王博姜等
摘要建設(shè)用地總量控制目標(biāo)的選擇關(guān)系到土地利用規(guī)劃與土地宏觀調(diào)控的科學(xué)性,單一目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的建設(shè)用地規(guī)模預(yù)測具有明顯的局限性?;趪彝恋睾暧^調(diào)控需要,本文統(tǒng)籌考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全3類基本用地需求,構(gòu)建建設(shè)用地總量控制的多情景分析框架,運(yùn)用多元回歸分析、碳平衡分析等方法構(gòu)建土地基本需求模型,結(jié)合國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略與目標(biāo)設(shè)定模型參數(shù),分析預(yù)測不同情景下2020年中國建設(shè)用地總量的變化數(shù)量及影響。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的土地需求可以協(xié)調(diào)并基本得到滿足。情景分析表明,中國遠(yuǎn)期建設(shè)用地供給形勢主要取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變的深度。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變滯后,2020年以后中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的用地沖突將難以調(diào)和;如果經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式發(fā)生顯著進(jìn)步,土地資源可以滿足3類基本需求,為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會持續(xù)發(fā)展提供資源支撐。在現(xiàn)有發(fā)展階段,中國應(yīng)基于糧食安全和生態(tài)安全,實(shí)行更加有力的建設(shè)用地總量倒逼機(jī)制,推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變。同時(shí),建設(shè)用地多情景分析框架能夠反向檢驗(yàn)不同發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)設(shè)定的合理性,綜合分析建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張的影響及潛力,可以應(yīng)用于國家層面土地調(diào)控與規(guī)劃管理實(shí)踐。
關(guān)鍵詞經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展;糧食安全;生態(tài)安全;建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張;多情景分析
中圖分類號F301.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)03-0069-08doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201403011
人多地少的基本國情和快速工業(yè)化、城市化不斷加大中國土地資源管理壓力,通過國家和地方規(guī)劃引導(dǎo)土地的部門間再配置(建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張)具有重要意義[1]。但已有方法主要是以單一目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向的模擬預(yù)測,主要適用于省以下地區(qū)。根據(jù)公共物品、搭便車等經(jīng)濟(jì)理論,糧食安全、生態(tài)安全這類“產(chǎn)品”只可能在國家層面土地利用管理中得到最充分的體現(xiàn),同時(shí)也增加了國家級規(guī)劃目標(biāo)制定的復(fù)雜性與難度。鑒于此,本研究基于國家土地宏觀調(diào)控的需要,從經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全3類基本的用地需求出發(fā),構(gòu)建建設(shè)用地總量控制多情景分析框架,整合土地需求預(yù)測方法,分析2020年可能出現(xiàn)的土地利用格局、沖突及影響,解析中國建設(shè)用地總量控制目標(biāo)與相應(yīng)的管理政策需求。
1建設(shè)用地總量控制的多情景分析框架
科學(xué)制定國家建設(shè)用地總量目標(biāo),首先需要理清經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全3類基本需求對應(yīng)的土地利用類型以及彼此之間的關(guān)系
理論上,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全之間既有矛盾沖突,也存在相互促進(jìn)的作用。但現(xiàn)實(shí)中,不同土地基本需求之間的矛盾沖突更加顯著,并集中體現(xiàn)在土地利用的變化過程中。建設(shè)用地對經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長具有顯著貢獻(xiàn)[21],經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也是建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力[22],建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張成為快速工業(yè)化、城市化時(shí)期最顯著的土地利用
王博等:基于多情景分析的中國建設(shè)用地總量控制目標(biāo)選擇中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第3期現(xiàn)象。糧食安全的核心是保持適度的糧食自給率,而政策上可控的變量——糧食總產(chǎn)量長期內(nèi)主要取決于本國的耕地面積、糧食播種面積和單位面積糧食產(chǎn)量。由于建設(shè)用地增量來源于農(nóng)用地占用和未利用地開發(fā),其中農(nóng)用地占用約70%,建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張對耕地面積和糧食安全產(chǎn)生顯著影響。生態(tài)安全是指生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康和完整情況,根據(jù)Costanza和冉圣宏等研究成果[23-24],建設(shè)用地的生態(tài)服務(wù)價(jià)值小,生態(tài)安全主要涉及林地、草地等具有基礎(chǔ)性生態(tài)服務(wù)功能土地的保護(hù)。建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張和糧食安全壓力下耕地面積的變化(新墾耕地的增加與農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整)都會影響到生態(tài)安全的水平。可見,3類基本土地需求之間有著緊密的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,建設(shè)用地總量控制目標(biāo)的選擇應(yīng)該考慮到可能的各種情形。
