蘇祥正,毛克亞,劉鄭生,周 亮,史 騰
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京,100853
椎體成形術(shù)后骨水泥滲漏分析
蘇祥正,毛克亞,劉鄭生,周 亮,史 騰
解放軍總醫(yī)院 骨科,北京,100853
目的 了解椎體成形術(shù)骨水泥滲漏的發(fā)生率、好發(fā)節(jié)段、椎體滲漏的位置等相關(guān)問題。方法 回顧性分析我院脊柱外科2012年6月- 2014年2月68例行椎體成形術(shù)患者的病歷及影像學(xué)資料,分析術(shù)后腰背部疼痛癥狀緩解情況、骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生的節(jié)段、椎體滲漏的位置及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果 患者術(shù)后疼痛緩解率達(dá)94.2%,骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生率為52.7%,好發(fā)節(jié)段為胸12和腰1,椎體骨水泥滲漏的位置按發(fā)生率由高到低依次為:皮質(zhì)骨滲漏(46.9%)、終板滲漏(30.6%)、椎旁血管滲漏(18.4%)、椎管內(nèi)滲漏(4.1%)。1例患者發(fā)生肺栓塞。結(jié)論 椎體成形術(shù)骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生率相對(duì)較高,但其多數(shù)無臨床癥狀,亦無需臨床干預(yù)治療。
椎體壓縮骨折;椎體成形術(shù);骨水泥;骨水泥滲漏;高黏度骨水泥
椎體壓縮骨折(vertebral compression fractures,VCFs)已成為最常見的老年病之一。VCFs常導(dǎo)致腰背疼痛、持續(xù)進(jìn)展的脊柱畸形、脊柱功能減低等,導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重下降。椎體成形術(shù)是治療VCFs的一項(xiàng)微創(chuàng)方法,效果已得到充分的證實(shí)和肯定。椎體成形術(shù)通過向密閉的已塌陷的椎體內(nèi)注射液態(tài)聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂,從而達(dá)到穩(wěn)定骨折及恢復(fù)椎體高度的目的。其廣泛用于治療由骨質(zhì)疏松、溶骨性腫瘤、轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤等原因引起的椎體壓縮骨折[1]。而骨水泥滲漏是其最常見的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,可能引起神經(jīng)組織的受壓以及形成栓子等[2]。為了解椎體成形術(shù)骨水泥滲漏的好發(fā)節(jié)段、滲漏位置以及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況,對(duì)本院68例椎體成形術(shù)患者的臨床病例進(jìn)行了回顧性分析。
1 資料來源 2012年6月1日- 2014年2月10日本院脊柱病區(qū)椎體壓縮骨折并行椎體成形術(shù)的患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)行電視透視下經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)的椎體壓縮骨折患者;2)除椎體壓縮骨折外既往無其他引起腰背部疼痛的相關(guān)疾病,如腰肌勞損、壓縮骨折節(jié)段的椎間盤突出及椎管狹窄;3)脊柱腫瘤導(dǎo)致的椎體壓縮骨折患者其腫瘤累及范圍局限于椎體內(nèi),無椎弓根及其他附件累及;4)有術(shù)后CT檢查資料。
2 手術(shù)方法 手術(shù)醫(yī)師為本院脊柱病區(qū)4名主任醫(yī)師?;颊呃嗫ㄒ蚓致楹笥贑壁引導(dǎo)下將穿刺針通過椎弓根送入骨折椎體,透視見位置良好后使用骨水泥槍注入骨水泥,每個(gè)椎體注入骨水泥3 ~5 ml。所有操作均按照經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作流程。使用器械及骨水泥均由史賽克公司提供。
3 測(cè)量方法及評(píng)估 所有患者術(shù)后常規(guī)行手術(shù)節(jié)段椎體正側(cè)位X線片和CT平掃檢查。骨水泥滲漏位置按椎體上骨水泥滲出部位分為椎體皮質(zhì)滲漏、終板滲漏、椎旁血管滲漏及椎管內(nèi)滲漏。統(tǒng)計(jì)患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后X線片、CT檢查結(jié)果及其術(shù)后癥狀緩解情況,通過骨水泥滲漏長(zhǎng)度結(jié)合術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估。測(cè)量X線片及術(shù)后CT片上骨水泥滲出最遠(yuǎn)端與椎體滲出處連線的長(zhǎng)度,依其滲出長(zhǎng)度及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況分為4級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)為未觀察到滲漏;Ⅱ級(jí)為可觀察到1 ~ 2 mm的骨水泥的外滲,無需進(jìn)一步的醫(yī)學(xué)干預(yù)治療;Ⅲ級(jí)為可觀察到>3 mm的骨水泥的外滲,且骨水泥滲出對(duì)患者無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小,不需要臨床干預(yù)治療;Ⅳ級(jí)為嚴(yán)重滲出,可以觀察到明顯的骨水泥外滲,可能需要臨床干預(yù)治療[2]。