冉小麗,吳 芹,石京山,陳修平,3
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理學(xué)教研室 貴州省基礎(chǔ)藥理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,貴州 遵義 563003;2.北京東燕郊冶金醫(yī)院,河北 廊坊 065000;3.澳門(mén)大學(xué)中華醫(yī)藥研究院 中藥質(zhì)量研究國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,澳門(mén))
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是一種血管慢性炎癥性病變,由低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)氧化形成的氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized LDL,ox-LDL)在AS發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中起著重要作用。目前在AS發(fā)病相關(guān)細(xì)胞如血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞以及泡沫細(xì)胞上已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)和鑒定了多種ox-LDL受體,主要是清道夫受體,如CD36,B族Ⅰ型清道夫受體,CD68,含成束蛋白的、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子樣、層連蛋白型表皮生長(zhǎng)因子樣和連接域清道夫受體(fascicin,EGF like,laminin-type EGF-like,and link domain-containing scavenger receptor,F(xiàn)EEL)-1/2,內(nèi)皮清道夫和A族Ⅰ型清道夫受體等[1-2]。這些受體介導(dǎo)的ox-LDL毒性,可能在誘導(dǎo)AS過(guò)程中起重要作用,然而這些受體在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞卻基本不表達(dá)或表達(dá)量很低。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的激活、功能失調(diào)和損傷是AS早期的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)的凝集素樣氧化型低密度脂蛋白受體1(lectinlike oxidized LDL receptor-1,LOX-1)是表達(dá)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的ox-LDL的主要受體,在AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要作用。本文總結(jié)和評(píng)述了LOX-1在AS發(fā)病過(guò)程中的研究進(jìn)展。
LOX-1由日本學(xué)者Sawamura等[3]從牛主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定的。牛的LOX-1蛋白含有270個(gè)氨基酸殘基,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為30 872;人LOX-1蛋白含有273個(gè)氨基酸殘基,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為30 939。人和牛的LOX-1在氨基酸序列上有72%的同源性。LOX-1蛋白是一種Ⅱ型單鏈跨膜蛋白,屬C型選擇素家族,但其蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)和序列不同于任何已知的清道夫受體,由4個(gè)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域組成:N端胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)域、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域、頸結(jié)構(gòu)域以及C端凝集素樣結(jié)構(gòu)域。LOX-1基因?qū)儆趩慰截惢颍诨蚪M中延伸長(zhǎng)度有19 kb,包含8個(gè)外顯子。在啟動(dòng)子域有TATA盒、CAAT盒以及多個(gè)順式作用元件位點(diǎn)如 NF-κB,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AP-1和AP-2等[4]。已經(jīng)證實(shí),LOX-1受體是一個(gè)多配基受體,可結(jié)合ox-LDL、末端糖基化終產(chǎn)物[5-6]、C反應(yīng)蛋白[7]、4-羥基-2-壬烯醛-組氨酸加成物(4-h(huán)ydroxy-2-nonenal-h(huán)istidine adducts)[8]、熱激蛋白60、凋亡細(xì)胞、衰老的紅細(xì)胞、激活的血小板和細(xì)菌等[9-10]。最近,LOX-1受體的配基結(jié)合域(ligand-binding domain,LBD)的結(jié)構(gòu)也已闡明[11-12]。LOX-1對(duì)ox-LDL具有高度的配體特異性,由3個(gè)LOX-1受體共同結(jié)合一個(gè)ox-LDL分子[5]。LOX-1對(duì)可結(jié)合多種清道夫受體的乙?;腖DL無(wú)明顯結(jié)合。在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,LOX-1可被多種因素如ox-LDL、脂多糖、腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、末端糖基化終產(chǎn)物、血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)、干擾素、內(nèi)皮素和高同型半胱氨酸等誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)。在高血壓、糖尿病尤其是AS患者粥樣硬化斑塊以及血漿中、相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物模型中LOX-1表達(dá)量亦明顯增加[13-14]。LOX-1的基因多態(tài)性被認(rèn)為與心血管疾病密切相關(guān)[15-16]。此外,LOX-1蛋白在血漿中可形成可溶性L(fǎng)OX-1,其濃度變化被認(rèn)為可做為急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征等并預(yù)測(cè)其預(yù)后的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物[17-18]。