根據(jù)3類基本土地需求之間的主導(dǎo)關(guān)系,構(gòu)建快速工業(yè)化、城市化階段建設(shè)用地總量控制多情景分析框架及思路(見表1):①依據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(A)、糧食安全(B)、生態(tài)安全(C)土地需求的優(yōu)先順序,確定6個(gè)基本分析情景(表1);②結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的不同目標(biāo)參數(shù),擴(kuò)展分析情景(假如3類基本需求分別對應(yīng)j、m、r個(gè)不同的具體目標(biāo),擴(kuò)展分析情景的個(gè)數(shù)為6·j·m·r);③應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的土地需求預(yù)測模型,依次分析不同情景下高優(yōu)先級、中優(yōu)先級需求的用地面積;④假設(shè)土地總面積不變,采用“剩余法”計(jì)算低優(yōu)先級需求的“可用”土地面積,并與采用需求預(yù)測模型估算的“理想”用地面積進(jìn)行比較;⑤如果低優(yōu)先級需求的“可用”土地面積超過“理想”用地面積,表明該情景中3類基本需求得到有效協(xié)調(diào),情景具有可行性,否則表明有基本需求無法得到滿足,需重新調(diào)整需求優(yōu)先順序或具體的單項(xiàng)目標(biāo)。在進(jìn)行實(shí)際分析時(shí),可對分析的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡化調(diào)整。例如,由于未利用地中濕地、水體具有重要基礎(chǔ)性生態(tài)功能,且建設(shè)開發(fā)難度大、成本高[25],借鑒已有研究[26],假設(shè)未利用地面積相對穩(wěn)定,計(jì)算時(shí)剔除其生態(tài)效用,將分析的重點(diǎn)集中于包括居民點(diǎn)及獨(dú)立工礦用地、交通運(yùn)輸用地在內(nèi)的“建設(shè)用地”和耕地、林地、園地、草地等構(gòu)成的“生態(tài)用地”。2008年,中國耕地、園地、林地、牧草地、居民點(diǎn)及獨(dú)立工礦用地首要保證j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積;其次考慮糧食安全,主要滿足m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積;最后考慮生態(tài)安全r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積IIAj→Cr→Bm優(yōu)先考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,首要保證j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積;其次考慮生態(tài)安全,主要滿足r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積;最后考慮糧食安全m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積IIIBm→Aj→Cr優(yōu)先考慮糧食安全,首要保證m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積;其次考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,主要滿足j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積;最后考慮生態(tài)安全r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積IVBm→Cr→Aj優(yōu)先考慮糧食安全,首要保證m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積;其次考慮生態(tài)安全,主要滿足r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積;最后考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積VCr→Aj→Bm優(yōu)先考慮生態(tài)安全,首要保證r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積;其次考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,主要滿足j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積;最后考慮糧食安全m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積VICr→Bm→Aj優(yōu)先考慮生態(tài)安全,首要保證r目標(biāo)下的生態(tài)用地面積;其次考慮糧食安全,主要滿足m目標(biāo)下的耕地面積;最后考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展j目標(biāo)下的建設(shè)用地面積2土地基本需求預(yù)測模型與參數(shù)設(shè)置
在國內(nèi)外已有研究基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全土地需求預(yù)測分析模型,并結(jié)合中國發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)與2020年經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展目標(biāo)設(shè)定相關(guān)參數(shù)。
2.1數(shù)據(jù)來源與說明
本文研究范圍為中國大陸31個(gè)?。ㄖ陛犑?、自治區(qū))。1990-2008年分?。ㄖ陛犑?、自治區(qū))GDP、三次產(chǎn)業(yè)比例、總?cè)丝跀?shù)根據(jù)歷年《中國統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》整理得到,經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)按2008年可比價(jià)進(jìn)行修正。2008年分省(直轄市、自治區(qū))糧食單產(chǎn)、復(fù)種指數(shù)、糧食播種面積、耕地面積來自當(dāng)年《中國統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2008》。建設(shè)用地面積根據(jù)歷年《中國國土資源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》、《國土資源綜合統(tǒng)計(jì)年報(bào)》整理得到。2005年中國二氧化碳排放總量數(shù)據(jù)來自《國際統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2009》。
2.2經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的建設(shè)用地需求預(yù)測
國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張進(jìn)行了大量實(shí)證研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和人口因素是驅(qū)動(dòng)建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張最主要的動(dòng)力[27-30],而與經(jīng)濟(jì)質(zhì)量相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)也是重要因素[31]。2.4生態(tài)安全的用地需求預(yù)測
