陰春霞 賈云霄 曹 陽(yáng) 辛精衛(wèi)
(長(zhǎng)春市婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院,吉林 長(zhǎng)春 130042)
皮膚是非生殖器官中雌激素作用的最大靶器官,皮膚中廣泛分布的雌激素受體參與了皮膚質(zhì)量的調(diào)控過(guò)程。絕經(jīng)后雌激素的水平下降是導(dǎo)致皮膚老化明顯的重要原因。雌激素參與皮膚與毛發(fā)的諸多生理過(guò)程,激素替代治療(HRT)對(duì)絕經(jīng)后皮膚質(zhì)量調(diào)控具有重要作用。大量資料顯示,無(wú)論是何種途徑的HRT都可以通過(guò)以下幾種機(jī)制不同程度地增加皮膚厚度、彈性及保濕性,減少皺紋形成,減輕或預(yù)防皮膚的自然老化。本研究評(píng)估絕經(jīng)后應(yīng)用HRT延緩皮膚老化的效果。
皮膚厚度在48歲以后隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而變薄,在絕經(jīng)后15~18年每年平均變薄1.13%。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)HRT可以增加絕經(jīng)后皮膚厚度〔1~3〕,并增加健康婦女角質(zhì)層含水量,增加保濕能力〔4〕。Patriarca等〔5〕采用形態(tài)測(cè)量法來(lái)比較絕經(jīng)后婦女HRT前后皮膚厚度差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后表皮厚度顯著增加(P﹤0.01),推測(cè)雌激素與角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增殖活性相關(guān)。已證實(shí)培養(yǎng)的人表皮角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞的有絲分裂活動(dòng)隨雌激素增加而增加,雌激素可刺激體外表皮角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞增殖和DNA合成,促進(jìn)蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá)來(lái)阻止由過(guò)氧化氫導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡〔6〕。加入不同濃度的17β-雌二醇可以刺激絕經(jīng)前后婦女皮膚組織角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增殖,刺激閾濃度分別為0.01~100 nm和1~100 nm。加入17β-雌二醇的同時(shí),增加雌激素受體拮抗劑ICI 182780的劑量,可以使角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的增殖明顯減少〔7〕。
Youn等〔8,9〕的研究提示絕經(jīng)后婦女皮膚彈性的降低、膠原蛋白含量減少與年齡以及絕經(jīng)后年數(shù)顯著相關(guān)。大約有30%皮膚膠原在絕經(jīng)后第一個(gè)5年就消失了,隨后的20年以每年2.1%的速度下降,皮膚隨之也越來(lái)越薄,隨著絕經(jīng)后年數(shù)的增加,體內(nèi)雌激素含量明顯下降,伴隨著皮膚老化明顯加劇。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí), HRT可以逆轉(zhuǎn)女性絕經(jīng)后膠原蛋白含量的減少,增加皮膚彈性。Sumino等〔9〕用雌激素乳膏治療婦女前臂皮膚老化,12個(gè)月后治療組婦女前臂皮膚彈性增加5.2%,對(duì)照組減低0.55%。Patriarca等〔5〕應(yīng)用0.01%雌激素治療絕經(jīng)期婦女皮膚老化,治療16 w后在耳前區(qū)打孔取組織,結(jié)果顯示膠原含量顯著增高。另有研究證實(shí)絕經(jīng)期婦女分別給予雌二醇和睪酮2~10年后,比起那些未予治療的婦女,其皮膚膠原含量有了很大的改善〔10〕。但有報(bào)道〔11〕雌激素增加皮膚膠原是有限的,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間后,膠原成分不再增加,其最高峰出現(xiàn)于治療后1.5~2年。給予2年雌激素食物療法后,皮膚的膠原含量會(huì)達(dá)到一個(gè)最佳的狀態(tài),激素水平不高也不低,與膠原最低水平負(fù)相關(guān)。膠原蛋白是由成纖維細(xì)胞分泌的。雌激素與成纖維細(xì)胞結(jié)合,能通過(guò)刺激膠原合成,成熟和轉(zhuǎn)換〔12〕。一定濃度的17β-雌二醇可以上調(diào)離體的絕經(jīng)后婦女皮膚組織的成纖維細(xì)胞雌激素受體(ER)-β表達(dá),改變 ER-α與ER-β的比率〔13〕。雌激素對(duì)成纖維細(xì)胞增殖影響與其濃度有關(guān),雌激素的濃度為1×10-6~1×10-10mol/L時(shí),可明顯促進(jìn)人皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖;但雌激素濃度>10-6mol/L時(shí),其對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖的影響與對(duì)照組比較有抑制作用,濃度≤10-12mol/L時(shí),其對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖的影響與對(duì)照組比較無(wú)差異〔14〕。雌激素可增加人成纖維細(xì)胞分泌Ⅰ型原膠原,但轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)-β1抗體可逆轉(zhuǎn)該反應(yīng),提示 TGF-β1對(duì)雌激素的這種反應(yīng)有增加作用〔15〕。他莫昔芬、托瑞米芬均為雌激素拮抗劑。