目前研究表明,作為ox-LDL的主要受體,LOX-1在AS中的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、泡沫細(xì)胞等表達(dá),介導(dǎo)和(或)參與了ox-LDL內(nèi)吞、內(nèi)皮激活、損傷、功能失調(diào)與凋亡、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖與遷移、內(nèi)皮-單核細(xì)胞黏附、泡沫細(xì)胞形成等諸多病理過(guò)程,通過(guò)多種途徑促進(jìn)AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
各種內(nèi)外源因素導(dǎo)致的血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙被認(rèn)為是AS的始動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)之一。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是LOX-1的主要表達(dá)細(xì)胞,LOX-1在牛主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[3],以及人的冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[19]、微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[20]、臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等都有較高的組成性表達(dá),并受多種AS致病因素如ox-LDL、TNF-α、末端糖基化終產(chǎn)物、AngⅡ、高同型半胱氨酸和高葡萄糖等的調(diào)節(jié)[13-14,21]。作為內(nèi)皮上 ox-LDL 的主要受體,LOX-1在介導(dǎo)ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞激活、損傷和功能失調(diào)方面具有重要作用:ox-LDL可明顯誘導(dǎo)LOX-1在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的表達(dá),并介導(dǎo)ox-LDL的內(nèi)吞;ox-LDL與LOX-1結(jié)合,激活LOX-1,通過(guò) NADPH 氧化酶、線(xiàn)粒體電子傳遞鏈等途徑誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)包括超氧陰離子和過(guò)氧化氫等生成,而ROS可快速直接地與一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)反應(yīng),生成過(guò)氧化亞硝酸,滅活 NO,影響內(nèi)皮舒張功能[22-23];ROS亦作為第二信使,激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3 K)、p38絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase p38,p38 MAPK)、胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(extracellular regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)等通路以及下游的NF-κB激活基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,上調(diào)血管細(xì)胞黏附分子1(vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,VCAM-1)、細(xì)胞間黏附分子1(intercellular adhesion molecule 1,ICA M-1)、P-選擇素和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)等分子的表達(dá),引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的激活,促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮與單核細(xì)胞的黏附。同時(shí),ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡至少部分由LOX-1所介導(dǎo),主要通過(guò)ROS/NF-κB 通 路[24-25]。高脂飼養(yǎng)的LOX-1高表達(dá)小鼠的內(nèi)皮依賴(lài)性舒張功能受損,可能與過(guò)多的ROS產(chǎn)生滅活NO以及內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitricoxide synthase,e NOS)表達(dá)降低有關(guān)[26]。在 AS患者的頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜切除標(biāo)本中,內(nèi)皮LOX-1高表達(dá),尤其是在不穩(wěn)定斑塊中,并伴有基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9的表達(dá)增加[27]。一些具有內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞保護(hù)和(或)抗AS活性的藥物能夠明顯抑制內(nèi)皮LOX-1的表達(dá)及其介導(dǎo)的毒性作用,如他汀類(lèi)(辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀[28])通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié) LOX-1抑制ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上黏附分子E-選擇素、P-選擇素,VCA M-1和ICA M-1的表達(dá);鈣通道阻滯劑(如馬尼地平和氨氯地平[29])抑制AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮LOX-1表達(dá);姜黃素通過(guò)抗氧化機(jī)制抑制TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞LOX-1表達(dá)[30];芹菜素抑制高糖和 TNF-α聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)的LOX-1的表達(dá)[31]、表沒(méi)食子兒茶素沒(méi)食子酸酯通過(guò)抑制LOX-1介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路(NADPH 氧化酶/ROS/p38 MAPK/NF-κB)保護(hù)ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮損傷[32]、柔花酸也抑制ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮LOX-1表達(dá)及炎性反應(yīng)[33]。