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平上升,生態(tài)安全的重要性愈發(fā)受到重視。大多數(shù)生態(tài)功能難以準(zhǔn)確計(jì)量[37],參考相關(guān)研究[38],依據(jù)“木桶法則”和“最小因子定律”,以無法替代、不能交易、數(shù)量稀缺作為測算基礎(chǔ)和依據(jù),選擇以生態(tài)用地的氣體調(diào)節(jié)功能為切入點(diǎn),通過碳平衡方法來推算生態(tài)用地需求。土地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳收支過程分為兩類:人類活動(dòng)引起的釋碳過程和生態(tài)用地的固碳過程。
3中國建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張多情景分析結(jié)果
選擇對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的土地需求影響較大的參數(shù),設(shè)置不同目標(biāo)方案(見表4),擴(kuò)展得到本文重點(diǎn)分析的48個(gè)情景。
按照不同情景中土地基本需求的優(yōu)先順序,選擇相應(yīng)的模型進(jìn)行模擬分析。其中,基于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展用地需求通過建設(shè)用地驅(qū)動(dòng)力模型進(jìn)行模擬,并結(jié)合歷年預(yù)測值與原始值的誤差進(jìn)行修正?;诩Z食安全與生態(tài)安全的用地規(guī)模預(yù)測都涉及耕地面積,當(dāng)兩個(gè)目標(biāo)處于不同優(yōu)先級時(shí),根據(jù)不同情況對方法進(jìn)行改進(jìn):當(dāng)糧食安全相對生態(tài)安全處于較高優(yōu)先級時(shí),首先計(jì)算保障糧食安全的耕地?cái)?shù)量,將其代入生態(tài)安全模型中,減去其對應(yīng)的固碳量,再計(jì)算滿足生態(tài)安全需要的其他生態(tài)用地規(guī)模;當(dāng)生態(tài)安全相對糧食安全處于較高優(yōu)先級時(shí),由于不同生態(tài)用地的固碳能力只與其單位面積凈生產(chǎn)量有關(guān),不同生態(tài)用地類型單位面積凈生產(chǎn)量值一定,根據(jù)不同類型生態(tài)用地的單位面積凈生產(chǎn)量比例將不同類型的生態(tài)用地折算成同一種生態(tài)用地。為便于測算,在計(jì)算生態(tài)用地規(guī)模時(shí)以林地為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生態(tài)用地,將各類用地通過折算系數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一。其中,耕地、園地、林地、草地與濕地的折算系數(shù)
綜合上述分析可以看出,中國土地供需形勢非常嚴(yán)峻。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變滯后,到2020年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的用地沖突將難以調(diào)和。通過減小經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響,提高耕地利用水平和產(chǎn)出效益,中國才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)的發(fā)展。
4結(jié)論與討論
本文統(tǒng)籌考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、糧食安全、生態(tài)安全3類基本土地需求,構(gòu)建了建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張的多情景分析框架,根據(jù)國家公布的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略與目標(biāo),設(shè)置相應(yīng)的模型參數(shù),預(yù)測2020年不同情景下建設(shè)用地?cái)U(kuò)張的空間與可行性。該分析框架一方面可以反向檢驗(yàn)不同發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略設(shè)定的合理性,另一方面可以基于國家需求更加科學(xué)地選擇建設(shè)用地控制目標(biāo)。通過多元回歸模型、糧食需求倒算、碳平衡、情景分析等多種方法的綜合應(yīng)用,預(yù)測得到可行的24個(gè)情景及對應(yīng)建設(shè)用地面積??傮w上,國家確定的2020年建設(shè)用地控制目標(biāo)既能夠滿足工業(yè)化、城市化發(fā)展需求,同時(shí)也基本保障了糧食安全、生態(tài)安全的用地需求。但是,如果經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變滯后,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對生態(tài)環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響不能顯著降低,單位耕地糧食產(chǎn)量無法進(jìn)一步大幅提升,2020年以后中國將面臨更加嚴(yán)峻的土地資源供給問題。即使在較為現(xiàn)實(shí)的情景中,2020年以后建設(shè)用地進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)張的空間也十分有限。中國必須堅(jiān)持“最嚴(yán)格”的土地保護(hù)制度,制定更加有效的基于糧食安全和生態(tài)保護(hù)的建設(shè)用地總量倒逼機(jī)制,才能保證長期的持續(xù)發(fā)展能力與發(fā)展活力。
需要說明的是,本文僅是國家土地利用多情景分析框架的一個(gè)初步嘗試,還需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)分析框架的應(yīng)用與檢驗(yàn)。一是結(jié)合國內(nèi)外發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn),更加科學(xué)地選擇、設(shè)定各類基本土地需求的預(yù)測分析模型。建設(shè)用地需求量的預(yù)測不僅需要重點(diǎn)考慮GDP、人口數(shù)量、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),可能還需要更加充分地反映發(fā)展階段與增長方式的影響;糧食安全用地需求的預(yù)測可能還需要考慮更加多樣化的糧食單產(chǎn)增長率、耕地復(fù)種指數(shù)、糧食播種面積比例等情景。二是結(jié)合主體功能分區(qū),將國家層面的情景分析與區(qū)域(地區(qū))層面的分析相結(jié)合,增強(qiáng)情景方案的現(xiàn)實(shí)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同區(qū)域土地基本需求沖突水平的差異以及地區(qū)分工對緩解土地供需矛盾的貢獻(xiàn)。
(編輯:王愛萍)
