畢利萍(綜述),徐國鎮(zhèn)(審校)
(1.中國石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司中心醫(yī)院放療科,河北 廊坊 065000; 2.中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科,北京 100021)
膠質(zhì)瘤是顱內(nèi)最常見的惡性腫瘤,約占顱內(nèi)腫瘤的50%。其中多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤占腦膠質(zhì)瘤的40%~50%,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段為手術(shù)+術(shù)后放射治療。多形膠母腫瘤惡性程度高,治療效果差,接受上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療后,中位生存期為9個(gè)月左右[1]。為了提高治療療效,化學(xué)治療作為腫瘤的重要治療手段,在多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的治療中一直對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究,在以順鉑、卡莫司汀、替尼泊苷、尼莫司汀為代表的藥物的年代,無論是術(shù)后輔助化療或是同期放化療,都未能進(jìn)一步提高多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的療效[2]。近年來,膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤綜合治療的進(jìn)展主要體現(xiàn)在替莫唑胺同步放化療+輔助化療的治療以及聯(lián)合分子靶向治療的應(yīng)用等。
1.1化療在多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療中的進(jìn)程 許多化療藥物,如卡莫司汀、順鉑、依托泊苷、甲基芐肼、洛莫司汀和長春新堿等單藥或多藥聯(lián)合放射治療用來治療腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,Stewart[2]的薈萃分析總結(jié)了12個(gè)臨床研究,3004例患者,得到的結(jié)論是輔助化療+術(shù)后放療未能提高療效,順鉑、卡莫司汀、替尼泊苷、尼莫司汀等藥物術(shù)后同步放化療的研究結(jié)果表明,術(shù)后同期放化療依然沒有進(jìn)一步提高療效。
Westphal等[3-4]的Ⅲ期臨床研究比較了術(shù)中植入卡莫司汀生物降解膜(Gliadel?Wafer)+術(shù)后放射治療與術(shù)后單純放療的療效,中位生存期分別為13.5個(gè)月和11.4個(gè)月。Weller等[5]報(bào)道了德國的Ⅲ期臨床研究結(jié)果,比較了術(shù)后放射治療聯(lián)合尼莫司汀、替尼泊苷與術(shù)后放射治療聯(lián)合尼莫司汀、阿糖胞苷的療效,結(jié)果顯示2年和3年生存率分別為37%和25%。Grossman等[6]的Ⅲ期臨床研究比較放療前3周期卡莫司汀+順鉑和卡莫司汀的療效,卡莫司汀聯(lián)合順鉑沒有明顯提高療效,到目前為止,沒有臨床研究表明放療前的誘導(dǎo)化療能夠提高療效。
替莫唑胺是四硝基咪唑衍生物,屬DNA烷化劑,在體內(nèi)自發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)化為生物活性物質(zhì),具有良好的血腦屏障通透性。替莫唑胺是化療在腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療的一大進(jìn)展,Stupp等[7-8]報(bào)道的臨床研究,比較術(shù)后替莫唑胺同步放化療+輔助化療與術(shù)后單純放療的療效,結(jié)果顯示與術(shù)后單純放射治療比較,術(shù)后替莫唑胺同步放化療+輔助化療的5年生存率從1.4%提高到了9.8%。Hart等[9]的薈萃分析顯示,在包含703例患者的設(shè)計(jì)較好的非隨機(jī)對(duì)照的臨床研究中,替莫唑胺提高了生存率,同時(shí)提高了無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間;Ⅲ級(jí)和Ⅳ級(jí)血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率為5%~14%;在225例復(fù)發(fā)患者中,盡管替莫唑胺未能提高總生存,但是提高了無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間。Stupp等[7-8]的臨床研究使術(shù)后放療+替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療成為新診斷的腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案。
1.2替莫唑胺的時(shí)效關(guān)系及劑量強(qiáng)度關(guān)系 在腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的術(shù)后同步放化療和輔助放化療中,推薦的替莫唑胺的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療同步放化階段75 mg/(m2·d),連用42 d;輔助化療階段150~200 mg/(m2·d),連用5 d,28 d為1個(gè)周期,連續(xù)6個(gè)周期[7-8]。替莫唑胺的作用機(jī)制受到O6-甲基鳥嘌呤-DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)啟動(dòng)子甲基化狀態(tài)的影響。MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化患者中療效更為顯著,針對(duì)替莫唑胺的應(yīng)用方式是否會(huì)影響MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化狀態(tài)及替莫唑胺的最佳給藥方案這些問題,研究者做了大量研究。
