李會(huì)星,史憲杰,萬(wàn) 濤,呂少誠(chéng),劉同友,張?chǎng)烀髟?,周桂華
解放軍總醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,北京 100853
術(shù)前PTBD治療對(duì)聯(lián)合半肝切除的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的安全性及有效性
李會(huì)星,史憲杰,萬(wàn) 濤,呂少誠(chéng),劉同友,張?chǎng)?,徐明月,周桂華
解放軍總醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,北京 100853
目的 探討對(duì)于擬行聯(lián)合半肝切除的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的患者,術(shù)前行超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽管穿刺置管引流術(shù)(PTBD)治療的有效性及安全性。方法 回顧性分析2013年1 - 12月我院112例行聯(lián)合半肝切除的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的患者資料,總結(jié)分析其術(shù)前狀態(tài)、手術(shù)情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 術(shù)中留取膽汁培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌陽(yáng)性率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.054,P=0.816)。PTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素為(107.1±29.6) μmol/L,NPTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素(135.6±85.2) μmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.13,P=0.035)。PTBD組術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率較NPTBD組低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.952,P=0.026)。PTBD組切口感染、肝功不全等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率雖較NPTBD組低,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 PTBD作為一種安全、有效的減黃手段,可明顯改善患者術(shù)前肝功能及全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),大大降低術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率。
梗阻性黃疸;PTBD治療;肝門(mén)部膽管癌;半肝切除
肝門(mén)部膽管癌(Klatskin瘤)早期臨床表現(xiàn)隱匿,一經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)常處于中、晚期階段,臨床表現(xiàn)為皮膚、鞏膜黃染,皮膚瘙癢等癥狀。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的膽汁淤積導(dǎo)致患者的內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂,進(jìn)而對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)及肝、腎等臟器功能造成影響[1-3]。對(duì)于行聯(lián)合半肝切除的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的患者,若術(shù)前不加以改善淤膽癥狀,將增加術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為通過(guò)術(shù)前減黃可有效改善患者的手術(shù)耐受性,進(jìn)而降低患者術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率;另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為術(shù)前減黃對(duì)于降低患者術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率尚存爭(zhēng)議,且增加出血、膽道感染等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[4-6]。本文就我院對(duì)肝門(mén)部膽管癌手術(shù)患者行術(shù)前減黃治療效果的資料進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析,報(bào)告如下。
1 一般資料 回顧性分析2013年1 - 12月112例于本院行聯(lián)合半肝切除的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的患者資料,其中男性63例,女性49例,平均年齡(49±2)歲。合并糖尿病36例,高血壓病18例,膽囊結(jié)石41例。Bismuth-Corlette分型:Ⅲa型29例,Ⅲb型65例,Ⅳ型18例。病理類(lèi)型:膽管中分化腺癌43例(38.4%),膽管中-低分化腺癌29例(25.9%),膽管中-高分化腺癌15例(13.4%),低分化膽管細(xì)胞癌7例(6.3%),膽管高分化腺癌12例(10.7%),中-低分化膽管細(xì)胞癌6例(5.3%)。
2 入院檢查 全部患者均行腹部B超、增強(qiáng)CT檢查,103例行MRCP檢查,86例行CTA檢查。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:總膽紅素為(182.0±93.1) μmol/L,直接膽紅素為(152.6±87.1) μmol/L,丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶為(135±87) U/L,天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶為(112±61) U/L,堿性磷酸酶為(482±136) U/L,血清白蛋白為(33.8±5.4) g/L。CA19-9為(973±251) U/L,癌胚抗原為(9.3±4.1)g/L。
3 術(shù)前減黃 PTBD組75例,其中43例行右側(cè)PTBD,28例行左側(cè)PTBD,4例行雙側(cè)PTBD;NPTBD組38例。平均減黃(8±3) d,膽汁引流量為(862±216) ml/d。PTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素水平為(107.1±29.6) μmol/L;NPTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素水平為(135.6±85.2) μmol/L。75例置管患者均在超聲引導(dǎo)下一次置管成功,置入10F豬尾導(dǎo)管,外接引流袋。無(wú)膽漏、膽道出血等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
