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MicroRNA-21在結(jié)直腸癌中的研究進展

2014-07-02 01:45綜述周慧芳審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2014年24期
關(guān)鍵詞:靶點研究進展直腸癌

梁 政 綜述 周慧芳 審校

MicroRNA-21在結(jié)直腸癌中的研究進展

梁 政 綜述 周慧芳 審校

結(jié)直腸癌是我國常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一。目前認為結(jié)直腸癌的形成是一個多因素、多步驟的過程,其具體的發(fā)病機制尚不清楚。microRNA(miRNA)是一類非編碼的小分子RNA,能在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)控基因蛋白的表達,參與腫瘤細胞增殖、分化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,對結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展具有重要的作用。miRNA-21是當(dāng)前研究miRNA在結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病機制的熱點之一,本文就miR-21在結(jié)直腸癌中的研究進展作一綜述。

MicroRNA-21 結(jié)直腸癌

結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常見消化道惡性腫瘤之一。在世界范圍內(nèi)其發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,隨著人民生活水平的改善和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,在我國的發(fā)病率也日益升高[1]。結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病是一個多基因、多因素、多步驟的過程。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一類非編碼的小RNA,參與多種重要的細胞功能,如細胞分化、增殖、凋亡和腫瘤發(fā)生。miR-21是一種原癌miRNA,在多種實體腫瘤包括結(jié)直腸癌中明顯高表達,參與腫瘤細胞的增殖、分化及凋亡,對腫瘤生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。本文就近年來miR-21在結(jié)直腸癌中的研究進展作一綜述。

1 MiR-21概述

microRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類長度約為22個核苷酸的非編碼小分子RNA,能夠在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平對其靶基因進行負調(diào)控。miR-21是miRNA家族的重要成員,位于17q23.2染色體區(qū)域的蛋白編碼基因TMEM49基因,參與細胞發(fā)育、增殖、分化、凋亡、代謝等過程。miR-21初級轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物在細胞核內(nèi)經(jīng)核酸內(nèi)切酶Drosha剪切,成為前體miR-21,然后轉(zhuǎn)運到胞漿內(nèi),由Dicer酶剪切為更短的RNA雙鏈片段,其中一條鏈成為成熟miR-21,它通過抑制和降解靶基因mRNA來負調(diào)控基因的表達。miR-21可以作用于多種靶基因,如磷酸酯酶-張力蛋白同源物PTEN、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑RECK、程序性細胞死亡因子4、P53、乳腺絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑、caspase-3/ 7/9、原肌球蛋白1、Bcl-2、hMSH2等[2-5],其表達同樣受到多種因子的調(diào)節(jié),靶基因也可以通過反饋通路來調(diào)控miR-21的表達,在這復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,miR-21處于核心地位。

2 miR-21參與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展

結(jié)直腸癌的形成是一個多基因、多因素、多階段共同參與的發(fā)生過程。目前研究表明miRNA參與CRC的發(fā)病,其中以miR-21的研究較為深入。Deng等[5]以結(jié)場癌細胞系HT-29為研究對象,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)過表達miR-21后,不僅能抑制腫瘤細胞的凋亡,而且能促進腫瘤細胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移,同時能增加腫瘤細胞對5-Fu的耐藥性。當(dāng)抑制miR-21的表達后能促進腫瘤細胞凋亡,抑制細胞轉(zhuǎn)移,明顯改善對5-Fu的耐藥性。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在細胞系Caco-2、SW480和SW620中,趨化因子CCL20低表達,同時生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測和熒光報告系統(tǒng)證實CCL20是miR-21的靶基因,表明miR-21/CCL20參與CRC的發(fā)?。?,7]。以腫瘤組織和DLD-1細胞系為研究對象,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21在腫瘤組織中明顯高表達,當(dāng)在DLD-1細胞系中沉默miR-21表達時,細胞遷移活性降低30%,表明miR-21能促進腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[8]。炎癥反應(yīng)在CRC發(fā)生中具有重要的作用,炎癥誘導(dǎo)下產(chǎn)生的COX-2酶促進前列腺素E2的產(chǎn)生,進而抑制PDCD4的表達,而PDCD4是miR-21的靶基因,COX-2抑制劑NS398能顯著降低miR-21的表達,同時促進PDCD4的表達[9]。Asangani等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21能作用于抑癌基因PDCD4,抑制結(jié)直腸癌細胞的侵襲,向血管內(nèi)游離以及轉(zhuǎn)移。

