarcinoma cell growth via inhibition of tumor angiogenesis[J].Cancer Invest,2010,28(6):598-607.

[14]Hirahara N,Nio Y,Sasaki S,et al.Inoculation of human interleukin-17 gene-transfected Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells induces T celldependent tumor-specific immunity in mice[J].Oncology,2001,61(1):79-89.

[15]Kryczek I,Wei S,Zou L,et al.Cutting edge:Th17 and regulatory T cell dynamics and the regulation by IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment[J].J Immunol,2007,178(11):6730-6733.

[16]Chaudhry A,Rudra D,Treuting P,et al.CD4+regulatory T cells control TH17 responses in a Stat3-dependent manner[J].Science,2009,326(5955):986-991.

[17]Maruyama T,Kono K,Mizukami Y,et al.Distribution of Th17 cells and FoxP3(+)regulatory T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes,tumor-draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer[J].Cancer Sci,2010,101(9):194719-194754.

[18]Bouchliou I,Miltiades P,Nakou E,et al.Th17 and Foxp3(+)T regulatory cell dynamics and distribution in myelodysplastic syndromes[J].Clin Immunol,2011,139(3):350-359.

[19]Martin-Orozco N,Muranski P,Chung Y,et al.T helper 17 cells promote cytotoxic T cell activation in tumor immunity[J].Immunity,2009,31(5):787-798.

[20]Ankathatti Munegowda M,Deng Y,Mulligan SJ,et al.Th17 and Th17-stimulated CD8+T cells play a distinct role in Th17-induced preventive and therapeutic antitumor immunity[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2011,60(10):1473-1484.

[21]Tomihara K,Shin T,Hurez VJ,et al.Aging-associated B7-DC+B cells enhance anti-tumor immunity via Th1 and Th17 induction[J].Aging Cell,2012,11(1):128-138.

[22]Canderan G,Dellabona P.T helper 17 T cells do good for cancer immunotherapy[J].Immunotherapy,2010,2(1):21-24.

[23]Damsker JM,Hansen AM,Caspi RR.Th1 and Th17 cells:adversaries and collaborators[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2010,1183:211-221.

[24]O’Shea JJ,Paul WE.Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+T cells [J].Science,2010,327(5969):1098-1102.

[25]Khader SA,Bell GK,Pearl JE,et al.IL-23 and IL-17 in the establishment of protective pulmonary CD4+T cell responses after vaccination and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge[J].Nat Immunol,2007,8(4):369-377.

[26]Miyahara Y,Odunsi K,Chen W,et al.Generation and regulation of human CD4+IL-17-producing T cells in ovarian cancer[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2008,105(40):15505-15510.

[27]Dhodapkar KM,Barbuto S,Matthews P,et al.Dendritic cells mediate the induction of polyfunctional human IL17-producing cells(Th17-1 cells)enriched in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma[J].Blood,2008,112(7):2878-2885.

[28]Kuang DM,Peng C,Zhao Q,et al.Activated monocytes in peritumoral stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma promote expansion of memory T helper 17 cells[J].Hepatology,2010,51(1):154-164.

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