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AbstractScientifically forecasting the quantity of construction land expansion decides the feasibility and effectiveness of land use planning and land macrocontrol. Single objective oriented forecast of construction land expansion has significant limitations. This study systematically considers three main land use objectives, including construction land used for achieving economic development, cultivated land for food security, and ecological land for ecological security. Scenario analysis is used to predict the quantity of construction land expansion under different scenarios (defined based on parameters collected from national development strategies) in 2020, in which, multiple regression analysis and carbon balance analysis methods are applied to predict demands for construction land, cultivated land and ecological land. Results show that land resources cannot meet with the three main land use objectives at the same time when per unit GDP carbon emissions in 2020 decreases by 40% compared to that in 2005. Land demands for economic development, food security and ecological security can be coordinated and satisfied when the quantity of construction land is between 3 305.75×104 hm2 and 3 325.10×104 hm2 in 2020. Scenario analysis illustrates that the longterm supply of construction land mainly depends on the degree of transformation of economic development mode. Land use conflicts among economic development, food security and ecological security would be difficult to reconcile if the transformation of economic development mode is lag behind. Land resources can satisfy all three types of land use objectives and support sustainable development if the transformation of economic development mode makes significant progress. In the current stage of economic development, to achieve food security and ecological security, China should apply more powerful mechanisms to control construction land expansion and therefore promote the transformation of economic development mode. Scenario analysis method can also be used to examine the feasibility of different strategic targets, analyze the potential and effects of construction land expansion, and therefore can be applied to national level land management practices, such as land control and land use planning.
Key wordseconomic development; food security; ecological security; construction land expansion; scenario analysis
[36]國家發(fā)展和改革委員會.國家糧食安全中長期規(guī)劃綱要(2008-2020)[R].2008.[National Development and Reform Commission. The Longterm Planning Framework for the National Food Security (2008-2020)[R].2008.]
[37]王偉,陸健健. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能分類與價(jià)值評估探討[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2005,24(11):1314-1316.[Wang Wei,Lu Jianjian.An Approach on Ecosystem Services Classification and Valuation[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(11):1314-1316.]
[38]張穎,王群,李邊疆,等.應(yīng)用碳氧平衡法測算生態(tài)用地需求量實(shí)證研究[J].中國土地科學(xué), 2007,21(6):23-28.[Zhang Ying,Wang Qun,Li Bianjiang,et al.Study on Forecasting Ecological Land Demand with CarbonOxygen Balance Method[J].China Land Science,2007,21(6):23-28.]
[39]黃敏,廖為明,王立國,等.基于KAYA公式的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)模型構(gòu)建與運(yùn)用:以江西省為例[J].生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì),2010,(12):51-55.[Huang Min,Liao Weiming,Wang Liguo,et al.Construction and Use of the LowCarbon Economy Model Based on KAYA Model:a Case of Jiangxi Province[J].Ecological Economic, 2010,(12):51-55.]
