劉宏根
《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》從2001年進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)以來,廣大的初中英語一線教師積極熱情的任務(wù)型教學(xué)途徑,創(chuàng)設(shè)語言情境,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,促進(jìn)了學(xué)生“綜合語言能力”的提高和良好人文素養(yǎng)的形成,效果很好。筆者在日常教學(xué)中,按“教學(xué)有法,教無定法”原則,勇于實(shí)踐,大膽創(chuàng)新,將交際教學(xué)法、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法、情景教學(xué)法和其他行之有效的教學(xué)方法融會(huì)貫通,使用“情景對話教學(xué)法”,不僅使學(xué)生掌握了一定的英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),而且磨礪了學(xué)生意志,提高了學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。
Ⅰ情景對話教學(xué)法的理論淵源與可行性分析:
這一教學(xué)法的淵源有二:一,語用理論認(rèn)為,任何詞語都不是孤立存在的,沒有語境的句子是無意義的。二,德國的克林伯格(Klingberg L)認(rèn)為,在所有的教學(xué)中都進(jìn)行著廣義的對話,不管哪一種教學(xué)方式占支配地位,相互作用的對話都是優(yōu)秀教學(xué)的一種本質(zhì)標(biāo)志。教學(xué)就是形形色色的對話,具有對話的性格。筆者認(rèn)為,課堂教學(xué)中的形形色色的對話都是一定語境的對話,具有特定的語境條件。因而,教師在課堂教學(xué)中主導(dǎo)的師生之間、生生之間的在一定情景中發(fā)生的對話交流稱為情景對話教學(xué)法,它兼具交際教學(xué)法的交際性、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的活動(dòng)性和情景教學(xué)法的情景性等特點(diǎn),符合初中學(xué)生的認(rèn)知發(fā)展規(guī)律,重視語言教學(xué)的實(shí)踐性和應(yīng)用性,是對新課改理念的鞏固和升華。其次,情景對話教學(xué)法適合任何版本教材。筆者在近二十年的初中英語教學(xué)中,有幸用過四種版本的教材:1,人民教育出版社和英國郎文出版集團(tuán)有限公司合編的Junior English For China、2,課程教材研究所、英語課程教材研究開發(fā)中心和美國湯姆生學(xué)習(xí)出版集團(tuán)合編的英語新目標(biāo)Go for it、3,北京仁愛教育研究所編著的英語Project English、4,《牛津初中英語》編寫組、牛津大學(xué)出版社聯(lián)合編寫的《牛津初中英語》FUN WITH ENGLISH。這幾套教材水平高、質(zhì)量好,都以“綜合語言運(yùn)用能力”為核心編寫理念,語言素材貼近生活,貼近實(shí)際,易于使用情景對話教學(xué)法展開課堂,把學(xué)生的注意力集中到課堂上,讓學(xué)生在生動(dòng)有趣的課堂活動(dòng)中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)。第三,實(shí)驗(yàn)稿確定的“綜合語言運(yùn)用能力”的核心理念,經(jīng)過十多年實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)把初中英語教學(xué)引入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期,為使用情景對話教學(xué)法給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一個(gè)積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)過程,不斷提高學(xué)生的語言運(yùn)用能力和人文素養(yǎng)提供了現(xiàn)實(shí)條件。
II實(shí)際運(yùn)用:
由于筆者目前使用的教材是《牛津初中英語》FUN WITH ENGLISH,所以以下的幾個(gè)教學(xué)片段都選自于《牛津初中英語》。
教學(xué)片段一:使用情景對話教學(xué)法教學(xué)八年級(jí)下冊第一單元(8BU1)Reading部分。
Times have changed. Millie wants to write about the changes to Sunshine Town for her history project. Daniels grandpa、Mr chen、knows a lot about Sunshine Town. So Millie is interviewing him to get some information.
情景分析:這篇課文對話發(fā)生在這樣的情景中,Millie想為她研究的歷史課題寫一篇有關(guān)陽光城的今昔變化的文章,Danniel的爺爺陳大爺對陽光城非常熟悉。于是Millie對他進(jìn)行了采訪,才訪過程中陳大爺講述了他兩周歲時(shí)隨父母來到陽光城,后來又三次搬家,談到了陽光城的今昔對比,環(huán)境變化,以及個(gè)人的感想。
重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)分析:這一課的語言要點(diǎn)很多,不僅有描述城市變化的常用詞語,重點(diǎn)句型,還有一般過去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及本單元的重點(diǎn)語法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等。
情景對話教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì):
You know, I am a teacher,but over ten years ago ,I was a student .But now I am standing in front of you teaching English .So I have worked here for over ten years .I think I have changed a lot.Do
you think so ?
…(學(xué)生討論略)
Our school has changed a lot too,…What are the changes to our school ? Can you give us some examples ?
…(學(xué)生討論略)
so everything has changed a lot .
Did you hear of Sunshine town ? Look at some pictures of Sunshine Town .
Do you know Mr chen ?
…(學(xué)生討論略)
Oh, right, he is daniels grandpa . He lives in Sunshine Town . now Millie is inerviewing him .Lets go to see what is happening .
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetownspastandpresent?
Have you felt that our own hometown is changing everyday.The old small houses are turning into new high buildings ,the narrow path is turning wider, the broken down area is becoming an enjoyable garden.Now say something about the changes to your partner.
…(學(xué)生討論略)
Please pick up your pen and write down the changes to your hometownas well as your feelings about the changes .
教學(xué)片段二:使用情景對話教學(xué)法教學(xué)法做聽力訓(xùn)練。
一般地講,聽力內(nèi)容的選材源于生活,體現(xiàn)生活,學(xué)生能根據(jù)情景對話發(fā)生的特定的語境和情景做出快速反應(yīng)和正確的推理判斷。例如:
聽錄音,選擇正確答案:
What does the man ask Lily to do ?
