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造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞和分子機(jī)理

2013-04-10 09:03:04劉佳佳張亦婷彭航劉鵬霞
生物技術(shù)通報(bào) 2013年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:成骨細(xì)胞骨髓干細(xì)胞

劉佳佳 張亦婷 彭航 劉鵬霞

1978年,Schofield首次提出了干細(xì)胞壁龕(niche)的概念[1]。壁龕是一個(gè)生態(tài)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ),有機(jī)體的壁龕是指有機(jī)體生存的地方、有機(jī)體所從事的行為,以及有機(jī)體與環(huán)境相互作用的方式的總稱(chēng)。干細(xì)胞的增殖分化行為一方面由自身的遺傳特征決定;另一方面受其所處的微環(huán)境(壁龕)的影響。所謂造血微環(huán)境是指造血干細(xì)胞(hematopoietic stem cell,HSC)存在于其中的一群組織細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),它們分泌多種信號(hào)分子,控制著HSC的自我更新和祖細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[2]。已經(jīng)證實(shí),造血微環(huán)境失調(diào)會(huì)引起多種疾病的發(fā)生,包括再生障礙性貧血、骨髓增生異常綜合征和原發(fā)性骨髓纖維化等[3-5]。另外,有報(bào)道顯示,異體HSC移植后會(huì)引起供體細(xì)胞白血病,顯示造血微環(huán)境在血液腫瘤發(fā)生中有重要作用[6]。因此,闡明造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞組成和分子機(jī)制對(duì)于了解白血病發(fā)病機(jī)理和更好地將HSC用于臨床治療有重要意義。

1 造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞組成

骨髓是HSC在成體中定居的主要部位,也是造血微環(huán)境所在的部位。在骨髓中,HSC進(jìn)行自我更新和分化,一方面保持一定數(shù)目的HSC存在;另一方面則不斷補(bǔ)充人體循環(huán)血液中的血細(xì)胞。已有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,骨髓造血微環(huán)境可以分成兩部分:骨內(nèi)膜微環(huán)境(鄰近成骨細(xì)胞)和血管微環(huán)境(鄰近血竇)。目前已知參與構(gòu)成造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞有:成骨細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、CAR細(xì)胞、nestin+細(xì)胞、破骨細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞。

1.1 成骨細(xì)胞

成骨細(xì)胞是構(gòu)成骨內(nèi)膜微環(huán)境的主要組成細(xì)胞[7]。早期的研究顯示純化的成骨細(xì)胞能支持粒細(xì)胞生成以及HSC的存活和增殖[8,9]。之后,研究者證實(shí)成骨細(xì)胞參與HSC的功能調(diào)節(jié)[9-11]。Zhang 等[10]的研究指出,排列在骨表面的N-鈣黏素陽(yáng)性CD45陰性的梭形成骨細(xì)胞(spindle-shaped N-cadherin+CD45-osteoblastic cells,SNO細(xì)胞)是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞,SNO細(xì)胞數(shù)目的增加與HSC數(shù)目的增加直接相關(guān)。Calvi 等[11]的研究中應(yīng)用甲狀旁腺激素相關(guān)肽(parathyroid hormone related peptide,PTHrP)增加了成骨細(xì)胞的數(shù)目,繼而使造血增加。此外,體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)表達(dá)皰疹病毒胸腺嘧啶基因的成骨細(xì)胞缺陷的轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠中,造血抑制嚴(yán)重[12]。以上研究說(shuō)明一部分成骨細(xì)胞亞群是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。但是,后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)純化的CD150+CD48-CD41-Lin-HSC不表達(dá)N-鈣黏素,而N-鈣黏素被認(rèn)為是HSC與成骨細(xì)胞相互作用的信號(hào)分子[13,14]。這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示,SNO細(xì)胞可能是通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)其他微環(huán)境成分的功能間接影響HSC。

