侯 樂(lè) 謝立科 唐由之 肖文崢 張明明 郝曉風(fēng) 謝萬(wàn)坤
光動(dòng)力學(xué)療法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)是一種選擇性損傷療法,最早用于惡性腫瘤的診斷和治療,上世紀(jì)末被應(yīng)用于臨床封閉脈絡(luò)膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV),并逐漸引入到許多眼底病的治療當(dāng)中。本文對(duì)目前PDT應(yīng)用中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題及針對(duì)相應(yīng)問(wèn)題所作出的改進(jìn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單介紹。
PDT由于其組織選擇性好、對(duì)微血管組織的損傷作用強(qiáng)和全身副反應(yīng)少等特點(diǎn),曾被認(rèn)為是治療多種CNV相關(guān)眼底病的首選療法,并主要應(yīng)用于年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性(age related macular degeneration,ARMD)、息肉樣脈絡(luò)膜血管病變(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)、病理性近視(pathologic myopia,PM)和中心性漿液性脈絡(luò)膜視網(wǎng)膜病變(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)的治療中。但是經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的隨訪(fǎng)觀察及臨床研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)PDT也有不可忽視的副作用。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDT雖然能有效地減慢濕性ARMD病程,但其幾乎不能提高視力〔1〕。Kürzinger GR等人在PDT對(duì)有隱匿性新生血管的ARMD療效研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),PDT能穩(wěn)定卻不能提高濕性ARMD患者的矯正視力〔2〕。Keane等人報(bào)道了1例ARMD患者在PDT治療后出現(xiàn)了急性的視力下降〔3〕。同時(shí),有研究表明,應(yīng)用PDT治療病理性近視長(zhǎng)期療效明顯低于貝伐單抗(bevacizumab),并且在PDT治療2年后,視力較治療早期明顯下降,與未治療前的基線(xiàn)視力無(wú)明顯差異〔4-5〕。
1.2.1 嚴(yán)重的脈絡(luò)膜局部缺血和萎縮:CSC伴有漿液性視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮脫離(pigment epithelium detachment,PED),或慢性CSC患者經(jīng)PDT治療后,雖然PED及漿液性視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)上皮脫離復(fù)位,但其激光治療區(qū)域出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的脈絡(luò)膜局部缺血并導(dǎo)致視力下降〔6〕。對(duì)于需要多次PDT治療的CNV相關(guān)眼底病,反復(fù)的PDT治療會(huì)增加永久性脈絡(luò)膜萎縮的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)〔7〕。
1.2.2 視網(wǎng)膜下/脈絡(luò)膜上出血:部分PCV患者在PDT治療不久后出現(xiàn)大量的視網(wǎng)膜下/脈絡(luò)膜上出血〔8〕。
1.2.3 黃斑裂孔:有病例報(bào)道,在PDT治療ARMD脈絡(luò)膜新生血管20 d后出現(xiàn)黃斑裂孔。在這之前先發(fā)現(xiàn)有玻璃體后脫離。作者認(rèn)為,PDT后黃斑裂孔歸責(zé)于脈絡(luò)膜隆起導(dǎo)致的中心凹裂開(kāi),并由于激光引起的中心凹切線(xiàn)方向的牽拉或黃斑囊樣水腫而加重,最終導(dǎo)致了黃斑全層裂孔〔9〕。
1.2.4 視網(wǎng)膜毒性:雖然與其他激光相比較,PDT能更好地保護(hù)視網(wǎng)膜組織,但動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明PDT對(duì)視網(wǎng)膜仍有一定程度的損傷〔10-12〕。大多數(shù)CNV病人需要多次治療,因此,累積的損傷就十分讓人擔(dān)憂(yōu)了。Turkuoglu等人認(rèn)為,PDT和只注射維替泊芬(PDT第二代光敏劑)都會(huì)導(dǎo)致一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)在視網(wǎng)膜中水平的增加,而這可能導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜中毒。