在內(nèi)皮LOX-1信號(hào)通路中,ROS可能是介導(dǎo)LOX-1作用的關(guān)鍵分子,LOX-1激活可直接誘導(dǎo)ROS產(chǎn)生外,LOX-1在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的表達(dá)也多由ROS介導(dǎo)[34-35]。我們認(rèn)為,ox-LDL-ROS-LOX-1之間可能存 在一種潛在的“惡性循環(huán)”:血液中的ox-LDL結(jié)合 LOX-1誘導(dǎo)ROS生成,生成的ROS一方面介導(dǎo)下游的信號(hào)誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮損傷,又可氧化血液及內(nèi)皮下更多的LDL形成ox-LDL,這又誘導(dǎo)LOX-1表達(dá)。增強(qiáng)的LOX-1表達(dá)將介導(dǎo)更多的ox-LDL內(nèi)吞。這一循環(huán)可能在AS早期的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞激活、損傷和功能失調(diào)方面具有重要意義。
血管平滑肌細(xì)胞是調(diào)節(jié)血管收縮與舒張的重要因素,是參與AS發(fā)病的主要細(xì)胞之一,其增殖與遷移在AS的早期、中期或斑塊的形成中起著重要作用。與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞相似,血管平滑肌細(xì)胞尤其是AS斑塊中LOX-1表達(dá)豐富[36]。ox-LDL可通過(guò)使ERK磷酸化誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1的表達(dá)[37],而且ox-LDL中的一個(gè)成分溶血磷脂酰膽堿亦可誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1表達(dá)并增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞對(duì)ox-LDL的吞噬[38]。促炎癥細(xì)胞因子TNF-α,IL-1α,IL-1β等通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)氧化物酶增殖體激活受體γ[39-40]誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1表達(dá);肝素結(jié)合性表皮生長(zhǎng)因子樣生長(zhǎng)因子〔heparinbinding epider mal growt h factor(HB-EGF)-like growt h factor〕通過(guò)使EGF受體磷酸化,激活 ERK,p38 MAPK和PI3 K等通路上調(diào)血管平肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1表達(dá)[41]。在人血管平滑肌細(xì)胞,AngⅡ通過(guò)脂氧酶12和脂氧酶15依賴(lài)性誘導(dǎo) LOX-1表達(dá)[42]。LOX-1介導(dǎo)了ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2/Bax表達(dá)比例[37]。低濃度ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖可被LOX-1 mRNA的反義寡核苷酸所阻斷,提示LOX-1參與介導(dǎo)ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[43]。高糖可誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞LOX-1表達(dá)和胱天蛋白酶3依賴(lài)性凋亡,而這可被鈣通道抑制劑地爾硫艸卓通過(guò)下調(diào)LOX-1表達(dá)和活性所抑制[44]。LOX-1介導(dǎo)牛血管平滑肌細(xì)胞對(duì)殘粒樣脂蛋白顆粒的吞噬,而殘粒樣脂蛋白顆??娠@著誘導(dǎo)LOX-1表達(dá)和細(xì)胞遷移。后兩種作用可被EGF受體激酶、HB-EGF、MEK1和p38 MAPK的抑制劑所阻斷[45]。筆者最近的研究也顯示,ox-LDL可濃度和時(shí)間依賴(lài)性地誘導(dǎo)大鼠主動(dòng)脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的LOX-1表達(dá),并可被環(huán)氧化酶抑制劑阿司匹林、LOX抑制劑去甲二氫愈創(chuàng)木酸、NADPH氧化酶抑制劑夾竹桃麻素、NF-κB抑制劑吡咯烷二硫基甲酸鹽、JNK抑制劑SP600125等所阻斷,提示這一作用通過(guò) ROS/NF-κB/JNK 所介導(dǎo)[46]。高脂飼養(yǎng)的LOX-1高表達(dá)小鼠保持了血管平滑肌的舒張性能,但在阻力動(dòng)脈平滑肌的鈣激活鉀通道的電流幅度高度增加[26]。肺炎衣原體是AS發(fā)病的重要病原體之一,肺炎衣原體感染誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1表達(dá)并導(dǎo)致AS病變中脂質(zhì)的積累,氟伐他汀可抑制LOX-1表達(dá)至基礎(chǔ)水平[47]。ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)人臍動(dòng)脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中LOX-1表達(dá),而后者介導(dǎo)了基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9 mRNA的表達(dá)[48]。最近研究顯示,ox-LDL和機(jī)械應(yīng)力可共同增加血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中ERK1/2的激活和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,這一作用是通過(guò)LOX-1所介導(dǎo),并可被辛伐他汀所抑制[49]。