早期的臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究顯示,延長替莫唑胺的給藥時(shí)間能夠增加療效,其可能的機(jī)制為長期低劑量給予替莫唑胺會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著的、累積性的、持久的MGMT基因失活,從而提高療效。Tolcher等[10]的研究測(cè)定了MGMT的活性與替莫唑胺用藥時(shí)間的函數(shù)關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示延長替莫唑胺的給藥時(shí)間,即使在低劑量水平,也能顯著抑制MGMT的活性,可能增加替莫唑胺的抗腫瘤活性。如果以替莫唑胺標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輔助化療方案(150~200 mg/m2連續(xù)5 d,28 d為1個(gè)周期)為基準(zhǔn),假定腫瘤的藥物暴露量為1,替莫唑胺75 mg/(m2·d)×49 d的藥物暴露量為2.1,替莫唑胺175 mg/(m2·d)×7 d,用1周停1周的方案,藥物暴露量為3.2,替莫唑胺85~100 mg/(m2·d)×21 d,停1周的方案,藥物暴露量為2.4~2.8倍,提示替莫唑胺的應(yīng)用方案可以改變藥物的療效[11-12]。Weiler等[13]觀察了41例新診斷的多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者放療前接受替莫唑胺150 mg/m2,用1周停1周,同步放化療時(shí)替莫唑胺50 mg/(m2·d),輔助化療時(shí),開始劑量150 mg/m2,用1周停1周,同時(shí)使用吲哚美辛的強(qiáng)化替莫唑胺化療方案,治療相關(guān)的Ⅳ~Ⅴ級(jí)血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率為36.6%(15/41),Ⅳ~Ⅴ級(jí)非血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率為4.9%(2/41)。為了進(jìn)一步研究替莫唑胺的最佳給藥方式,美國放射腫瘤治療協(xié)作組(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG)開展了一個(gè)Ⅲ期的臨床研究(RTOG0525),入組患者在同步放化療階段接受與Stupp等[8]研究相同的方案,在輔助化療階段,患者根據(jù)年齡(<50歲 vs ≥50歲),卡氏評(píng)分 (60~80分 vs 90~100分),腫瘤切除程度(活檢和次全切除 vs 全切除),MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化狀態(tài)分層,隨機(jī)進(jìn)入兩組,一組接受替莫唑胺,200 mg/m2,1~5 d,每28天重復(fù),最長12個(gè)周期,另外一組接受替莫唑胺100 mg/m2,1~21 d,每28天重復(fù)化療,最長12個(gè)周期的化療方案,期待該結(jié)果帶來替莫唑胺最佳療效方案。結(jié)果尚在等待中。
1.3替莫唑胺聯(lián)合其他化療藥物的應(yīng)用 在過去的10年里,能夠證明治療腦多形膠母細(xì)胞瘤有效的藥物及綜合治療模式就是術(shù)中在瘤腔植入卡莫司汀降解膜+術(shù)后放射治療和術(shù)后放療+替莫唑胺的同步和輔助化療。但根據(jù)歐洲癌癥研究與治療機(jī)構(gòu)(European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer,EORTC)研究發(fā)表的術(shù)后放療+替莫唑胺的同步和輔助化療最新結(jié)果[7],5年生存率為9.8%,療效仍然不理想。Brem等[14]的臨床研究表明,術(shù)中置放卡莫司汀降解膜結(jié)合術(shù)后放療與單純放射治療比,能夠提高生存率。La Rocca等[15]提到術(shù)中在瘤腔植入卡莫司汀降解膜+術(shù)后放療和替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療有可能提高分級(jí)腦瘤的療效。McGirt等[16]的病例配對(duì)研究比較了術(shù)中植入卡莫司汀降解膜+術(shù)后放療與替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療的療效,后者的中位生存時(shí)間達(dá)到了21.3個(gè)月,優(yōu)于EORTC[7]研究(14.6個(gè)月),提示術(shù)中植入卡莫司汀降解膜+術(shù)后放療與替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療可能進(jìn)一步提高療效。但也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道替莫唑胺聯(lián)合卡莫司汀降解膜+術(shù)后放射治療未能明確提高療效,這一方案應(yīng)局限于臨床試驗(yàn),需要對(duì)這一方案的不良反應(yīng)進(jìn)一步評(píng)估。替莫唑胺聯(lián)合其他藥物化療,療效也不盡滿意,且治療相關(guān)毒性增加,Quinn等[17]報(bào)道了一個(gè)臨床Ⅱ期研究,在替莫唑胺的基礎(chǔ)上增加伊利替康化療,與歷史對(duì)照,療效未提高,Ⅲ級(jí)和Ⅳ級(jí)毒性反應(yīng)明顯(表1)。
表1 術(shù)后放療+替莫唑胺與其他化療藥物多藥聯(lián)合應(yīng)用結(jié)果
表皮生長因子受體高表達(dá)與腦多形膠母細(xì)胞瘤的預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān),Barker等[18]報(bào)道了1988~1995年該中心兩個(gè)臨床研究收治的170例腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的EGFR表達(dá)情況以及EGFR表達(dá)與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。一個(gè)臨床研究患者接受術(shù)后常規(guī)分割放療和羥基脲同步化療及硫脲嘌呤輔助化療,另一個(gè)臨床研比較常規(guī)分割和超分割以及加或不加放療增敏劑的療效。全組中位生存時(shí)間為12.9個(gè)月。老年患者表皮生長因子受體陽性表達(dá)者多,表皮生長因子受體陽性預(yù)示著放療不敏感。將治療后腫瘤縮小達(dá)到>50%定義為放療敏感,表皮生長因子不表達(dá)患者,放療敏感的比例為33%;表皮生長因子受體中度表達(dá)患者,放療敏感的比例為18%,表皮生長因子受體高表達(dá)者,放療敏感的比例只有9%,組間存在明顯差異。Chakravarti等[19]未能發(fā)現(xiàn)RTOG腦瘤臨床研究中患者表皮生長因子受體表達(dá)與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