4 手術(shù)方式 肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合半肝切除,63例行左半肝切除,29例行右半肝切除,20例行擴(kuò)大左半肝切除。26例合并尾狀葉切除,41例聯(lián)合門(mén)靜脈切除重建,5例聯(lián)合肝動(dòng)脈切除重建。術(shù)中均保留PTBD引流管,術(shù)后約2周經(jīng)夾閉訓(xùn)練后拔除。
5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以±s表達(dá)。數(shù)據(jù)的比較采用t檢驗(yàn),方差不齊時(shí)采用近似t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 術(shù)前減黃 PTBD組減黃后總膽紅素、直接膽紅素、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、堿性磷酸酶明顯下降,血清白蛋白明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。PTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素為(107.1±29.6)μmol/L,NPTBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素(135.6±85.2) μmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.13,P=0.035)。見(jiàn)表1。
2 圍術(shù)期情況 PTBD組術(shù)中出血量(1 024± 648) ml,輸注紅細(xì)胞(652± 437) ml,輸注血漿(538± 386) ml。NPTBD組術(shù)中出血量(957±627) ml,輸注紅細(xì)胞(638±382) ml,輸注血漿(613±374) ml,兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。PTBD組52例,NPTBD組27例術(shù)中用10 ml注射器抽取(4±2) ml膽汁留作細(xì)菌培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示PTBD組16例(30.8%)細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性,NPTBD組9例(33.3%)細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.054,P=0.816)。全組住院期間死亡7例,PTBD組4例,死亡原因:腹腔出血1例,感染性休克繼發(fā)多器官功能衰竭1例,術(shù)后全身情況不佳慢性衰竭2例;NPTBD組死亡3例,死亡原因?yàn)楦喂δ芩ソ?例,感染性休克繼發(fā)多器官功能衰竭1例。兩組病死率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.184,P=0.668)。PTBD組術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率較NPTBD組低(P=0.026)。PTBD組切口感染、肝功不全等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率雖較NPTBD組低,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表2。
目前對(duì)肝門(mén)部膽管癌是否行術(shù)前減黃仍然存在爭(zhēng)議?;颊咝g(shù)前肝功能及全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的好壞直接影響到對(duì)手術(shù)的耐受、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生及術(shù)后恢復(fù)[7-8]。但有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,術(shù)前行減黃治療增加了膽道感染、出血及癌細(xì)胞經(jīng)導(dǎo)管播散等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9]。Khuntikeo等[10]回顧分析經(jīng)肝葉切除治療的30例肝門(mén)部膽管癌患者資料,根據(jù)術(shù)前是否減黃分為兩組,結(jié)果表明減黃組與未減黃組的生存率及術(shù)后病死率無(wú)顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,故認(rèn)為大多數(shù)伴有梗阻性黃疸的肝門(mén)部膽管癌患者在未行術(shù)前減黃的情況下行肝葉切除治療是安全的。Hirano等[11]則通過(guò)研究證明術(shù)前減黃可以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率,提高術(shù)后生存率。Ferrero等[12]將肝門(mén)部膽管癌的患者分為PTBD組和NPTBD組,平均減黃時(shí)間21 d,PTBD組的總膽紅素水平的平均值減黃前和減黃后分別為12.3 mg/dl和3.1 mg/dl (P<0.000 1),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Parildar等[13]通過(guò)研究表明術(shù)前減黃可以有效降低膽紅素水平及改善肝門(mén)部膽管癌手術(shù)切除患者術(shù)前的肝功能,改善腎功能,對(duì)預(yù)后有決定作用。龍東輝和婁思源[14]則通過(guò)回顧分析42例相關(guān)病例后指出總膽紅素>200 μmol/L,且擬行較大的肝葉切除手術(shù)時(shí),對(duì)保留肝進(jìn)行選擇性引流不僅可有效減退黃疸,還能增加健側(cè)肝功能代償,降低術(shù)后肝功能衰竭的發(fā)生率。國(guó)外一般以總膽紅素>170 ~ 200 μmol/L作為減黃的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);我國(guó)何曉東和康維明[15]則將總膽紅素>256 μmol/L、膽道梗阻時(shí)間>4周、血清白蛋白<35 g/L、凝血酶原活動(dòng)度<60%作為術(shù)前膽道引流的適應(yīng)證;田伏洲等[16]提出可用公式:年齡(歲)×3+總膽紅素(μmol/L)>450作為評(píng)估是否減黃的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我院常規(guī)于患者血清膽紅素水平>200 mol/L時(shí),行PTBD減黃治療。
表1 PTBD組患者減黃前后的肝功能狀態(tài)Tab. 1 Liver function before and after alleviation of jaundice in group PTBD (±s)
表1 PTBD組患者減黃前后的肝功能狀態(tài)Tab. 1 Liver function before and after alleviation of jaundice in group PTBD (±s)
TB (μmol/L)DB (μmol/L)ALT (U/L)AST (U/L)ALP (U/L)ALB (g/L) Before PTBD 214.8±52.7194.2±47.8148.0±31.0 137.0±25.0 497.2±86.0 31.8±1.4 After PTBD107.1±29.684.3±38.389.0±16.073.0±20.0 253.0±58.0 34.6±1.1 t2.4101.9502.8003.1602.8101.720 P 0.0270.0320.0210.0260.0190.041
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況的比較Tab. 2 Comparison of postoperative complications in two groups (n,%)