[40]Fang J Y,Guo Z D,Piao S L,et al. Terrestrial Vegetation Carbon Sinks in China,1981-2000[J].Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences,2007,50(9): 1341-1350.
[41]曲藝,舒幫榮,歐名豪,等.基于生態(tài)用地約束的土地利用數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(1):155-161.[Qu Yi,Shu Bangrong,Ou Minghao,et al.Optimization of Land Use Quantity Structure Based on Ecological Land Constraints[J].China Population Resources and Environment.2013,23(1): 155-161.]
[42]李邊疆.土地利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系研究[D].南京:南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2007. [Li Bianjiang. Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Ecoenvironment[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2007.]
[43]方精云,劉國華,徐嵩齡.我國森林植被的生物量和凈生產(chǎn)量[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),1996,(5):497-508.[Fang Jingyun,Liu Guohua,Xu Songlin.Biomass and Net Production of Forest Vegetation in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,1996,(5):497-508.]
[44]樸世龍,方精云,賀金生,等.中國草地植被生物量及其空間分布格局[J].植物生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2004,28(4):491-498.[Bu Shilong,F(xiàn)ang Jingyun,He Jinsheng,et al.Spatial Distribution of Grassland Biomass in China[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(4):491-498.]
[45]劉子剛,張坤民.濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲存功能及其價(jià)值研究[J].環(huán)境保護(hù),2002,(9):31-33.[Liu Zigang, Zhang Kunmin.Study on Carbon Stock Function and Its Value in Wetland Ecosystem[J].Environmental Protection,2002,(9):31-33.]
[46]IPCC.Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change(Report of Working Group I)[R].New York: Cambridge University Press,1996.
[47]牛振國,張海英,王顯威,等.1978-2008年中國濕地類型變化[J].科學(xué)通報(bào), 2012,57(16):1400-1411. [Niu Zhenguo,Zhang Haiying,Wang Xianwei,et al.The changes of China Wetland type from 1978 to 2008[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(16):1400-1411.]
AbstractScientifically forecasting the quantity of construction land expansion decides the feasibility and effectiveness of land use planning and land macrocontrol. Single objective oriented forecast of construction land expansion has significant limitations. This study systematically considers three main land use objectives, including construction land used for achieving economic development, cultivated land for food security, and ecological land for ecological security. Scenario analysis is used to predict the quantity of construction land expansion under different scenarios (defined based on parameters collected from national development strategies) in 2020, in which, multiple regression analysis and carbon balance analysis methods are applied to predict demands for construction land, cultivated land and ecological land. Results show that land resources cannot meet with the three main land use objectives at the same time when per unit GDP carbon emissions in 2020 decreases by 40% compared to that in 2005. Land demands for economic development, food security and ecological security can be coordinated and satisfied when the quantity of construction land is between 3 305.75×104 hm2 and 3 325.10×104 hm2 in 2020. Scenario analysis illustrates that the longterm supply of construction land mainly depends on the degree of transformation of economic development mode. Land use conflicts among economic development, food security and ecological security would be difficult to reconcile if the transformation of economic development mode is lag behind. Land resources can satisfy all three types of land use objectives and support sustainable development if the transformation of economic development mode makes significant progress. In the current stage of economic development, to achieve food security and ecological security, China should apply more powerful mechanisms to control construction land expansion and therefore promote the transformation of economic development mode. Scenario analysis method can also be used to examine the feasibility of different strategic targets, analyze the potential and effects of construction land expansion, and therefore can be applied to national level land management practices, such as land control and land use planning.
Key wordseconomic development; food security; ecological security; construction land expansion; scenario analysis
[36]國家發(fā)展和改革委員會.國家糧食安全中長期規(guī)劃綱要(2008-2020)[R].2008.[National Development and Reform Commission. The Longterm Planning Framework for the National Food Security (2008-2020)[R].2008.]
[37]王偉,陸健健. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能分類與價(jià)值評估探討[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2005,24(11):1314-1316.[Wang Wei,Lu Jianjian.An Approach on Ecosystem Services Classification and Valuation[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(11):1314-1316.]
