李曉丹
(大連市第二十四中學(xué),遼寧 大連116001)
動詞不定式由不定式符號to加動詞原形組成,不帶to的不定式與動詞原形同形。它可以帶賓語,構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語,在句子中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,因此在句中可充當(dāng)謂語以外的任何成分,即主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓補(bǔ)、主補(bǔ)和同位語。其否定式為not(to)+動詞原形。動詞不定式具有動詞的性質(zhì),因此有時態(tài)和語態(tài)變化。
(1)動詞不定式的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或?qū)⒃谄浜蟀l(fā)生。
They are learning to sing and dance.他們在學(xué)習(xí)歌舞。
The teacher asked us to look over what we had learned.老師讓我們復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)內(nèi)容。
(2)動詞不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,并且正在進(jìn)行中。
The weather seems to be improving.天氣似乎在好轉(zhuǎn)。
(3)動詞不定式的完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should like,would like等動詞后,表示動作在謂語之前發(fā)生,但行為沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。
I would like to have had your help.我本想得到你的幫助。(實(shí)際上我卻沒有得到。)
(4)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前,并一直在進(jìn)行。
They are quite happy to have been cooperating happily with us till now.他們非常高興能和我們一直愉快地合作。
(1)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動式。
I felt a little bit puzzled to be asked such a question.被問了這樣一個問題,我有點(diǎn)迷惑不解。
(2)不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。某些形容詞作表語,動詞不定式用來修飾這個形容詞,而且動詞不定式和句子主語之間存在著邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時,一般用不定式的主動式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞包括fine,hard,important,nice,painful,pleasant,possible,safe,simple,strange,difficult,easy等。
This machine is very easy____.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012 遼寧卷)
A.operating B.to be operating
C.operated D.to operate
答案為D。
In many people’s opinion,that company,though relatively small,is pleasant____.(2010 四川卷)
A.to deal with B.dealing with
C.to be dealt with D.dealt with
答案為A。
動詞不定式作主語時常用形式主語it,而真正的主語則被置于句子后部。
No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when it’s better ____silent.(2012浙江卷)
A.remain B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
答案為D。to remain silent是真正的主語。
如果不定式要帶邏輯主語,則需用介詞of 或for來引導(dǎo)。用for 引導(dǎo)的形容詞有:important,necessary,impossible,better,worse,easy,difficult,heavy,light 等;需用of 引導(dǎo)的 形 容 詞 有:good,nice,kind,bad,cruel,wicked,clever,bright,wise,silly,foolish,stupid等,這些形容詞主要表示做這件事的人的品格或素質(zhì)。不定式前的sb.可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式相當(dāng)于sb.is+形容詞+to do句式。
有些動詞只能接不定式(短語)作賓語,如afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish,want,should(would)like等。
There were many talented actors out there just waiting____.(2010江西卷)
A.to discover B.to be discovered
C.discovered D.being discovered
答案為B。不定式做wait的賓語。
有些及物動詞的賓語要用“疑問詞+動詞不定式短語”,如advise,ask,decide,find out,instruct,know,forget,imagine,learn,observe,remember,tell,think,understand,wonder等。
He told us whether ____apicnic was still under discussion.(2009四川卷)
A.to have B.having
C.have D.had
答案為A。
介詞的賓語一般為動名詞,但在下列短語的介詞后要用不定式:have no choice but,do nothing(anything/everything)but(except),can’t but,can’t choose but,can’t help but。除了have no choice but外,but后面to都要省略。
If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but ____an even greater challenge.(2012陜西卷)
A.meets B.meeting
C.meet D.to meet
答案為D。
當(dāng)主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,plan,purpose等名詞為中心的短語,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時,不定式表語對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用。
His aim is to study abroad in the near future.他的目標(biāo)是在不久的將來出國學(xué)習(xí)。
What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.我想說的是忘掉那些不愉快的經(jīng)歷。
不定式作定語需后置,形式為something to be done。
The airport ____next year will help promote tourism in this area.(2013四川卷)
A.being completed B.to be completed
C.completed D.having been completed
答案為B。意為“明年修的飛機(jī)場”。
不定式作定語與所修飾詞之間具有主謂、動賓、同位語等多種關(guān)系。其中,同位語關(guān)系高考題常出現(xiàn)。
Volunteering gives you a chance ____lives,including your own.(2013北京卷)
A.change B.changing
C.changed D.to change
答案為D。不定式與chance為同位關(guān)系。
The ability ____an idea is as important as the idea itself.(2011湖南卷)
A.expressing B.expressed
C.to express D.to cover
答案為C。不定式與ability為同位關(guān)系。
用不定式作同位語的名詞通常是表示企圖、傾向、目的、愿望,打算、能力、意向等意義的名詞,如plan,ability,attempt,wish等。
當(dāng)被修飾的是不定代詞,如everything,anything,much,little 等,或名詞前是由形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞、the only等強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾,非謂語動詞作定語則只能用動詞不定式。
——The last one ____pays the meal.
——Agreed?。?007 全國I)
A.a(chǎn)rrived B.a(chǎn)rrives
C.to arrive D.a(chǎn)rriving
答案為C。
不定式作狀語可以表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。
____warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.(2013湖南卷)
A.Staying B.Stayed
C.To stay D.Stay
答案為C,表示目的。
George returned after the war,only ____that his wife had left him.(2012山東卷)
A.to be told B.telling
C.being told D.told
答案為A。only to do表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。主語George與不定式的動詞邏輯上是被動關(guān)系。
The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy____anything that happened to be on.(2012全國卷II)
A.to watch B.watching
C.watched D.to have watched
答案為A。動詞不定式(短語)常跟在一些形容詞后面,說明產(chǎn)生這些情緒的原因,如happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。
We were astonished ____the temple still in its original condition.(2010遼寧卷)
A.finding B.to find
C.find D.to be found
答案為B。
賓語與其賓補(bǔ)或主語與其主補(bǔ)形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。常見動詞有:ask,force,get,allow,prefer,expect,advise,permit,request,order,invite,help,wish,want,like,hate等。
Having finished her project,she was invited by the school______to the new students.(2012江西卷)
A.speaking B.having spoken
C.to speak D.to have spoken
答案為C。不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。
Passengers are permitted________only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.(2011 天 津卷)
A.to carry B.carrying
C.to be carried D.being carried
答案為A。不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。
動詞不定式(短語)可以用來做句子的獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有:to begin with(首先),to tell the truth(說實(shí)在的),to make a long story short(長話短說),to be brief(簡言之),to be exact(確切地說),to be frank(坦率地說),to conclude(總而言之)等。
_________,the pay isn’t attractive enough,though the job itself is quite interesting.(2009 浙江卷)
A.Generally speaking
B.On the contrary
C.In particular
D.To be honest
答案為D。to be honest說實(shí)話。
綜上所述,不定式的用法比較靈活,在歷年各地高考中均有體現(xiàn)。高考復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)勤做歸納,抓住重點(diǎn),靈活運(yùn)用。