本組研究中,PTBD組患者減黃后的總膽紅素水平、肝功能狀態(tài)均較減黃前明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。術(shù)中留取膽汁培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌陽(yáng)性率與NPTBD組無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(χ2=0.0540,P=0.8162),即術(shù)前行PTBD減黃治療不會(huì)增加膽道感染率。PTBD組術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率較NPTBD組低(χ2=4.952,P=0.026)。
筆者認(rèn)為對(duì)于黃疸較深(總膽紅素>200 μmol/L)且擬行聯(lián)合半肝切除治療的肝門(mén)部膽管癌根治術(shù)的患者,因其術(shù)前肝功能、全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)等較差,且手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),需行術(shù)前減黃治療,以改善患者肝功及全身營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),并使健側(cè)肝體積代償增大,從而減少術(shù)后肝功能衰竭的發(fā)生率。本次研究中,雖然兩組術(shù)后的一些并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但足以證明術(shù)前行PTBD治療可明顯改善患者術(shù)前肝功能及營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),降低術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率,其可作為一種安全、有效的術(shù)前減黃治療手段。對(duì)于身體狀態(tài)較差且黃疸較重的肝門(mén)部膽管癌患者,可將PTBD作為一種常規(guī)的術(shù)前治療,進(jìn)而大大降低患者的圍術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn),促進(jìn)患者的恢復(fù)。對(duì)于這一論證我們?nèi)孕韪啻髽颖?、多中心的研究?lái)考證。
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Safety and effectiveness of preoperative PTBD therapy for radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma combined with hemihepatectomy
LI Hui-xing, SHI Xian-jie, WAN Tao, LYU Shao-cheng, LIU Tong-you, ZHANG Wen-wen, XU Ming-yue, ZHOU Gui-hua
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
SHI Xian-jie. Email: shixianjie301@126.com
Objective To investigate the safety and effectiveness of preoperative PTBD therapy for radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma combined with hepatectomy. Methods Clinical data about 112 patients who underwent radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma combined with hemihepatectomy admitted to our hospital from January to December in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Then their preoperative condition, operation status and postoperative complications were summarized and analyzed. Results No statistically significant was found in positive rate of bacteria through culturing the bile which collected intraoperative between the two groups (χ2=0.054,P=0.816). The preoperative total bilirubin (TB) of group PTBD and group NPTBD was (107.1±29.6) μmol/L and (135.6±85.2) μmol/L, respectively. There was statistical significance in two groups (t=2.13, P=0.035). The incidence of bile leakage after operation in group PTBD was lower than that of group NPTBD (χ2=4.952, P= 0.026). Although the rate of postoperation complication such as incision infection, hepatic insufficiency in group PTBD was lower than that of group NPTBD, the difference made no statistical significance. Conclusion PTBD is a safe and effective method to alleviate the symptoms of jaundice. It can significantly improve the patients' preoperative liver function and nutritional state and reduce the incidence of postoperative bile leakage.
obstructive jaundice; PTBD treatment; hilar cholangiocarcinoma; hemihepatectomy
R 735.7
A
2095-5227(2014)10-0990-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.10.004
時(shí)間:2014-04-28 09:16
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140428.0916.002.html
2014-02-18
全軍醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)研究“十二五”計(jì)劃(CWS11J096) Supported by the 12th Five Years Major Special Projects of Chinese PLA Medical Technologies(CWS11J096)
李會(huì)星,男,碩士。研究方向:肝膽胰外科手術(shù)治療。Email: huixing2100@163.com
史憲杰,男,主任醫(yī)師,博士/碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: shi xianjie301@126.com