他莫昔芬通過(guò)下調(diào)成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子b(bFGF)、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子V (vEGF)及TGF-β,抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖,從而對(duì)肥大性酒糟鼻起到治療作用〔16〕。用離體成纖維細(xì)胞研究托瑞米芬治療纖維瘤的機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)組TGF-β、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-Ⅱ的分泌減少,TGF-β1膜受體的表達(dá)下調(diào)〔17〕。Markiewicz等〔18〕通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)得出結(jié)論,雌激素主要影響膠原的結(jié)構(gòu)和可溶性,可能并不直接參與調(diào)節(jié)膠原的合成。雌激素是通過(guò)增加新生膠原的穩(wěn)定性并抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)的活性而增加皮膚膠原含量的。人類(lèi)皮膚組織膠原蛋白的降解主要由MMP-1、MMP-3完成〔19〕。皮膚局部外用17-β雌二醇可明顯增加皮膚Ⅰ型前膠原mRNA表達(dá)和膠原蛋白產(chǎn)生,并降低MMP水平〔20〕。有研究證實(shí)雌激素具有下調(diào)MMP-1的作用〔21〕。雌激素可以抑制MMP表達(dá)〔22〕。至于雌激素抑制MMP表達(dá)的過(guò)程是通過(guò)TGF-β以及TNF-α間接完成還是另有獨(dú)立的途徑,目前還不是很清楚。
局部外用雌激素能增加皮膚彈力纖維的數(shù)量和密度〔23〕。Baron等〔24〕研究證實(shí)雌激素能增加椎間盤(pán)彈力蛋白含量。Tsukahara等〔25〕發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠卵巢切除后3~13 w皮膚彈性顯著下降,并伴有皮膚彈性蛋白酶活性顯著升高,長(zhǎng)波或中波紫外線照射后,卵巢切除組小鼠皮膚彈性下降和彈性蛋白酶活性升高更顯著。由此認(rèn)為雌激素可下調(diào)彈性蛋白酶介導(dǎo)的真皮彈性纖維降解,增加膠原纖維的含量,使皮膚彈性增加,深的皺紋形成減少,這與自然老化過(guò)程中的雌激素作用是相同的。
有研究證實(shí)雌激素能提高透明質(zhì)酸和糖胺聚糖含量〔26〕。絕經(jīng)后婦女接受雌激素外用治療,皮膚組織透明質(zhì)酸含量顯著上升〔2〕。已證實(shí)在小鼠使用2 w 雌二醇可增加70%的透明質(zhì)酸〔27〕。雌激素增加透明質(zhì)酸和酸性黏多糖含量的途徑是否與雌激素增加膠原蛋白含量的途徑相似或者有另外的途徑,目前尚不清楚。
雌激素是一種天然抗氧化劑。有研究結(jié)果顯示〔14〕,成纖維細(xì)胞經(jīng)一定濃度雌激素處理后,細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)水平明顯下降,而脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化終產(chǎn)物、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、氧化氫酶(Cat)、谷胱甘肽氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性與對(duì)照比較均有顯著性升高,表明雌激素可通過(guò)提高抗氧化酶的活性來(lái)降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS的作用,表現(xiàn)出雌激素可在細(xì)胞和分子水平對(duì)氧自由基所致的細(xì)胞氧化損傷具有保護(hù)作用。但有關(guān)雌激素提高抗氧化酶活性的確切機(jī)制尚需深入研究。光老化的組織學(xué)改變是膠原纖維減少伴彈性纖維沉積,主要是紫外線照射可以產(chǎn)生ROS,使長(zhǎng)期光暴露部位的皮膚發(fā)生氧化損傷,加速皮膚老化的進(jìn)程,同時(shí)紫外線暴露可上調(diào)MMP的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致膠原降解增加,減少Ⅰ和Ⅲ膠原的合成。全國(guó)健康營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)查采用橫斷面研究證實(shí):用HRT治療46~68歲婦女6個(gè)月后,治療組皮膚的濕度、彈性、厚度均有所提高,而對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯改變,暴露于紫外線和沒(méi)有暴露于紫外線的人表皮的水合作用和皮膚彈力差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義〔28〕。這表明自然老化和光老化都能用HRT 來(lái)治療。有研究報(bào)道〔29〕應(yīng)用植物雌激素可以減弱紫外線(UV)照射導(dǎo)致的皮膚炎癥反應(yīng)、免疫抑制及致癌性。槲皮素和大豆異黃酮可以明顯減少由紫外線誘導(dǎo)的MMP基因的表達(dá)和隨后的膠原降解〔30〕。局部應(yīng)用脫氫表雄酮可以促進(jìn)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑(TIMP)-1的表達(dá)并減少M(fèi)MP的合成而抑制膠原的分解,從而減緩皮膚老化〔31〕。不同劑量的雌激素受體拮抗劑ICI 182780作用于接受UV照射的雌性去毛小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)劑量相關(guān)性的免疫抑制增強(qiáng)〔32〕。McSorley等〔33〕將絕經(jīng)后婦女作為研究對(duì)象,發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素C與雌激素的協(xié)同作用。維生素C作為電子供體,能迅速與氧負(fù)離子、OH離子、ROO離子反應(yīng),使自由基還原,延緩氧化損傷引起的機(jī)體衰老。