3 miR-21相關(guān)的結(jié)直腸癌臨床研究

大多文獻報道主要通過miRNA芯片和Real-time PCR檢測技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21不僅在CRC患者腫瘤組織明顯高表達,而且在血漿和糞便中同樣高表達[11-15]。臨床以血漿和糞便為檢測標本,miR-21可以作為一個無創(chuàng)、可靠、非侵入性的診斷性指標。miR-21不僅可以作為診斷指標,而且具有監(jiān)測病情變化,反映治療效果和監(jiān)測復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用。目前為止,miR-21是CRC患者最理想的預(yù)后指標之一[16]。文獻報道m(xù)iR-21的升高不僅與淋巴結(jié)和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),而且能提示CRC患者的無病生存期縮短,以及治療效果差的特點,是判斷預(yù)后的獨立預(yù)測因素一[17,18]。miR-21在結(jié)腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者中明顯高表達,與無病間期呈正相關(guān),即miR-21高表達的患者其無病間期明顯縮短,表明miR-21高表達患者更容易出現(xiàn)肝轉(zhuǎn)移[19]。與正常組織相比,miR-21在結(jié)腸癌腫瘤組織高表達,值得強調(diào)的是,與Ⅰ/Ⅱ期的患者相比,miR-21在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者顯著高表達,表明miR-21的表達與臨床分期相關(guān)[20]。復(fù)發(fā)患者腫瘤組織中miR-21的表達明顯增高[21]。miR-21與靜脈浸潤、肝轉(zhuǎn)移和腫瘤分期呈正相關(guān),高表達組的總生存和無病生存比低表達組明顯縮短[22]??傊?,miR-21可以作為臨床診斷、判斷復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)移、臨床分期和化療耐藥等檢測指標。

4 miR-21可能成為結(jié)直腸癌治療的新靶點

結(jié)直腸癌的治療主要包括手術(shù)、化療和放療等手段,但目前患者的死亡率仍很高,迫切需要其他有效治療措施。miR-21在CRC患者中高表達,與CRC的臨床分期,轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后密切相關(guān),因此,miR-21可望成為CRC基因治療的新靶點。目前,反義miR-21的寡核苷酸鏈和RNA干擾技術(shù)可以阻斷miR-21對靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)節(jié),從而抑制腫瘤細胞的生長和促進其凋亡,這兩種技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用在以miR-21為靶點治療腫瘤的研究中。Song等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過轉(zhuǎn)染反義miR-21能顯著降低細胞內(nèi)miR-21的表達,不僅可以明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的生長,而且同樣能抑制血管的生成。Asangani等[10]同樣報道抑制miR-21的表達能促進抑癌基因PDCD4的表達進而減少腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移,表明抑制miR-21可以明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和血管生成。不僅如此,研究表明在耐藥結(jié)直腸癌細胞株HCT-116和HT-29中,反義miR-21能增加5-Fu化療藥物的敏感性,miR-21與化療藥具有協(xié)同作用[24]。綜上所述,通過對miR-21的深入研究,預(yù)測其很有可能成為治療CRC的新靶點。

結(jié)直腸癌是一類常見的消化系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤,嚴重威脅著人類健康。隨著對miRNA在結(jié)直腸癌中作用的深入研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21與CRC的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),不僅參與腫瘤細胞的惡性增殖、凋亡、轉(zhuǎn)移等多個過程,而且對結(jié)直腸癌的早期診斷、臨床分期、預(yù)后評估、療效評價等方面均具有重要作用,有可能成為CRC治療的新靶點。

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2 Xiong B,Cheng Y,Ma L,et al.MiR-21 regulates biological behavior through the PTEN/PI-3 K/Akt signaling pathway in human colorectal cancercells[J].Int J Oncol,2013,42(1):219-228.

3 Ma X,Choudhury SN,Hua X,et al.Interaction of the oncogenic miR-21 microRNA and the p53 tumor suppressor pathway[J].Carcinogenesis,2013,34(6):1216-1223.

4 Xu LF,Wu ZP,Chen Y,et al.MicroRNA-21(miR-21)regulates cellular proliferation,invasion,migration,and apoptosis by targeting PTEN,RECK and Bcl-2 in lung squamous carcinoma,Gejiu City,China[J].PLoS One,2014,9(8):e103698.

5 Deng J,Lei W,Fu JC,et al.Targeting miR-21 enhances the sensitivity of human colon cancer HT-29 cells to chemoradiotherapy in vitro[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2014,443(3):789-795.

6 Vicinus B,Rubie C,Stegmaier N,et al.miR-21 and its target gene CCL20 are both highly overexpressed in the microenvironment of colorectal tumors:significance of their regulation[J].Oncol Rep, 2013,30(3):1285-1292.

