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甲藻門環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻屬和環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸研究進(jìn)展

2014-04-29 18:41:55劉麗麗
安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2014年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:甲藻

劉麗麗

摘要

環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸(Azaspiracid, AZA)是最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種貝類毒素,近年來在毒素成分、結(jié)構(gòu)和毒性大小以及產(chǎn)生這類毒素的甲藻物種多樣性研究上取得了快速的進(jìn)展。對產(chǎn)毒藻的物種多樣性、地理分布、形態(tài)學(xué)和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育以及毒素成分的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述。

關(guān)鍵詞 甲藻;環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸;環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻屬;貝類毒素

中圖分類號 S917 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611(2014)11-03293-03

Abstract Azaspiracid is a recently reported shellfish toxin. In recent years, great progresses have been made on toxin composition, structures, toxicity, and dinoflagellate diversity responsible for these toxins. Here we review the species diversity and biogeography of these toxic dinoflagellates, morphology and phylogeny, and toxin composition.

Key words Dinoflagellate; Azaspiracid; Azadinium; Shellfish toxin

環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸(Azaspiracid, AZA)是一類聚醚類生物毒素,其結(jié)構(gòu)包括1個環(huán)胺(Cyclic amine/aza group)、3個螺環(huán)(Trispiroassembly)和1個羧酸(Carboxylic acid),因此得名 AZA-SPIR-ACID。人食用AZA毒素污染的貝類會出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、胃痙攣等癥狀,因此歐盟通過立法確立了雙殼軟體動物中AZA的最大檢出限(160 μg/kg貝肉)。在所有已知的海洋貝類毒素中,AZA毒素是最晚發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類,但最近幾年在產(chǎn)毒藻的分類學(xué)研究、毒素衍生物的結(jié)構(gòu)分析等領(lǐng)域取得了飛速的發(fā)展。筆者對產(chǎn)毒藻的物種多樣性、地理分布、形態(tài)學(xué)和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育以及毒素成分的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,并對今后的研究方向進(jìn)行了展望。

1 環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻貝類毒素產(chǎn)毒藻

1.1 物種多樣性和地理分布

1995年在荷蘭發(fā)生了食用貽

貝造成的中毒事件[1],3年后這種毒素被命名為環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸-1(AZA1)[2]。2009年,AZA毒素被確定是由環(huán)胺藻屬(Azadinium)的甲藻產(chǎn)生的。迄今為止該屬已經(jīng)描述了7個物種,首先在蘇格蘭所屬的北海發(fā)現(xiàn)了具刺環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium spinosum)[3],此后從同一個海域發(fā)現(xiàn)了肥胖環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium obesum)[4],接著在丹麥所屬的北海發(fā)現(xiàn)了腹孔環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium poporum)[5]。2012年,在法國發(fā)現(xiàn)的Amphidoma caudata被轉(zhuǎn)移到環(huán)胺藻屬,并建立了2個變種,尾環(huán)胺藻尾變種和尾環(huán)胺藻瑪格麗變種(var. caudatum 和Azadinium caudata var. Margalefii)[6];同年在蘇格蘭設(shè)德蘭群島又發(fā)現(xiàn)了長孔環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium polongum)[7]。2013年于地中海發(fā)現(xiàn)了右側(cè)環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium dexteroporum)[8]。唯一

在歐洲以外發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種是大連環(huán)胺藻(Azadinium dalianense)[9],分離自我國大連海域。環(huán)胺藻除了自由生活外,還可以與放射蟲共生[10]。

環(huán)胺藻屬的生物地理分布信息還十分有限,腹孔環(huán)胺藻在韓國和我國海域都有分布[11-12],具刺環(huán)胺藻在阿根廷海域引發(fā)過赤潮[13],也分布在墨西哥海域[14]。

1.2 形態(tài)學(xué)

除了尾環(huán)胺藻外, 其他的環(huán)胺藻無論是大小還是形態(tài)都很接近(表1)。已描述的物種都是自養(yǎng)型的,靠近細(xì)胞表層有1個葉綠體。大部分種類在光鏡下可以看到像環(huán)一樣的柄狀淀粉粒。環(huán)胺藻屬的甲板方程式是Po,cp,X,4′,3a,6′′,C6,5S,6′′′,2′′′′,唯一的例外是大連環(huán)胺藻,其頂板只有3塊,前間插板只有2塊,因此對環(huán)胺藻屬的定義也相應(yīng)進(jìn)行了修訂[9]。環(huán)胺藻屬的細(xì)胞都有1個明顯的頂孔復(fù)合體,包括1塊頂孔板和1塊導(dǎo)溝板。頂孔板中央有1個頂孔,被1塊蓋板蓋住。導(dǎo)溝板有特殊的三維結(jié)構(gòu)。5塊縱溝板的排列也非常有特點(diǎn)。前縱溝板很大,侵入細(xì)胞上殼,左縱溝板狹長,從第2塊橫溝板一直延伸到第6塊橫溝板。部分物種的第2塊底板有1根很小的刺 (具刺環(huán)胺藻,長孔環(huán)胺藻和右側(cè)環(huán)胺藻)或者1個明顯的角 (尾環(huán)胺藻)。環(huán)胺藻都有1個明顯的腹孔,但各個物種腹孔的位置并不相同,是種間區(qū)分的重要特征之一(表1)。

1.3 系統(tǒng)發(fā)育 3 展望

目前環(huán)胺藻屬已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了7個物種,但是其物種多樣性的研究還遠(yuǎn)未結(jié)束,而其生物地理分布的研究則剛剛起步?;诜肿有蛄械亩縋CR法和原位雜交熒光檢測技術(shù)可用于檢測水體中的環(huán)胺藻[32],該技術(shù)不僅可以用于生物地理學(xué)的研究,而且可以用于研究產(chǎn)毒環(huán)胺藻的季節(jié)變化,從而為貝類毒素含量的監(jiān)測提供依據(jù)。

目前大部分環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸成分的毒性還不清楚,因此研究各種成分,尤其是AZA-40、AZA-41等成分的毒性是今后急需開展的工作,對這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的毒素成分結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行研究則有助于理解毒性大小的變化。轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展為尋找相關(guān)的環(huán)胺螺環(huán)藻酸基因提供了可能,由于同一物種存在有毒株和無毒株,因此發(fā)展針對產(chǎn)毒基因的檢測技術(shù)更具有針對性。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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