使用視覺模擬疼痛評(píng)分(visual analog score,VAS)法評(píng)估術(shù)后患者腰背痛緩解情況,同時(shí)觀察記錄相關(guān)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 使用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,組間采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 一般情況 共68例行椎體成形術(shù)的患者納入研究,平均年齡71.3歲;其中男性23例(33.8%),年齡為46 ~ 85歲,平均66.22歲,女性45例(66.2%),年齡為54 ~ 86歲,平均73.96歲。單個(gè)椎體的椎體成形術(shù)49例,2個(gè)椎體的椎體成形術(shù)16例,3個(gè)椎體的椎體成形術(shù)2例,4個(gè)椎體的椎體成形術(shù)1例,共93個(gè)椎體;其中胸椎38(40.9%)個(gè),腰椎55(59.1%)個(gè)。胸11-腰3手術(shù)節(jié)段最多,腰1最為常見。具體手術(shù)椎體分布見圖1。
2 滲漏情況 共40個(gè)椎體發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏, 其中6個(gè)椎體發(fā)生兩個(gè)部位的骨水泥滲漏,2個(gè)椎體發(fā)生3個(gè)部位的骨水泥滲漏(表1)。共49個(gè)位置發(fā)生滲漏,按發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏的位置計(jì)量,骨水泥滲漏的發(fā)生率為52.7%。胸椎與腰椎骨水泥滲漏率的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。椎體皮質(zhì)滲漏23例(46.9%) (圖2),終板滲漏15例(30.6%),椎旁血管滲漏9例(18.4%),椎管內(nèi)滲漏2例(4.1%)。所有發(fā)生滲漏的椎體中,Ⅳ級(jí)1例,繼發(fā)肺栓塞;Ⅲ級(jí)7例(均為皮質(zhì)骨滲漏);Ⅱ級(jí)24例(皮質(zhì)骨滲漏12例,終板滲漏8例,椎旁血管4例);Ⅰ級(jí)17例。滲漏椎體均無特征,不需要處理。
3 術(shù)后疼痛緩解情況及并發(fā)癥 患者術(shù)后均留院觀察,無鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎等相關(guān)特殊治療。術(shù)后第1天60例腰痛癥狀消失,術(shù)后第2天7例腰痛癥狀明顯緩解,出院時(shí)疼痛緩解率高達(dá)94.2%。術(shù)后第1天4例發(fā)熱,體溫平均38.1℃,經(jīng)物理降溫后第2天均恢復(fù)正常體溫。1例術(shù)后第3天并發(fā)肺栓塞,轉(zhuǎn)至呼吸內(nèi)科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室接受進(jìn)一步治療。其余患者未發(fā)生相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,亦無神經(jīng)損傷、神經(jīng)受壓等癥狀。
圖 1 93個(gè)椎體成形術(shù)的分布情況Fig. 1 Distribution of vertebrae in 93 patients after vertebroplasty
圖 2 行椎體成形術(shù)患者L1節(jié)段椎體皮質(zhì)前側(cè)及右側(cè)可見骨水泥滲漏Fig. 2 Cement leakage in L1, anterior and right cortex of patients after vertebroplasty
表1 骨水泥滲漏椎體分布表Tab. 1 Distribution of cement leakage in vertebrae
椎體成形術(shù)是一項(xiàng)用來穩(wěn)定骨折椎體的微創(chuàng)治療方法。本組68例中,60例術(shù)后第1天疼痛緩解,7例術(shù)后第2天疼痛緩解,出院時(shí)疼痛緩解率高達(dá)94.2%,與以往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道椎體成形術(shù)能夠立即緩解90%的腰背部疼痛一致[3]。雖然椎體成形術(shù)臨床治療效果令人滿意,但其也存在一些風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其中骨水泥滲漏是椎體成形術(shù)中的關(guān)鍵性安全問題[4]。骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生率較高,可能與骨折的嚴(yán)重性以及骨水泥注入的量相關(guān)[5]。骨水泥通過椎體骨折間隙或椎體靜脈間隙發(fā)生滲漏。雖然大部分滲漏無臨床癥狀,但有可能因壓迫而出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)癥狀甚至截癱、肺栓塞、局部或者全身感染等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[6]。肺栓塞是骨水泥最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,可能導(dǎo)致患者死亡,尤其是行椎體成形術(shù)的病理性椎體骨折患者出現(xiàn)呼吸急促癥狀時(shí),則尤需提高警惕[7]。骨水泥滲漏發(fā)生率的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果不盡相同,報(bào)道最高為73%[8-11]。本組研究表明:骨水泥滲漏的發(fā)生率高達(dá)52.7%,與以往的一些文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道(53.0%)相近[1]。