7 Vicinus B,Rubie C,Faust SK,et al.miR-21 functionally interacts with the 3'UTR of chemokine CCL20 and down-regulates CCL20 expression in miR-21 transfected colorectal cancer cells[J]. Cancer Lett,2012,316(1):105-112.

8 Faltejskova P,Besse A,Sevcikova S,et al.Clinical correlations of miR-21 expression in colorectal cancer patients and effects of its inhibition on DLD1 colon cancer cells[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2012, 27(11):1401-1408.

9 Peacock O,Lee AC,Cameron F,et al.Inflammation and MiR-21pathways functionally interact to downregulate PDCD4 in colorectal cancer[J].PLoS One,2014,9(10):e110267.

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11 Ahmed FE,Ahmed NC,Vos PW,et al.Diagnostic microRNA markers to screen for sporadic human colon cancer in stool:I.Proof of principle.[J]Cancer Genomics Proteomics,2013,10(3):93-113.

12 Basati G,Emami Razavi A,Abdi S,et al.Elevated level of microRNA-21 in the serum of patients with colorectal cancer[J].Med Oncol,2014,31(10):205.

13 Liu GH,Zhou ZG,Chen R,et al.Serum miR-21 and miR-92a as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer[J]. Tumour Biol,2013;34(4):2175-2181.

14 Du M,Liu S,Gu D,et al.Clinical potential role of circulating microRNAs in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer patients[J].Carcinogenesis,2014,35(12):2723-2730.

15 Menéndez P1,Padilla D,Villarejo P,et al.Prognostic implications of serum microRNA-21 in colorectal cancer[J].J Surg Oncol,2013; 108(6):369-373.

16 Dong Y,Yu J,Ng SS.MicroRNA dysregulation as a prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer[J].Cancer Manag Res,2014,6:405-422.

17 Nielsen BS,J?rgensen S,Fog JU,et al.High levels of microRNA-21 in the stroma of colorectal cancers predict short disease-free survival in stage II colon cancer patients[J].Clin Exp Metastasis,2011,28 (1):27-38.

18 Slaby O,Svoboda M,Fabian P,et al.Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31,miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectalcancer[J].Oncology,2007,72(5-6):397-402.

19 Kulda V,Pesta M,Topolcan O,et al.Relevance of miR-21 and miR-143 expression in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and its liver metastases[J].Cancer Genet Cytogenet,2010,200(2):154-160.

20 Xiong Y,Zhang YY,Wu YY,et al.Correlation of over-expressions of miR-21 and Notch-1 in human colorectal cancer with clinical stages[J].Life Sci,2014,106(1-2):19-24.

21 Chang KH,Miller N,Kheirelseid EA,et al.MicroRNA-21 and PDCD4 expression in colorectal cancer[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2011, 37(7):597-603.

22 Shibuya H,Iinuma H,Shimada R,et al.Clinicopathological and prognostic value of microRNA-21 and microRNA-155 in colorectal cancer[J].Oncology,2010,79(3-4):313-320.

23 Song MS,Rossi JJ.The anti-miR21 antagomir,a therapeutic tool for colorectal cancer,has a potential synergistic effect by perturbing an angiogenesis-associated miR30[J].Front Genet,2014,4:301.

24 Yu Y,Sarkar FH,Majumdar AP.Down-regulation of miR-21 induces differentiation of chemoresistant colon cancer cells and enhances susceptibility to therapeutic regimens[J].Transl Oncol,2013,6(2):180-186.

(2014-11-01收稿)(2014-12-09修回)

(本文編輯:鄭莉)

Advances in research on microRNA-21 in colorectal cancer

Zheng LIANG,Huifang ZHOU

Department of Ear-Nose-Throat,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300060,China

Huifang ZHOU;E-mai:ent1682002@126.com

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common digestive system neoplasms in China.Recently,the morbidity and mortality rates of CRC continue to increase with the improvement of people's living standard and the change of the dietary structure.It was accepted that the etiology of colorectal cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step process.However,the mechanism of CRC is still unclear.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of-21 nucleotide non-coding RNAs and function as a negative regulator of gene expression after transcription,participating in tumor angiogenesis,tumor cell proliferation and invasion.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),as an important oncogenic RNA,plays a vital role in the development and progression of CRC.This review summarizes the advances in research on miR-21 in colorectal cancer.

MicroRNA;colorectal cancer

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20142093

天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科(天津市300052)

周慧芳 ent1682002@126.com

梁政 專業(yè)方向為腫瘤基礎(chǔ)研究與頭頸腫瘤臨床診治。

E-mail:ent1682002@126.com

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