朱保龍

閱讀是中學英語教學中學生必須掌握的聽、說、讀、寫四種技能之一，閱讀技能的訓練和培養(yǎng)是英語教學的重要目的之一。高中英語課程標準明確要求側(cè)重培養(yǎng)學生的閱讀能力。近幾年來，高考對學生閱讀理解能力的要求越來越高，閱讀文章不少于3篇，字數(shù)不少于1000字，且題材多樣。那么怎樣才能提高學生的閱讀技能呢？

一、必須讓學生明白閱讀的重要性

在中學英語教學中，讀是中心活動。大量閱讀可以使我們獲得許多信息，增加我們的知識，培養(yǎng)思維能力和提高智力，同時能提高理解能力和培養(yǎng)良好語感。

二、讓學生體會閱讀的樂趣

興趣是最好的老師。只有讓學生充分感受到閱讀的樂趣，他們才會自覺、自愿地閱讀，而且自信能夠做好閱讀。告訴學生長期以來所積累的智慧和許多世紀以來留傳的使人愉悅的故事，都可以簡易地從書本上獲得。閱讀是一件有趣的事，它會使我們的思維活躍起來。書本都是相互影響的，它們連接著過去、現(xiàn)在和將來，它們有自己的同類，猶如家庭成員一般，所以無論在何處開始閱讀，都會把自己與一種思想相聯(lián)系，最終，不僅清楚地了解了其中的人物和世界，而且清楚地了解我們自己。大量閱讀會使我們過得更好，變得更明智、更親切和更有涵養(yǎng)。遨游在知識的海洋里，確實能讓我們感受到閱讀的無窮樂趣，不僅如此，而且能讓我們了解全世界的事情。

三、提高閱讀技能應遵循的原則

1.加強閱讀，持之以恒。每天都應該閱讀一定量的英語課外讀物，還要用自己的話歸納出所讀文章大意。

2.以比自己覺得舒服的速度閱讀。通常閱讀的速度愈快，理解力便愈佳。

3.閱讀時不要回頭讀，即使遇到生詞也應繼續(xù)讀下去。如果一個單詞或短語不能十分了解，則應等到把全段讀完一遍之后再回頭重讀。

4.要有選擇地讀。閱讀時，要有意識地把名詞、代詞和動詞與別的詞分開，正確地讀這些名詞、代詞和動詞，句子里其他的詞只要看一下就行。

四、提高閱讀技能的方法

1.必須目的明確地閱讀。閱讀時，最好至少讀兩遍，第一遍，主要目的是抓“main idea”；第二遍，目的集中于細節(jié)，問自己五個“WH - question”和一個“How”問題。如下文：

The first true piece of sports equipment that man invented was the ball. In ancient Egypt， as everywhere，throwing stones was the childrens favorite game. But a badly thrown rock could hurt a child. Looking for something less dangerous to throw， the Egyptians made what were probably the first balls.

At first， balls were made of grass or leaves held together by vines. Later they were made of pieces of animal skin sewed together and filled with feathers or hay.

Before long the Egyptians had developed a number of ball games， each with its own set of rules. Perhaps they played ball games more for education than for fun. Ball playing was thought of mainly as a way to teach young men the speed and skill they would need for war.

第一遍閱讀之后，我們就獲得了關于這篇文章的大意：The ball was the first true sports equipment that man invented，并且能夠回答以下幾個問題：①What was the first sports equipment that man invented？②What was childers favorite game in ancient Egypt？③The first balls were made of animal skin， werent they？④Why did the Egyptians play ball games？讀第二遍時，我們就集中于以下這些重要細節(jié)：①The ball was probably invented because throwing stones often caused harm.②The first balls were probably made of grass or leaves tied with vines.③The egyptians played many different games with balls.④Ball playing was useful.

2.根據(jù)上下文推測生詞的意義和用法。當閱讀到生詞或短語時，不要慌張，也不要停下來慢慢地查字典，可以根據(jù)上下文推測生詞或短語的詞義。①找出經(jīng)常給出明確定義的系動詞to be。如：A liquid is one of the ghree main forms of matter，a substance that is not a solid or a gas.假設liquid是一個生詞，系動詞be后面就給出了明確的定義——“液體”。 ②找出說明詞義的定語從句。如：the herdsman， who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中l(wèi)ook after sheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。 ③找出生詞的同位語。如：They travelled a long way， at last got to a castel， a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times給出了castel的確切詞義“城堡”。④找出破折號。如：We are on the night——from midnight to 8 a.m.——this week.兩個破折號之間的短語清楚地表明了night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ⑤找出同一生詞的參考詞。如：the rock fell from the mountain and stopped in the middle of the road. When the villagers came out and saw the rock blocking the road， they wanted to lift the rock out of the road.根據(jù)幾個動詞fell—stopped—blocking—lift的線索，可以推測“block”為“阻塞”之意。⑥觀察單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)詞法也能幫助確定詞義。如：careless，care表示“仔細”，-less表示否定之意，故careless的詞義為“粗心的”。

3.勾畫出主題句。主題句即是整篇文章的主題，是作者的觀點，通過出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾，有時也出現(xiàn)在中間，文章的其他細節(jié)均是圍繞它作鋪墊的。閱讀時要抓住這些關鍵詞：“the most important thing”，“first”；“the second thing”or “secondly”；“the third important thing” or“thirdly”；“the last”，這樣我們就能完整地快速地理解全文。

4.學會理解文字背后暗示的意思。閱讀時會遇到這種情形，作者不明確表明自己的觀點或看法，而是寓其觀點于描述的事實中，這就要求讀者邊讀邊思考，邊推理邊歸納。例如：

Bob was a gardener and he had no work for a few months. One day， while he was walking in the street， he saw a sign for taking on a man who could grow flowers and trees well. Bob was so pleased that he went to answer the sign right away. There Bob was told to bring his old overalls with him. Bob did what he was asked，the master examined his overalls carefully and then diceded to let him have the job. Bob asked him why his overalls were so important. The master said：“Oh， your overalls are all with patches on the knees. I have dismissed two men whose overalls were with patches on the buttock.”

讀完這篇文章，也許我們會問為什么鮑勃得到了那份工作。僅僅是因為他的工裝褲上的膝蓋部分有補丁嗎？（Only because his overalls are all with patches on the knees.）當然不是，而是“Overalls with patches on the knees”暗示著鮑勃是個勤奮工作的人，“dismissed two men whose overalls were with patches on buttock”（我開除了兩個工裝褲屁股部分有補丁的人），這句中的“overall with patches on buttock”暗示著那兩個人很懶惰。

當然，提高閱讀技能并非易事，除了上述方法外，我們還必須打好基礎，掌握大量詞匯，記住許多重要句型和保持良好的閱讀心情。即使閱讀時遇到了困難，也不放棄。我相信，只要明白了閱讀的重要性，體會到了閱讀的樂趣，遵循了閱讀的原則和有了良好的閱讀方法，閱讀技能一定會慢慢提高。