1.2 內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞

內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是血管微環(huán)境的主要組成細(xì)胞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HSC動(dòng)員時(shí),靜止的HSC會(huì)離開(kāi)骨內(nèi)膜造血微環(huán)境,向骨髓中央遷移,到達(dá)血管區(qū),在那里重建造血[15-17]。因此,研究者提出骨髓中存在第二個(gè)特化的造血微環(huán)境,即血管微環(huán)境。

骨髓切片的組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)顯示,骨髓血竇的有孔內(nèi)皮處存在具有長(zhǎng)期增殖能力的CD150+HSC[18]。單獨(dú)輸注內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞能夠促進(jìn)全身輻照小鼠的HSC重建、增強(qiáng)其造血功能,顯示微血管的修復(fù)與造血重建相關(guān)[19,20]。此外,有人發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性敲除血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR-2)的成年小鼠,在接受致死劑量輻照后不能重建造血[21]。而選擇性的激活成年小鼠內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中的Akt1,會(huì)增加HSC數(shù)目、加速輻照后的造血重建[22]。說(shuō)明內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。但是,迄今為止的研究并不能排除內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)造血微環(huán)境中其他的組成成分來(lái)間接地增強(qiáng)HSC的增殖能力的可能。

1.3 CAR細(xì)胞

骨髓血竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞周?chē)鼑弑磉_(dá)CXCL12的網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞,即富含CXCL12的網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞(CXCL12 abundant reticular cell,CAR細(xì)胞),研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)這群細(xì)胞也參與了血管微環(huán)境的組成[23-28]。CAR細(xì)胞高表達(dá)血管細(xì)胞黏附分子-1(Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1),CD44,CD51和血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子(platelet derived growth factor,PDGF)受體,是一群性質(zhì)相對(duì)均一的細(xì)胞;HSC、淋巴系祖細(xì)胞和紅系祖細(xì)胞增殖需要CAR細(xì)胞,CAR細(xì)胞敲除小鼠的HSC數(shù)目減少[26,27]。這些證據(jù)都說(shuō)明CAR細(xì)胞是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。

1.4 nestin+細(xì)胞

Méndez-Ferrer等[29]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在骨髓中nestin+細(xì)胞分布于血管周?chē)?,在體內(nèi)許多HSC和腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元緊鄰nestin+細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng);nestin+細(xì)胞敲除的小鼠中,HSC數(shù)目顯著減少;將HSC移植給致死劑量輻照的小鼠后,可見(jiàn)HSC歸巢到了nestin+細(xì)胞處,而將HSC移植給nestin+細(xì)胞敲除并接受致死劑量輻照的小鼠后發(fā)現(xiàn),HSC骨髓歸巢減少;顯示nestin+細(xì)胞是血管微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。這一研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)nestin+細(xì)胞中包含間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞和CAR細(xì)胞,說(shuō)明間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞也是構(gòu)成血管微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。侯瑞琴等[30]將間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞聯(lián)合HSC移植到患者體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植能明顯改善單倍體相合異基因HSC移植患者骨髓微環(huán)境的損傷狀態(tài)。這一研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。

1.5 破骨細(xì)胞

Kollet等[31]的報(bào)道指出破骨細(xì)胞可以通過(guò)降解骨內(nèi)膜的成分,從而促進(jìn)HSC的動(dòng)員。Adams等[32]則發(fā)現(xiàn)破骨細(xì)胞釋放大量羥基磷灰石鈣,這些羥基磷灰石鈣與HSC上表達(dá)的鈣離子受體相互作用,調(diào)控HSC功能。用二磷酸鹽處理小鼠破壞其破骨細(xì)胞功能后,與對(duì)照組相比,試驗(yàn)組小鼠造血功能恢復(fù)較緩慢,說(shuō)明破骨細(xì)胞影響了HSC的功能[33]。以上證據(jù)顯示破骨細(xì)胞是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞。