雖然HRT對(duì)延緩皮膚老化有益處,但由于HRT的不良反應(yīng),皮膚老化不是絕經(jīng)婦女應(yīng)用HRT的指征,HRT預(yù)防皮膚老化應(yīng)視為治療絕經(jīng)期其他癥狀的附加好處。雌激素對(duì)皮膚的影響還取決于雌激素的種類(lèi)、劑量及給藥時(shí)間。目前關(guān)于HRT對(duì)皮膚影響的報(bào)道中采用雙盲、對(duì)照方法者很少,而各采用了不同的雌激素、不同的給藥途徑和治療方案,評(píng)價(jià)皮膚的方式也各不相同。局部用雌激素治療有效〔5,9〕,然而應(yīng)用的安全范圍有待進(jìn)一步研究。局部應(yīng)用雌激素治療皮膚老化安全性較高〔34〕,但必須掌握合適的應(yīng)用面積、部位、激素濃度及持續(xù)用藥時(shí)間等因素。關(guān)于孕激素對(duì)皮膚影響的研究還很少,有研究顯示〔35〕絕經(jīng)前和絕經(jīng)后女性,外用2%濃度的孕激素軟膏可增加皮膚彈性,降低皺紋。但其可靠性尚待研究。
6 參考文獻(xiàn)
1Demir B,Adabag A,Ozturk N,etal.Effects of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on skin thickness and bone in postmenopausal women〔J〕.Ann Saudi Med,2006;26(2):161-2.
2Fuchs KO,Solis O,Tapawan R,etal.The effects of an estrogen and glycolic acid cream on the facial skin of postmenopausal women:a randomized histologic study〔J〕.Cutis,2003;71(6):481-8.
3Son ED,Lee JY,Lee S,etal.Topical application of 17 beta estradiol increases extracellular matrix protein synthesis by stimulating TGF-beta signaling in aged human skin in vivo〔J〕.Invest Dermatol,2005;124(6):1149-61.
4Sator PG,Sator MO,Schmidt JB,etal.A prospective,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study on the influence of a hormone replacement therapy on skin aging in postmenopausal women〔J〕.Climacteric,2007;10(4):320-34.
5Patriarca MT,Goldman KZ,Dos Santos JM,etal.Effects of topical estradiol on the facial skin collagen of postmenopausal women under oral hormone therapy:a pilot study〔J〕.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2007;130(2) :202-5.
6Lee MY,Jung SC,Lee JH,etal.Estradiol-17beta protects against hypoxia-induced hepatocyte injury through ER-mediated upregulation of Bcl-2 as well as ER-independent antioxidant effects〔J〕.Cell Res,2008;18(4):491-9.
7Verdier-Sevrain S,Yaar M,Cantatore J,etal.Estradiol induces proliferation of keratinocytes via a receptor mediated mechanism〔J〕.Faseb J,2004;18(2):1252-4.
8Youn CS,Kwon OS,Won CH,etal.Effect of pregnancy and menopause on facial wrinkling in women〔J〕.Acta Derm Venereol,2003;83(6):419-24.
9Sumino H,Ichikawa S,Abe M,etal.Effects of aging,menopause,and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in women〔J〕.J Am Geriatr Soc,2004;52(6):945-9.
10Sauerbronn AV,F(xiàn)onseca AM,Bagnoli VR,etal.The effects of systemic hormonal replacement therapy on the skin of postmenopausal women〔J〕.Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2000;68(1):35-41.
11Happasaari KM.Systemic therapy with estrogen or estrogen with progestin has no effect on skin collagen in postmenopausal women〔J〕.Maturitas,1997;27(2):153-62.
12Park HM,Cho MH,Cho Y,etal.Royal Jelly increases collagen production in rat skin after ovariectomy〔J〕.J Med Food,2012;15(6):568-75.
13Bensaleh H,Belgnaoui FZ,Douira L,etal.Skin and menopause〔J〕.Ann Endocrinol (Paris),2006;67(6):575-80.