單核細(xì)胞聚集、與內(nèi)皮相互作用、黏附到血管內(nèi)皮并遷移到內(nèi)皮下是AS的早期主要病理變化之一。一些研究證實(shí),內(nèi)皮LOX-1表達(dá)可介導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮與單核細(xì)胞的黏附[50-52]。在人外周血單核細(xì)胞、人單核細(xì)胞T HP-1細(xì)胞株,人單核細(xì)胞白血病HL-60細(xì)胞株,LOX-1基本不表達(dá),但經(jīng)佛波酯誘導(dǎo)形成的巨噬細(xì)胞及其形成過(guò)程中,LOX-1表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng)[36,53-56]。TNF-α[39,53]、組胺[57]、葡萄糖[58]等均可誘導(dǎo)單核-巨噬細(xì)胞LOX-1表達(dá)。組胺誘導(dǎo)THP-1細(xì)胞LOX-1表達(dá)通過(guò)H2受體介導(dǎo)的c AMP通路[57],而葡萄糖誘導(dǎo)人單核細(xì)胞源性巨噬細(xì)胞LOX-1表達(dá)通過(guò)ROS/蛋白激酶C/MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1通路[58]。LOX-1在 THP-1源性巨噬細(xì)胞上的表達(dá)可被川陳皮素及其去甲基化代謝物通過(guò)ERK/JNK/NF-κB/AP-1通路所抑制[56,59],花姜酮[55]也顯示抑制作用,而非對(duì)稱(chēng)二甲基精氨酸和轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1則增強(qiáng)其表達(dá)[54,60]。
泡沫細(xì)胞的形成是AS發(fā)展中的標(biāo)志性事件之一,其主要由單核細(xì)胞源性巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)清道夫受體攝取大量ox-LDL后轉(zhuǎn)變而成。巨噬細(xì)胞上介導(dǎo)ox-LDL內(nèi)吞的清道夫受體有CD36,SRI,SR-A,CD68等。無(wú)論是人單核細(xì)胞源性巨噬細(xì)胞還是T HP-1,HL-60細(xì)胞源性巨噬細(xì)胞,均可大量吞噬 DiI-ox-LDL,其中部分是通過(guò)LOX-1介 導(dǎo)[54,48]。此外,在經(jīng)Toll樣受體9介導(dǎo)的RAW264.7細(xì)胞株和小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞源性泡沫細(xì)胞形成過(guò)程中,LOX-1和NADPH氧化酶一起通過(guò)p38 MAPK通路起重要作用[61]。
血小板的激活、聚集以及與內(nèi)皮的黏附是動(dòng)脈血栓形成的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一。靜息條件下的血小板表達(dá)少量LOX-1 mRNA和蛋白,而經(jīng)凝血酶刺激后,LOX-1表達(dá)顯著增強(qiáng),并伴P-選擇素的表達(dá)增加[62]。ADP刺激亦可引起血小板LOX-1表達(dá)增加,且阻斷LOX-1可抑制ADP誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集[63]。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)的LOX-1是內(nèi)皮結(jié)合血小板的黏附分子,其與血小板的結(jié)合可被磷酸化絲氨酸結(jié)合蛋白和膜聯(lián)蛋白Ⅴ抑制,但卻可以被血小板激動(dòng)劑所增強(qiáng),提示活化的血小板表面上帶負(fù)電荷的磷脂是LOX-1的抗原決定簇。血小板與LOX-1的結(jié)合增加了內(nèi)皮素1的釋放[64],這可能是通過(guò)LOX-1與CD40的協(xié)同作用,但二者的作用機(jī)制有所不同[65]。經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)的人血小板與牛內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及轉(zhuǎn)染牛LOX-1表達(dá)的CHO細(xì)胞(BLOX-1-CHO)共孵育可快速誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS、超氧陰離子生成,降低基礎(chǔ)的以及緩激肽誘導(dǎo)NO的增加。這些作用可被抗氧化劑抗壞血酸、抗LOX-1抗體所阻斷。血小板與內(nèi)皮黏附誘導(dǎo)的超氧陰離子不被阿司匹林、NOS抑制劑、黃嘌呤氧化酶抑制劑、電子傳遞鏈抑制劑所阻斷,而可被NADPH氧化酶抑制劑所阻斷。但二者的相互作用不影響e NOS的活性[66]。LOX-1可能通過(guò)活化蛋白激酶C在ADP介導(dǎo)的整合素激活中起重要作用。阿司匹林和普伐他汀通過(guò)影響激活的血小板ROS和NO的釋放來(lái)抑制LOX-1表達(dá),且二者具有協(xié)同作用[63]。在高膽固醇血癥患者血小板上LOX-1高表達(dá),血漿中ox-LDL和血小板相關(guān)ox-LDL(與血小板結(jié)合的ox-LDL)顯著增高,而這可被降脂藥阿托伐他汀所降低[67]。
LOX-1在AS發(fā)生過(guò)程中的主要作用總結(jié)如圖1。LOX-1主要表達(dá)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,然多種AS發(fā)病相關(guān)因素如ox-LDL、腫瘤壞死因子α、內(nèi)皮素、血管緊張素Ⅱ、高同型半胱氨酸等可誘導(dǎo)平滑肌細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞等表達(dá)LOX-1,介導(dǎo)ox-LDL的內(nèi)吞、ROS生成、黏附分子的表達(dá)以及單核-內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附、血小板激活與聚集、平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖與遷移、泡沫細(xì)胞形成等。其中,LOX-1介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的激活與損傷是其參與AS的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。LOX-1介導(dǎo)ROS生成可能是LOX-1信號(hào)通路中的主要樞紐。
圖1 凝集素樣氧化型低密度脂蛋白受體1(LOX-1)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)發(fā)生過(guò)程中的作用.P-selectin:P選擇素;VCA M-1:血管細(xì)胞黏附分子1;ICA M-1:細(xì)胞間黏附分子1;MCP-1:?jiǎn)魏思?xì)胞趨化蛋白1;ROS:活性氧;NADPH oxidase:NADPH氧化酶.