胸11-腰3節(jié)段處于胸彎與腰彎移行區(qū),屬于應(yīng)力集中節(jié)段,且老年患者(尤其是老年女性)易患骨質(zhì)疏松,故該節(jié)段壓縮性骨折發(fā)生率較高。且本組數(shù)據(jù)表明,發(fā)生椎體壓縮骨折患者中女性占多數(shù),這可能與女性為骨質(zhì)疏松高發(fā)人群有關(guān)。女性VCFs的發(fā)病率為10.7‰,男性為5.7‰,隨著年齡的增加發(fā)病率明顯增加。在75 ~ 79歲的女性患者中平均每年的發(fā)病率為29.3‰,男性為13.6‰[6]。
目前椎體成形術(shù)主要有兩種,一種為常規(guī)椎體成形術(shù),其直接通過骨水泥槍向椎體內(nèi)注入骨水泥,該術(shù)式可恢復(fù)70%患者的椎體高度;另一種是球囊椎體成形術(shù):通過特制球囊擴(kuò)張骨折椎體并通過骨水泥槍向球囊內(nèi)注入骨水泥,期望能夠減少骨水泥滲漏。但與常規(guī)椎體成形術(shù)相比,其減少的骨水泥滲漏無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[12]。另有文獻(xiàn)指出,如果在CT引導(dǎo)下將球囊準(zhǔn)確地置于正確位置可使骨水泥滲漏減少76%[13-14]。這種理論認(rèn)為常規(guī)椎體成形術(shù)骨水泥注入壓力較大,而球囊椎體成形術(shù)則使骨水泥注入壓力大大減小,從而減少骨水泥滲漏[15]。而大樣本病例分析顯示:常規(guī)、球囊椎體成形術(shù)二者骨水泥滲漏率無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[16]。此外,二種術(shù)式的椎體高度恢復(fù)、術(shù)后疼痛緩解情況及術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量的提高情況都相近[17]??傊?,兩種椎體成形術(shù)其主要的并發(fā)癥仍是骨水泥滲漏。本次研究病例均為常規(guī)椎體成形術(shù)。
近期有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道高黏度骨水泥可明顯減少骨水泥滲漏[18]。高黏度骨水泥在混合后立刻成為穩(wěn)定的糊狀物(這點(diǎn)不同于低黏度骨水泥),并能保持持續(xù)的高黏度狀態(tài)并在其凝固之前的8 ~ 10 min內(nèi)持續(xù)可注射。高黏度骨水泥可以使用不同類型的針頭進(jìn)行注射。椎體壓縮骨折模型研究顯示:低黏度骨水泥的滲漏率較高,而高黏度骨水泥能夠很好地充盈椎體且不伴滲漏[19]。
除骨水泥滲漏及術(shù)后近期的一些并發(fā)癥以外,椎體成形術(shù)后相鄰椎間盤發(fā)生退行性病變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,與手術(shù)后時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短、骨水泥的注入量密切相關(guān)[20]。因此,術(shù)前應(yīng)充分考慮并評(píng)估術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,椎體成形術(shù)仍是椎體壓縮骨折的良好選擇,其術(shù)后疼痛緩解率較高,且其并發(fā)癥較開放性椎體釘棒系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定手術(shù)少,更為安全。其主要的并發(fā)癥為骨水泥滲漏,發(fā)生率相對(duì)較高,尤其是椎體皮質(zhì)滲漏和終板滲漏,但其多數(shù)無臨床癥狀,亦無需臨床干預(yù)治療??傮w來說,椎體成形術(shù)是較為安全、操作簡(jiǎn)單、患者痛苦少、臨床效果好的一種手術(shù)方式。
1 Trumm CG, Jakobs TF, Stahl R, et al. CT fluoroscopy-guided vertebral augmentation with a radiofrequency-induced, highviscosity bone cement (StabiliT(?)): technical results and polymethylmethacrylate leakages in 25 patients[J]. Skeletal Radiol, 2013, 42(1):113-120.
2 Yeom JS, Kim WJ, Choy WS, et al. Leakage of cement in percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic compression fractures[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2003, 85(1):83-89.
3 Baroud G, Crookshank M, Bohner M. High-viscosity cement significantly enhances uniformity of cement filling in vertebroplasty:an experimental model and study on cement leakage[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2006, 31(22):2562-2568.
4 Habib M, Serhan H, Marchek C, et al. Cement leakage and filling pattern study of low viscous vertebroplastic versus high viscous confidence cement[J]. SAS J, 2010, 4(1): 26-33.