1.6 巨噬細(xì)胞

研究表明,骨組織中的巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)骨內(nèi)膜處的成骨細(xì)胞的功能具有調(diào)節(jié)作用[34]。在研究粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)對(duì)HSC動(dòng)員作用的試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),給予G-CSF減少了支持成骨細(xì)胞功能的骨內(nèi)膜巨噬細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,導(dǎo)致骨內(nèi)膜成骨細(xì)胞減少,抑制了骨內(nèi)膜骨形成,并降低了與HSC滯留在骨內(nèi)膜微環(huán)境中相關(guān)因子及HSC自我更新相關(guān)因子的表達(dá)[35]。后續(xù)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),骨髓單核吞噬細(xì)胞的減少促進(jìn)了造血干/祖細(xì)胞動(dòng)員,主要是由于單核吞噬細(xì)胞的減少會(huì)導(dǎo)致骨髓中CXCL12水平降低,以及那些與HSC滯留在骨內(nèi)膜Nestin+微環(huán)境中相關(guān)的基因選擇性下調(diào)[36]。以上研究表明,巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)于維持骨內(nèi)膜HSC微環(huán)境起著重要的作用。

1.7 施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞

Yamazaki等[37]的試驗(yàn)表明,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的一種細(xì)胞——無(wú)髓鞘施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞也是造血微環(huán)境的組成細(xì)胞,在骨髓中施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞與HSC相鄰,施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞能夠產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(transforming growth factor-beta,TGF-β), 通 過(guò) 與 HSC 表 面 的 TGF-β 受體作用,調(diào)控HSC滯留在骨內(nèi)膜微環(huán)境和HSC的自我更新。這一研究小組之前的研究工作已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的脂筏聚集促進(jìn)HSC進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期,而TGF-β能夠抑制細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的脂筏聚集,進(jìn)而使HSC處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)[38,39]。以上試驗(yàn)證實(shí),神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌TGF-β調(diào)控HSC在骨髓微環(huán)境中保持休眠狀態(tài)。

2 造血微環(huán)境和HSC之間相互作用的信號(hào)通路

在體內(nèi),大部分HSC保持靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)[40]。不同機(jī)體條件下,HSC的自我更新、增殖和分化的相對(duì)平衡由微環(huán)境進(jìn)行調(diào)控。目前已知,HSC和造血微環(huán)境組成細(xì)胞之間存在以下信號(hào)通路。

2.1 CXCL12/CXCR4信號(hào)通路

造血微環(huán)境中的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞能夠分泌趨化因子CXCL12,即基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子1(stromal derived factor 1,SDF-1),CXCL12能夠與HSC表面的CXCR4結(jié)合。應(yīng)用CXCR4拮抗劑后,外周血中HSC數(shù)目增加,顯示CXCL12/CXCR4信號(hào)通路參與調(diào)控HSC處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)[41,42]。此外,應(yīng)用CXCL12抗體和CXCR4抗體能夠顯著降低HSC的歸巢[43]。顯示這一信號(hào)通路與HSC的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)的維持和歸巢相關(guān)。

2.2 Notch信號(hào)通路

研究顯示,造血微環(huán)境中的成骨細(xì)胞表達(dá)配體Jagged,當(dāng)配體結(jié)合HSC表面的Notch受體后Notch信號(hào)通路激活,Notch發(fā)生蛋白裂解,導(dǎo)致Notch的細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到核內(nèi),在核內(nèi)Notch直接作為轉(zhuǎn)錄激活物起作用,促進(jìn)HSC的自我更新[9,44]。體外和體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)均顯示,在重組活化基因1(recombination activation gene-1,RAG-1)缺陷的Lin-SCA1+祖細(xì)胞中過(guò)表達(dá)Notch1,會(huì)導(dǎo)致HSC和造血祖細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多[45]。但是在失去功能的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),敲除鼠Notch-1、Notch-2和Jagged-1并不影響HSC和微環(huán)境的功能[46,47]。這提示可能有其他信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮同樣的作用。