其中NO是由精氨酸經(jīng)一氧化氮合成酶氧化后產(chǎn)生的。少量的NO能調(diào)節(jié)生理功能,但過(guò)量會(huì)引起組織損害。已有實(shí)驗(yàn)表明NO對(duì)光感受器有毒性作用〔13-15〕。而MDA作為穩(wěn)定的多不飽和脂肪酸氧化降解反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物,其被廣泛的接受為自由基形成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)〔16〕。在臨床中,與光敏劑浸潤(rùn)相關(guān)的氧自由基的突然增多能導(dǎo)致單眼CNV病人對(duì)側(cè)眼的組織損傷〔17-18〕。近期美國(guó)學(xué)者進(jìn)行了有關(guān)維替泊芬效應(yīng)的體外細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)中分別給予原代人鞏膜成纖維細(xì)胞(human scleral fibroblasts,hFibro)、原代人小梁網(wǎng)細(xì)胞(human trabecular meshwork cells,hTMC)、原代豬小梁網(wǎng)細(xì)胞和人視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞系(ARPE-19 cells),采取單獨(dú)維替泊芬、單獨(dú)PDT激光和維替泊芬合并PDT激光干預(yù)治療,通過(guò)線(xiàn)粒體酶活性來(lái)測(cè)定上述細(xì)胞活性。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單獨(dú)PDT激光干預(yù)組4種細(xì)胞均無(wú)顯著死亡,單獨(dú)維替泊芬干預(yù)組4種細(xì)胞有輕微但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的細(xì)胞活性降低,維替泊芬合并PDT激光干預(yù)組4種細(xì)胞有顯著的細(xì)胞活性降低〔19〕。
1.2.5 視網(wǎng)膜下纖維化(subretinal fibrosis,SRF)或視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮緣退縮:J M Ruiz-Moreno認(rèn)為雖然較低最佳矯正視力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)的PM 患者在經(jīng) PDT治療后較易發(fā)生SRF,但極少因此引起B(yǎng)CVA降低〔20〕。Pece A認(rèn)為PM患者PDT后可能出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮緣退縮,但發(fā)生率低〔21〕。
1.2.6 視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂:伴有PED的慢性非典型性CSC患者經(jīng)PDT治療后雖然視力提高,但其色素上皮層出現(xiàn)大的新月形視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂。同時(shí),報(bào)道指出,對(duì)于已有色素上皮層脫離的PCV患者,即使將PDT光線(xiàn)流量降低50%也會(huì)導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層撕裂〔22〕。
1.2.7 黃斑中心凹下滲出:Arman等人報(bào)道了3名眼內(nèi)腫瘤患者(最佳矯正視力分別為 20/20、20/60、20/20)在接受PDT療法后幾天內(nèi)均出現(xiàn)視力下降,OCT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)黃斑中心凹下進(jìn)行性滲出。3周到4個(gè)月后,視網(wǎng)膜滲出均完全吸收并且最佳矯正視力恢復(fù)到20/20,1名患者主訴有永久性的旁中心環(huán)形陰影遮擋,其余2名患者無(wú)特殊不適〔23〕。除了上述報(bào)道外,脈絡(luò)膜新生血管膜(CNVM)和PCV等其他患者也均有相關(guān)報(bào)道〔24-27〕。
美國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)146 942名ARMD患者進(jìn)行了隊(duì)列回顧研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)PDT治療患者死亡率的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為0.85,99%的可信區(qū)間為[0.75,0.95];其心肌梗塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為0.73,99%的可信區(qū)間為[0.58,0.92]。 明顯高于使用抗-VEGF 療法患者〔28〕。
對(duì)于PM患者,PDT的療效存在個(gè)體和種族差異。高加索人個(gè)體間的差異,可能是由凝血平衡基因多態(tài)性與不同的CNV對(duì)PDT應(yīng)答性之間存在遺傳相關(guān)性引起的〔29〕;而亞洲人種族間的差異,可能歸因于視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層中較多的色素,能提供可能的保護(hù)作用〔30〕。