5 Chen HL, Wong CS, Ho ST, et al. A lethal pulmonary embolism during percutaneous vertebroplasty[J]. Anesth Analg, 2002, 95(4):1060-1062.
6 Robinson Y, Heyde CE, F?rsth P, et al. Kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures--guidelines and technical considerations[J]. J Orthop Surg Res, 2011, 6:43.
7 Kumar N, Malviya M, Meireles MD. It should not be here! A strange case of pulmonary cement embolism following balloon kyphoplasty[J/OL]. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article. aspx?articleID=1837477.
8 Fourney DR, Schomer DF, Nader R, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful vertebral body fractures in cancer patients[J]. J Neurosurg, 2003, 98(1 Suppl):21-30.
9 Shapiro S, Abel T, Purvines S. Surgical removal of epidural and intradural polymethylmethacrylate extravasation complicating percutaneous vertebro-plasty for an osteoporotic lumbar compression fracture[J]. J Neurosurg, 2003, 98(1): 90-92.
10 Schmidt R, Cakir B, Mattes T, et al. Cement leakage during vertebroplasty: an underestimated problem?[J]. Eur Spine J,2005, 14(5): 466-473.
11 Machado R, Silva UX, Carneiro E, et al. Lack of correlation between tubular dentine cement penetration, adhesiveness and leakage in Roots filled with gutta percha and an endodontic cement based on epoxy amine resin[J]. J Appl Oral Sci, 2014, 22(1): 22-28.
12 La Maida GA, Giarratana LS, Acerbi A, et al. Cement leakage:safety of minimally invasive surgical techniques in the treatment of multiple myeloma vertebral lesions[J]. Eur Spine J, 2012, 21 Suppl 1:S61-S68.
13 Kang JD, An H, Boden S, et al. Cement augmentation of osteoporotic compression fractures and intraoperative navigation: summary statement[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2003, 28(15 Suppl):S62-S63.
14 Ohnsorge JA, Siebert CH, Schkommodau E, et al. Minimallyinvasive computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation for kyphoplasty[J]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, 2005, 143(2):195-203.
15 Mathis JM, Ortiz AO, Zoarski GH. Vertebroplasty versus kyphoplasty: a comparison and contrast[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2004, 25(5):840-845.
16 Wang Y, Huang F, Chen L,et al. Clinical measurement of intravertebral pressure during vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty[J]. Pain Physician, 2013, 16(4):E411-E418.
17 Bozkurt M, Kahilogullari G, Ozdemir M, et al. Comparative analysis of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures[J]. Asian Spine J, 2014, 8(1): 27-34.
18 Georgy BA. Clinical experience with High-Viscosity cements for percutaneous vertebral body augmentation: occurrence, degree, and location of cement leakage compared with kyphoplasty[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2010, 31(3): 504-508.
19 Anselmetti GC, Zoarski G, Manca A, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement leakage: clinical experience with a new high-viscosity bone cement and delivery system for vertebral augmentation in benign and malignant compression fractures[J]. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2008, 31(5): 937-947.
20 Zhao H, Ni CF, Huang J, et al. Effects of bone cement on intervertebral disc degeneration[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2014, 7(4):963-969.
Cement leakage after vertebroplasty
SU Xiang-zheng, MAO Ke-ya, LIU Zheng-sheng, ZHOU Liang, SHI Teng
Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
MAO Ke-ya. Email: maokeyeya@sina.com
Objective To study the incidence and predilection site of cement leakage and vertebral leakage after vertebroplasty. Methods Imaging data about 68 patients who underwent vertebroplasty in our hospital from June 2012 to February 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, including alleviated symptoms of lumbar and back pain, cement leakage site, vertebral leakage site and related complications. Results The pain relief rate was 94.2%, the incidence of cement leakage, cortical leakage, termatic leakage, paravertebral vascular leakage, intravertebral leakage was 52.7%, 46.9%, 30.6%, 18.4%, 4.1%, respectively. The 12th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae were the predilection sites of cement leakage. Pulmonary embolism occurred in 1 patient. Conclusion Although the incidence of cement leakage is relatively high after vertebroplasty, most patients have no clinical symptoms and do not need clinical intervention.
vertebral compression fracture; vertebroplasty; bone cement; cement leakage; high viscosity cement
R 683.2
A
2095-5227(2014)10-0987-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.10.003
時(shí)間:2014-05-09 09:58
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140509.0958.001.html
2014-03-05
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51372276)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51372276)
蘇祥正,男,在讀碩士。Email: 838624789@qq.com
毛克亞,男,博士,主任醫(yī)師。Email: maokeya@sina.com