A To stay at homeB To visit their teacherC To go to the zoo
2. Whats the matter with Lilys granderma ?
A She is illB She was hurt by a carC She fells off her bike
3.…
錄音材料:
M:Lily,tomorrow is Saturday. Shall we go to the zoo together?
W:Sorry,I can not go with you.
M:What is the matter?
W:My grandma is ill ,so I will look after her.
M:Maybe we can go together nex time.
教學(xué)片段三:使用情景對話教學(xué)法教學(xué)法教學(xué)語言要點(diǎn)。許多單詞的詞性和詞義是在具體語境中體現(xiàn)出來的,使用情景對話教學(xué)法教學(xué)法有利于學(xué)生正確掌握英語單詞的意義和用法,有利于語感的形成和綜合語言能力的提高。
(1)、辨析Mustcantmay
A:Someone is knocking at the door. It must be Sandy.
B:It cant be Sandy .She has gone home.It may be her sister.
(2)、辨析bringtake
A:Where is my English book ? Who has taken my English book home ?
B:Sorry .I will bring it back to you this afternoon.
(3)、辨析wearput ondress
A:Our teacher says that we must wear our school uniforms from Monday to Friday.
B:It is very cold today.Let me put on your coat. A:No .I am no longer a child.I can dress myself.(4)、學(xué)習(xí)使用Words about computers:keybosrd、menu、mouse、printer、screen
情景設(shè)計(jì):Simon has bought a new computer Annie is asking him some questions about it .
Simon: My new computer is much faster than the old one.I can type very easily,and the keyboard is very comfortable.
Annie: How do you know what you should do when you look at the screen?
Simon:With the mouse, you can choose one icon in the menu and click on it for more details.
Annie: Oh.Isee. How can your teacher read your homework on the computer?
Simon: I send him e-mails or print it out . Annie: Do you have a new printer,too? Simon: Yes,and it prints very quickly.
教學(xué)片段四:使用情景對話教學(xué)法教學(xué)八年級(jí)下冊第一單元(8BU2)Grammar部分。
1,教師、學(xué)生討論:
T:Where did you go in the Spring Festival holiday ? S1:I went to Shanghai . S2:I went to Nanjing. S3:…(學(xué)生討論略)
T:Have you ever been to Beijing ?
S4:Yes,I have.I went there with my parents.
T:Do you want to go there again ?
S4:…(學(xué)生討論略)
完成以上的free talk后,教師向?qū)W生解釋:We use“have/has been”to express the idea that someone went some place and has already come back.再比如,I have been to Bengbu City(蚌埠市)twice.
2,教師抽出一名學(xué)生配合教學(xué)。
T:Siman , would you like go to the teachersoffice to bring the exercise books here?
S:Yes.
(The stuent goes out.) T:where is Siman now ?
S1:He is on the way to the office.
S2:she must be in the teachersoffice.
T:.He has gone to the office and he will come back in a few minutes.
教師向?qū)W生解釋:We use“have/has gone”to express the idea that someone went some place and is still there.
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析(8BU2 page 31 Millie in Thailand)的情景設(shè)計(jì)。讓學(xué)生在這個(gè)接近真實(shí)的對話中體會(huì)時(shí)態(tài),理解并掌握have/has been和have/has gone的區(qū)別和用法。
情景:Daniel is asking Millie about travelling
Daniel: Have you ever been to Singapore,Millie ?
Millie: No, but I have been to Thailand with my parents.
Daniel:Oh,thats great ! Did you visited the famous Grand Palace in Bangkok?
Millie: Yes, we have been to the Great Palace .It was wonderful.Look at these photos.
Daniel:Wow! The palace is really wonderful. and you look great in the photos. Have you visited any other interesting places?
Millie:We have also been to the Pattaya Beach .Look at this one. Isnt it beautiful?
Daniel: Yes ,the beach is beautiful. I see Andy was there too.
Millie: Yes,we went there with his family.
Daniel: Really?I have not see him for some time.It seems he has not come back yet.
Millie: He and his family have gone to Shanghai to visit his grandparaents.They will come back tomorrow morning.
Ⅲ反思:
Lead-in部分使用情景對話教學(xué)法。
課前師生幾分鐘自由會(huì)話是英語口語訓(xùn)練的好機(jī)會(huì),可以讓學(xué)生不知不覺地對舊知識(shí)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)、鞏固和強(qiáng)化,提高學(xué)生的口語交際能力,還能討論本節(jié)課的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)以及學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),讓學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氛圍中從舊知過度到新知。
情景對話教學(xué)法不同于課堂提問。
情景對話教學(xué)法通過創(chuàng)設(shè)接近真實(shí)的會(huì)話情景和提供大量的語言實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),使學(xué)生通過自己的體驗(yàn)、感知、實(shí)踐、參與和交流,“用英語做事”。課堂提問的過程中教師總是委婉地或間接地把學(xué)生的思路往一條路上會(huì)聚,與新課標(biāo)倡導(dǎo)的“自主學(xué)習(xí)”不相符合。
使用情景對話教學(xué)法要求建立民主、平等的和諧師生關(guān)系。
對話不僅是語言交談,更是對話雙方或多方敞開心胸、彼此接納的過程。使用情景對話教學(xué)法必然要求從以教師為中心的教學(xué)模式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詫W(xué)生為中心的教學(xué)模式,建立民主、平等的和諧師生關(guān)系,從學(xué)生的興趣和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)出發(fā),讓學(xué)生主動(dòng)思維,大膽實(shí)踐,“自主學(xué)習(xí)”。