14周 武,盛晚香,吳劍波,等.雌激素對(duì)人正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的影響〔J〕.武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2008;29(2):202-5.
15Adams DH,Strudwick XL,Kopecki Z,etal.Gender specific effects on the actin-remodelling protein flightless Ⅰ and TGF-beta1 contribute to impaired wound healing in aged skin〔J〕.Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2008;40(8):1555-69.
16Payne WG,Ko F,Anspaugh S,etal.Down-regulating causes of fibrosis with tamoxifen:a possible cellular/molecular approach to treat rhinophyma〔J〕.Ann Plast Surg,2006;56(3):301-5.
17Lilli C,Marinucci L,Bellocchio S,etal.Effects of transforming growth factor-betal and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on cultured fibroblasts from skin fibroma as modualeted by toremifene〔J〕.Int J Cancer,2002;98:824-32.
18Markiewicz M,Asano Y,Znoyko S,etal.Distinct effects of gonadectomy in male and female mice on collagen fibrillogenesis in the skin〔J〕.J Dermatol Sci,2007;47(3) :217-26.
19Cherng JY,Chen LY,Shih MF.Preventive effects of β-thujaplicin against UVB-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expressions in skin fibroblasts〔J〕.Am J Chin Med,2012;40(2):387-98.
20Son ED,Lee JY,Lee S,etal.Topical application of 17 betaestradiol increases extracellular matrix protein synthesis by stimulating TGF-beta signaling in aged human skin in vivo〔J〕.J Invest Dermatol,2005;124(6):1149-61.
21李天航,劉原君,范麗云,等.雌二醇對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的人皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-1基因表達(dá)的影響〔J〕.中華皮膚科雜志,2008;41(7):481-2.
22Emma P,Nungavarm R,Paivi M,etal.Wound healing in ovariectomized rats:effects of chemically modified tetracycline (CMT-8) and estrogen on matrix metalloproteinases-8,-13 and type Ⅰ collagen express〔J〕. Curr Med Chem,2001;8(3):281-94.
23Punnonen R,Vaajalahti P,Teisala K.Local oestriol treatment improves the structure of elastic fibers in the skin of postmenopausal women〔J〕. Ann Chir Gynaecol,1987;202(1):39-41.
24Baron YM,Brincat MP,Galea R,etal.Intervertebral disc height in treated and untreated over weight post-menopausal women〔J〕.Hum Reprod,2005;20(12):3566-70.
25Tsukahara K,Nakagawa H,Moriwaki S,etal.Ovariectomy is sufficient to accelerate spontaneous skin ageing and to stimulate ultra-violet irradiation-induced photo ageing of murine skin〔J〕.Br J Dermatol,2004;151(5):984-94.
26Kanda N,Watanabe S.17beta-estradiol inhibits the production of interferon induced protein of 10 kDa by human keratinocytes〔J〕.J Invest Dermatol,2003;120(3):411-9.
27Uzuka M,Nakajima K,Ohta S,etal.The mechanism of estrogen-induced increase in hyaluronic acid biosynthesis,with special reference to estrogen receptor in the mouse skin〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,1980;627(2):199-206.
28Vihtam?ki T,Parantainen J,Koivisto AM,etal.Oral ascorbic acid increases plasma oestradiol during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy〔J〕.Maturitas,2002;42(2):129-35.
29Shu YY,Maibach HI.Estrogen and skin:therapeutic options〔J〕.Am J Clin Dermatol,2011;12(5):297-311.
30Lin L,Perets A,Har-El YE,etal.Alimentary ′green′ proteins as electrospun scaffolds for skin regenerative engineering〔J〕.J Tissue Eng Regen Med,2012;7(12):994-1008.
31Shin MH,Rhie GE,Park CH,etal.Modulation of collagen metabolism by the topical application of dehydroepiandrosterone to human skin〔J〕. J Invest Dermatol,2005;124(2):315-23.
32Widyarini S,Domanski D,Painter N,etal.Estrogen receptor signaling protects against immune suppression by UV radiation exposure〔J〕.Pro Natl Acad Sci USA,2006;103(34):12837-42.
33McSorley PT,Young IS,Bell PM,etal.Vitamin C improves endothelial function in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women〔J〕. Climacteric,2003;6(3):238-47.
34Hejlova P,Zivny J.Effect of vaginal estriol on urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women〔J〕.Ceska Gynekol,2004;69(4):329-35.
35Holzer G,Riegler E,H?nigsmann H,etal.Effects and side-effects of 2% progesterone cream on the skin of peri- and postmenopausal women:results from a double-blind,vehicle-controlled,randomized study〔J〕.Br J Dermatol,2005;153(3):626-34.