雖然PDT存在上述不足,但其仍具自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)。并且,CNV是一個(gè)不完全清楚的、動(dòng)態(tài)的、多因子的過(guò)程。顯而易見(jiàn),對(duì)于多因子疾病單一療法不是最佳的選擇〔18〕。基于上述原因,有學(xué)者提出了聯(lián)合療法,并在ARMD中取得了較好的療效,同時(shí)由于兩者的互補(bǔ),目前還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯副作用。
已有有力的基礎(chǔ)研究預(yù)示PDT與血管生成抑制劑能互補(bǔ)對(duì)方的缺點(diǎn)。PDT通過(guò)改善反應(yīng)程度,能減少玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射血管生成抑制劑的頻率;血管生成抑制劑能通過(guò)抑制VEGF的增量調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)增加PDT的效能〔31〕。目前主要的抗-VEGF的藥有以下兩種:蘭尼單抗(ranibizumab)和貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)。
2.1.1 PDT聯(lián)合玻璃體內(nèi)注射bevacizumab:聯(lián)合療法組12個(gè)月后的療效優(yōu)于單純PDT組,并且需要較少的治療次數(shù)〔32〕。
2.1.2 PDT聯(lián)合玻璃體內(nèi)注射ranibizumab:同一天內(nèi)注射ranibizumab與行PDT治療,患者耐受性良好,84%的患者在24個(gè)月內(nèi)視力穩(wěn)定或有提高〔33〕。2型單純型黃斑毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥患者在24 h內(nèi)同時(shí)行低流量PDT聯(lián)合ranibizumab治療后,最佳矯正視力有改善并在3個(gè)月的隨訪(fǎng)中保持穩(wěn)定〔34〕。
回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn):在1年的隨訪(fǎng)期內(nèi),三聯(lián)療法,即玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射bevacizumab+眼后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德+低流量 V-PDT(verteporfin photodynamic therapy),對(duì)視力提高和視網(wǎng)膜厚度減少有效,并且不需要后續(xù)的治療〔35〕。同時(shí),Becerra等人也認(rèn)為,三聯(lián)療法——PDT+玻璃體內(nèi)注射曲安奈德+玻璃體內(nèi)注射抗-VEGF藥物能延長(zhǎng)作用時(shí)間并能提高療效〔36〕。但還需要更多研究來(lái)明確三聯(lián)療法的療效。
目前臨床上PDT主要的光敏劑藥物名為維速達(dá)爾,其主要成分為維替泊芬和其外包裹的中性脂質(zhì)體。最近有學(xué)者提出以陽(yáng)離子脂質(zhì)體(cationic liposome,CL)作為靶向給藥載體包裹維替泊芬 (verteporfin encapsulated in cationic liposomes,CL-VTP)的設(shè)想并進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CL能與激活的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞特異性結(jié)合,可以與諸如熒光素、吲哚菁綠等熒光基團(tuán)結(jié)合,能在激光誘導(dǎo)CNV小鼠模型的活躍的血管源性損傷處蓄積。同時(shí),CL作為藥物傳遞系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療中的抗血管生成藥物上。基于以上研究基礎(chǔ)和假設(shè),進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CL-VTP具有與維速達(dá)爾相同的效應(yīng),但其副作用更小。這可能與CL只蓄積在CNV處有關(guān),而在以前相關(guān)試驗(yàn)的兔模型維速達(dá)爾的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,研究者在脈絡(luò)膜、PRE一直到光感受器外節(jié)都能檢測(cè)到維速達(dá)爾〔37〕。
目前,在臨床上PDT由于其價(jià)格昂貴、療效不明確、需多次治療等原因并不作為首選療法。聯(lián)合療法為PDT在臨床的應(yīng)用提供了新的思路和方向,關(guān)于其短期及長(zhǎng)期療效等方面的進(jìn)一步探討,將為聯(lián)合療法在臨床的推廣應(yīng)用尋求依據(jù)。
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