[38]張穎,王群,李邊疆,等.應(yīng)用碳氧平衡法測算生態(tài)用地需求量實(shí)證研究[J].中國土地科學(xué), 2007,21(6):23-28.[Zhang Ying,Wang Qun,Li Bianjiang,et al.Study on Forecasting Ecological Land Demand with CarbonOxygen Balance Method[J].China Land Science,2007,21(6):23-28.]
[39]黃敏,廖為明,王立國,等.基于KAYA公式的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)模型構(gòu)建與運(yùn)用:以江西省為例[J].生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì),2010,(12):51-55.[Huang Min,Liao Weiming,Wang Liguo,et al.Construction and Use of the LowCarbon Economy Model Based on KAYA Model:a Case of Jiangxi Province[J].Ecological Economic, 2010,(12):51-55.]
[40]Fang J Y,Guo Z D,Piao S L,et al. Terrestrial Vegetation Carbon Sinks in China,1981-2000[J].Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences,2007,50(9): 1341-1350.
[41]曲藝,舒幫榮,歐名豪,等.基于生態(tài)用地約束的土地利用數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2013,23(1):155-161.[Qu Yi,Shu Bangrong,Ou Minghao,et al.Optimization of Land Use Quantity Structure Based on Ecological Land Constraints[J].China Population Resources and Environment.2013,23(1): 155-161.]
[42]李邊疆.土地利用與生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系研究[D].南京:南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2007. [Li Bianjiang. Study on the Relationship Between Land Use and Ecoenvironment[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University, 2007.]
[43]方精云,劉國華,徐嵩齡.我國森林植被的生物量和凈生產(chǎn)量[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),1996,(5):497-508.[Fang Jingyun,Liu Guohua,Xu Songlin.Biomass and Net Production of Forest Vegetation in China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,1996,(5):497-508.]
[44]樸世龍,方精云,賀金生,等.中國草地植被生物量及其空間分布格局[J].植物生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2004,28(4):491-498.[Bu Shilong,F(xiàn)ang Jingyun,He Jinsheng,et al.Spatial Distribution of Grassland Biomass in China[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(4):491-498.]
[45]劉子剛,張坤民.濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲存功能及其價(jià)值研究[J].環(huán)境保護(hù),2002,(9):31-33.[Liu Zigang, Zhang Kunmin.Study on Carbon Stock Function and Its Value in Wetland Ecosystem[J].Environmental Protection,2002,(9):31-33.]
[46]IPCC.Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change(Report of Working Group I)[R].New York: Cambridge University Press,1996.
[47]牛振國,張海英,王顯威,等.1978-2008年中國濕地類型變化[J].科學(xué)通報(bào), 2012,57(16):1400-1411. [Niu Zhenguo,Zhang Haiying,Wang Xianwei,et al.The changes of China Wetland type from 1978 to 2008[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(16):1400-1411.]
AbstractScientifically forecasting the quantity of construction land expansion decides the feasibility and effectiveness of land use planning and land macrocontrol. Single objective oriented forecast of construction land expansion has significant limitations. This study systematically considers three main land use objectives, including construction land used for achieving economic development, cultivated land for food security, and ecological land for ecological security. Scenario analysis is used to predict the quantity of construction land expansion under different scenarios (defined based on parameters collected from national development strategies) in 2020, in which, multiple regression analysis and carbon balance analysis methods are applied to predict demands for construction land, cultivated land and ecological land. Results show that land resources cannot meet with the three main land use objectives at the same time when per unit GDP carbon emissions in 2020 decreases by 40% compared to that in 2005. Land demands for economic development, food security and ecological security can be coordinated and satisfied when the quantity of construction land is between 3 305.75×104 hm2 and 3 325.10×104 hm2 in 2020. Scenario analysis illustrates that the longterm supply of construction land mainly depends on the degree of transformation of economic development mode. Land use conflicts among economic development, food security and ecological security would be difficult to reconcile if the transformation of economic development mode is lag behind. Land resources can satisfy all three types of land use objectives and support sustainable development if the transformation of economic development mode makes significant progress. In the current stage of economic development, to achieve food security and ecological security, China should apply more powerful mechanisms to control construction land expansion and therefore promote the transformation of economic development mode. Scenario analysis method can also be used to examine the feasibility of different strategic targets, analyze the potential and effects of construction land expansion, and therefore can be applied to national level land management practices, such as land control and land use planning.
Key wordseconomic development; food security; ecological security; construction land expansion; scenario analysis