在整體動(dòng)物水平研究LOX-1功能的主要策略和方法包括測(cè)定病理?xiàng)l件下LOX-1的表達(dá)、運(yùn)用抗LOX-1抗體封閉LOX-1、敲除 LOX-1、LOX-1高表達(dá)等。高脂飼養(yǎng)的 Apo E敲除小鼠微冠狀動(dòng)脈存在內(nèi)皮依賴(lài)性舒張障礙,給予抗LOX-1抗體能恢復(fù)NO介導(dǎo)的動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張[68],這為后來(lái)的LOX-1敲除小鼠主動(dòng)脈條實(shí)驗(yàn)所證實(shí)[69]。筆者研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),抗LOX-1抗體可明顯降低Apo E敲除的AS模型小鼠血漿LOX-1、LDL、總膽固醇的水平,并升高高密度脂蛋白、脂聯(lián)素水平。同時(shí)降低血管壁ROS生成、降低血管內(nèi)皮對(duì)ox-LDL的吞噬并改善血管反應(yīng)性[70]。LOX-1敲除的小鼠經(jīng)急性心缺血再灌注損傷后,左心室舒張壓和左心室舒張末期壓較野生型明顯改善,并伴有氧化應(yīng)激明顯下降[71]。同一模型中,氧化應(yīng)激敏感性激酶如p38 MAPK和PKB/Akt-1,硝基酪氨酸和誘導(dǎo)型NOS(inducible NOS,i NOS)的表達(dá)以及超氧化物歧化酶的活性,在LOX-1敲除小鼠比野生型都明顯降低[72]。在左冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞的慢性缺血模型中,LOX-1敲除小鼠心肌肥厚和膠原蛋白的積累明顯降低,同時(shí)伴有氧化應(yīng)激的降低和AT1R的上調(diào)[73]。與野生型相比,經(jīng)高膽固醇飼養(yǎng)的LDL受體(LDLR)敲除小鼠的主動(dòng)脈斑塊面積高達(dá)61%,而LOX-1敲除小鼠的主動(dòng)脈斑塊面積明顯減少。有趣的是,LDLR和LOX-1雙敲除的小鼠斑塊面積僅為36%,提示LOX-1敲除能抑制LDLR敲除引起的 AS[69]。與野生型相比,LOX-1敲除小鼠經(jīng)高脂飼養(yǎng)后誘導(dǎo)的脂肪細(xì)胞炎癥因子如 MCP-1,MIP-1α和IL-6的表達(dá)明顯降低[74]。與上述LOX-1敲除的研究相對(duì)應(yīng),LOX-1過(guò)表達(dá)可引起明顯的病理變化。利用 LOX-1高表達(dá)的 C57BL/6小鼠(LOX-1tg)以及 其與 Apo E敲除裸鼠的雜交鼠(LOX-1tg/Ao E敲除)模型研究顯示,LOX-1tg小鼠LOX-1主要表達(dá)于冠狀動(dòng)脈和心肌細(xì)胞,心臟對(duì)ox-LDL的吞噬明顯增高,心臟ICA M-1和VCA M-1表達(dá)明顯增加。LOX-1高表達(dá)通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮功能失調(diào)促進(jìn)炎癥性心肌內(nèi)血管病變[75]。高脂飼養(yǎng)后LOX-1高表達(dá)小鼠的微抵抗動(dòng)脈血管功能降低,雖然維持了血管平滑肌的舒張,但對(duì)NO的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞依賴(lài)性舒張受損;e NOS表達(dá)降低且由于ROS的過(guò)量生成導(dǎo)致血管NO濃度降低;阻力動(dòng)脈的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的鈣激活鉀通道電流幅度明顯增大,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞源性超極化因子經(jīng)P450代謝物介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮舒張?jiān)黾樱?6]。利用內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞高表達(dá)LOX-1并轉(zhuǎn)入Apo E敲除小鼠的模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)高脂飼養(yǎng)后頸總動(dòng)脈斑塊覆蓋面積明顯增加,顯示LOX-1高表達(dá)促進(jìn)AS發(fā)生[76]。