2.3 Wnt信號(hào)通路

已知Wnt信號(hào)通路至少有兩個(gè)路徑:經(jīng)典的Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白通路和非經(jīng)典的Wnt/鈣離子通路[48]。經(jīng)典的 Wnt信號(hào)通路促進(jìn) HSC 自我更新[49]。非經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路也能夠促進(jìn)HSC自我更新,但是這一作用是通過(guò)抑制經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路而完成的,具體機(jī)制還不清楚[50]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Wnt信號(hào)通路對(duì)于HSC靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)也有影響,Heather等[51]通過(guò)體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制HSC的Wnt信號(hào)通路會(huì)導(dǎo)致HSC中p21Cip1表達(dá)下降以及移植后造血再生能力下降,這顯示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)通路也與限制HSC增殖以及維持HSC的造血重建功能相關(guān)。另外,有研究顯示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)通路與Notch信號(hào)通路之間存在整合,協(xié)同調(diào)控著 HSC 的功能[52,53]。

2.4 Tie2/Ang-1信號(hào)通路

骨髓中處于細(xì)胞周期靜止期并具有抗凋亡活性的HSC表達(dá)酪氨酸激酶受體2(tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains-2,Tie2),與成骨細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)的Tie2的配體血管生成素1 (angiopoietin-1,Ang-1)結(jié)合后,能夠使HSC緊密黏附于微環(huán)境基質(zhì)細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而保持靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)[54]。同源篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)Tie2的另一個(gè)配體Ang-2是Ang-1的拮抗物,Ang-2會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)Tie2/Ang-1信號(hào)通路調(diào)控HSC功能的作用[55]。具體機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。

2.5 BMP/TGF-β信號(hào)通路

骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(bone morphogenic protein,BMP) 是 TGF-β家 族 成 員 之 一。BMP-4調(diào) 控 著HSC的數(shù)目和功能[56]。體外培養(yǎng)中發(fā)現(xiàn),高濃度BMP-2、BMP-4和BMP-7能夠維持HSC處于未分化狀態(tài),而低濃度BMP-2、BMP-4和BMP-7促進(jìn)HSC增殖和分化[57]。體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),特異性敲除小鼠的BMP受體ⅠA后,排列在骨表面的成骨細(xì)胞數(shù)目增加,從而導(dǎo)致微環(huán)境中HSC數(shù)目增加[10]。顯示BMP信號(hào)通路通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)造血微環(huán)境中成骨細(xì)胞的數(shù)目而調(diào)控HSC。

2.6 Hedgehog信號(hào)通路

Trowbridge等[58]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),激活 hedgehog信號(hào)通路會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量HSC進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期,持續(xù)激活hedgehog信號(hào)會(huì)導(dǎo)致HSC耗竭,顯示hedgehog信號(hào)通路調(diào)控HSC處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)。但是,也有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)hedgehog信號(hào)通路對(duì)于HSC功能的維持不是必須的[59,60]。具體的機(jī)理還需進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)證實(shí)。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

自從提出造血微環(huán)境的概念以來(lái),對(duì)造血微環(huán)境的研究已經(jīng)取得了許多成就。然而,組成造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞種類(lèi)比較多,細(xì)胞間信號(hào)通路比較復(fù)雜,還有許多問(wèn)題有待進(jìn)一步研究。例如:目前還不清楚組成造血微環(huán)境的細(xì)胞的種類(lèi)究竟有多少;不同細(xì)胞之間是否有相互作用。已經(jīng)知道有些細(xì)胞,如巨噬細(xì)胞是通過(guò)作用于成骨細(xì)胞來(lái)影響HSC功能的,對(duì)于這類(lèi)細(xì)胞的研究還比較少。此外,HSC和微環(huán)境之間存在多種信號(hào)通路,這些信號(hào)通路之間是如何整合調(diào)控HSC的也不清楚。闡明這些問(wèn)題是在體外培養(yǎng)、擴(kuò)增HSC,進(jìn)而將HSC用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。

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