Brown等[20]報(bào)道的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床研究表明,97例多形腦膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者接受表皮生長因子受體抑制劑-特羅凱與放射治療和替莫唑胺聯(lián)合治療,放療前使用1周特羅凱,然后替莫唑胺75 mg/m2同步放療聯(lián)合化療(60 Gy)+6周期替莫唑胺輔助化療,中位生存期為15.3個(gè)月,與Stupp等[8]報(bào)道的結(jié)果比較,未能獲得生存獲益。
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子在惡性膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)病過程中是一個(gè)重要的因子[21-22],多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中血管內(nèi)皮生長因子呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)[21],而且血管內(nèi)皮生長因子的高表達(dá)與多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[23]。貝伐單抗是一種在多種腫瘤中顯示抗腫瘤活性的人源化的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子單克隆抗體[24-25],貝伐單抗單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合伊利替康在復(fù)發(fā)腦膠質(zhì)瘤中證實(shí)了安全和抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[26-27]。Vredenburgh等[26]報(bào)道了125例新診斷的腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者,在接受術(shù)后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)放療和替莫唑胺同步化療的患者中,增加貝伐單抗10 mg/m2,每2周1次,與手術(shù)間隔至少4周后開始使用,耐受性良好,與歷史對(duì)照,中位無進(jìn)展生存期為13.8個(gè)月,療效優(yōu)于術(shù)后放療聯(lián)合替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案。Lai等[28]報(bào)道的Ⅱ期臨床研究共有70例患者入組,患者接受貝伐單抗抗10 mg/kg,每2周1次,替莫唑胺同步放療[替莫唑胺75 mg/(m2·d),放射劑量60 Gy],然后接受貝伐單抗維持治療10 mg/kg,每2周1次,替莫唑胺輔助化療(150~200 mg/m2×5 d,28 d為1周期)連用24個(gè)月或者到腫瘤進(jìn)展,然后繼續(xù)使用貝伐單抗。入組患者中有40%(28/70)的MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化,總中位生存時(shí)間和無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間分別為19.6個(gè)月和13.6個(gè)月,該結(jié)果與Stupp等[8]的研究結(jié)果(14.6個(gè)月和6.9個(gè)月)比較,提高了6個(gè)月無進(jìn)展生存率,總生存率沒有改善。亞組分析顯示對(duì)MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化的患者而言,增加貝伐單抗可提高無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間和總生存率,Ⅲ級(jí)和Ⅳ級(jí)毒性主要是粒細(xì)胞減少和血小板減少。基于這些研究,RTOG開展了一項(xiàng)多中心的Ⅲ期臨床研究(RTOG0825)[29],對(duì)于新診斷的多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,所有患者先接受3周30 Gy放療和替莫唑胺的同步化療,然后根據(jù)MGMT啟動(dòng)子甲基化狀態(tài)和其他分子表達(dá)譜隨機(jī)分組,一組接受3周替莫唑胺同步放化以及貝伐單抗(每2周1次),另一組接受另3周替莫唑胺同步放化及安慰劑,同步放化療完成后4周,開始替莫唑胺輔助化療(150~200 mg/m2,連用5 d,28 d 1周期×5周期)和貝伐單抗或安慰劑治療(2周1次,最多12周期),該研究的結(jié)果有望提供貝伐單抗在多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療中的作用。
腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤是最具有侵襲性的原發(fā)腫瘤之一,極少有長期存活者,手術(shù)+術(shù)后放療+替莫唑胺同步和輔助化療是目前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案。但目前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案的預(yù)后仍然很差,5年生存率<10%。MGMT狀態(tài)是最能反映腫瘤對(duì)目前替莫唑胺治療效應(yīng)的預(yù)測(cè)因素。隨著對(duì)腦多形膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物的不斷認(rèn)識(shí),個(gè)體化或者分層治療將會(huì)成為新的趨勢(shì)。
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