鑒于LOX-1在心血管疾病中的重要作用,普遍認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)OX-1及其介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路可能是心血管及相關(guān)疾病的潛在的藥物靶點(diǎn)[13,77]。靶向 LOX-1通路可采取的策略有:抑制LOX-1的表達(dá)、阻斷LOX-1受體與ox-LDL的結(jié)合、抑制LOX-1下游信號(hào)分子如ROS,PI3K和p38 MAPK等。反義LOX-1 mRNA可抑制內(nèi)皮 LOX-1表達(dá),抑制ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的NF-κB的激活、MCP-1表達(dá)和單核細(xì)胞與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡[25,50]。最近一項(xiàng)研究顯示,給予 Apo E敲除小鼠給予基于LOX-1裂褶的反義寡核苷酸〔反義硫代磷酸寡核苷酸靶向小鼠OLR1 mRNA的編碼序列(外顯子7)〕可顯著降低小鼠主動(dòng)脈LOX-1蛋白表達(dá),但對(duì)血漿總膽固醇、甘油三酯水平無(wú)明顯影響[78]。反義RNA存在分子量大、易于降解、穩(wěn)定性差、跨膜困難和半衰期短等缺點(diǎn),限制了其進(jìn)一步的研究。此外,一些小分子肽如LSIPPKA,F(xiàn)QTPPQL和LTPATAI也顯示出對(duì)LOX-1的較高親和力[79]。
作為受體靶點(diǎn),最可行的策略是研究抑制劑或阻斷劑,尤其是小分子抑制劑。目前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些LOX-1的抑制劑/配基,如多聚肌苷酸、角叉菜膠可分別抑制[125I]ox-LDL與BLOX-1-CHO結(jié)合60%和62%[80],可能是 LOX-1的抑制劑。但這些化合物也都存在穩(wěn)定性差、分子量大等缺點(diǎn),目前僅作為工具藥使用。為尋找LOX-1的小分子配基,我們采用極化熒光的方法,建立了LOX-1配基的高通量篩選模型,找到了3個(gè)對(duì) LOX-1有較高親和力的配基[81-82]。由于目前對(duì)LOX-1的生物學(xué)特性、生理病理意義還有待深入的研究,LOX-1抑制劑的有效性、安全性等尚需后續(xù)大量研究。
目前研究顯示,LOX-1與AS發(fā)病相關(guān)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、血小板、單核-巨噬細(xì)胞以及泡沫細(xì)胞等密切相關(guān)。LOX-1參與了AS發(fā)病過(guò)程中的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的激活與損傷、平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖與遷移、血小板的激活與聚集、內(nèi)皮-單核細(xì)胞的黏附以及泡沫細(xì)胞形成等。但目前的研究多集中于LOX-1在這些細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié)方面,對(duì)LOX-1的具體功能與機(jī)制尚缺乏深入研究。LOX-1敲除和過(guò)表達(dá)均證實(shí)其對(duì)AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有重要影響,是一個(gè)潛在的抗AS藥物靶點(diǎn)。ROS可能在LOX-1的表達(dá)以及LOX-1介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路中起重要作用,而NADPH氧化酶可能是參與LOX-1表達(dá)、介導(dǎo)ROS形成的重要來(lái)源。通過(guò)抑制或清除ROS可顯著抑制LOX-1的表達(dá),部分阻斷LOX-1介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路及毒性作用。鑒于受體作為藥物靶點(diǎn)的廣泛性,LOX-1作為一個(gè)受體,其特異性的抑制劑將是靶向LOX-1藥物研發(fā)的主要方向。鑒于目前缺乏小分子的LOX-1配基,LOX-1激動(dòng)劑以及抑制劑的篩選和鑒定都將會(huì)促進(jìn)對(duì)其信號(hào)通路、功能的研究以及其作為藥物靶點(diǎn)的鑒定和確證。對(duì)LOX-1及其信號(hào)通路的深入研究可能會(huì)對(duì)AS的發(fā)病以及未來(lái)的治療提供新的思路。
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中國(guó)藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志2013年5期