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右美托咪定滴鼻預(yù)處理對(duì)患者麻醉手術(shù)前身心應(yīng)激的影響

2014-08-08 15:05陳金仙顧曉霞蔡樹(shù)云彭雪楊光平
右江醫(yī)學(xué) 2014年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:右美托咪定

陳金仙+顧曉霞+蔡樹(shù)云+彭雪+楊光平

作者簡(jiǎn)介:陳金仙,女,副主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)士。Email:gu7450210@163.com.

陳金仙,顧曉霞,蔡樹(shù)云,彭雪,楊光平

(廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科,湛江524001)

【摘要】目的探討麻醉手術(shù)前使用右美托咪定對(duì)患者麻醉術(shù)前身心應(yīng)激的抑制程度。

方法選擇100例20~60歲、ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)的擇期手術(shù)患者,隨機(jī)分為兩組:實(shí)驗(yàn)組(A組)于麻醉前45 min鼻內(nèi)滴注右美托咪定1 μg/kg,對(duì)照組(B組)麻醉前45 min鼻內(nèi)滴注等容量的生理鹽水;分別于用藥前后測(cè)定患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、焦慮視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(AVAT)、腎上腺素(E)和去甲腎上腺素(NE)的水平。

結(jié)果對(duì)照組患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2在用藥前后比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005),實(shí)驗(yàn)組在用藥前后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的SBP、SpO2的變化無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但在用藥后T4、T5時(shí)DBP與對(duì)照組比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);實(shí)驗(yàn)組用藥后各時(shí)點(diǎn)HR開(kāi)始下降,與用藥前及對(duì)照組同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。對(duì)照組患者在用藥45 min后AVAT、E、NE的水平明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在用藥后AVAT明顯下降,E、NE的水平明顯上升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);且兩組用藥后AVAT、E、NE的水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。

結(jié)論 右美托咪定滴鼻預(yù)處理可以減輕麻醉手術(shù)前患者的生理和心理應(yīng)激,是一種安全有效的術(shù)前用藥。

【關(guān)鍵詞】右美托咪定;滴鼻;身心應(yīng)激

中圖分類號(hào):R614文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):10031383(2014)03031304

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10031383.2014.03.015



Effect of dexmedetomidine nasal drop as premedication on the psychophysical stress of patients before anesthesia for surgery

CHEN Jinxian,GU Xiaoxia,CAI Shuyun,PENG Xue,YANG Guangping

(Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College,Zhanjiang 524001,Guangdong,China)

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibition degree of dexmedetomidine(DEX) on patients psychophysical stress before anesthesia for surgery.

Methods100 patients aged from 20 to 60 with ASA of gradeⅠtoⅡ,who had been scheduled for surgery,were randomly divided into the experimental group (Group A) and the control group(Group B).The experimental group were given 1 μg/kg of DEX by intranasal instillation 45 mins before anesthesia,while the control group were given the same volume of saline (also by intranasal instillation)45mins before anesthesia.Then,the SBP,DBP,HR,SpO2,anxiety visual analogue scale (AVAT),level of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) before and after operation were tested,respectively.

Results Difference of the SBP,DBP,HR and SpO2 were not statistically significant before and after operation in the control group(P>0.05).Difference of SBP and SpO2 of the experimental group at different points in time before and after operation was not statistically significant either (P>0.05),but comparison of DBP at T4 and T5 after operation between two groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.01).HR at different points in time of the experimental group decreased after DEX was given.They were significantly different from those beforetreatment and those of the control group in the same points in time(P<0.01).45 mins after treatment,the AVAT,E and NE of the control group significantly increased,significantly different from those before treatment(P<0.01).The AVAT of the experimental group significantly decreased after treatment,while their E and NE significantly increased, so the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). Moreover, difference in AVAT,E and NE of two groups after treatment were statistically significant(P<0.01).

ConclusionIntranasal dexmedetomidine can reduce the patients psychophysical stress in anesthesia before surgery.It is a kind of safe and effective premedication.



【Key words】dexmedetomidine;nasal drop;psychophysical stress

研究表明,患者在手術(shù)前存在不同程度的焦慮,發(fā)生率一般在60%左右,最高可達(dá)80%[1],當(dāng)術(shù)前患者對(duì)手術(shù)產(chǎn)生過(guò)度緊張和焦慮的情緒反應(yīng)時(shí),就會(huì)直接影響手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行以及術(shù)后的身體恢復(fù)[2],因此術(shù)前用藥的主要目的是鎮(zhèn)靜和緩解患者焦慮情緒。右美托咪定是一種高效、高選擇性腎上腺素α2受體激動(dòng)劑,它在術(shù)前用藥方面是一個(gè)新的嘗試,與咪唑安定相比,有它獨(dú)特的優(yōu)越性:因具有獨(dú)特的“可喚醒”的鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài)和抑制交感活動(dòng)的效應(yīng),是一種新型的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛藥物[3,4]。隨著舒適化醫(yī)療和人性化麻醉的興起,術(shù)前無(wú)創(chuàng)性給藥方式逐漸取代肌注給藥方式,鼻腔給藥不通過(guò)肝臟的首過(guò)效應(yīng),用藥量小,無(wú)創(chuàng),病人感覺(jué)舒適,越來(lái)越受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的關(guān)注和喜愛(ài)。本研究觀察術(shù)前鼻內(nèi)滴注右美托咪定對(duì)手術(shù)患者身心應(yīng)激的影響,為臨床術(shù)前用藥提供參考。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料 選取擇期手術(shù)患者100例,年齡18~60歲,ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)。術(shù)前均經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①體重超過(guò)80 kg,或體重指數(shù)(BMI)>30 kg/m2;②有嚴(yán)重的心血管和呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病;③肝、腎功能嚴(yán)重受損;④患有嚴(yán)重精神疾病或存在語(yǔ)言交流障礙的患者;⑤經(jīng)常服用鎮(zhèn)痛藥或鎮(zhèn)靜藥;⑥患有心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯;⑦有嚴(yán)重的鼻內(nèi)疾患,不利于藥物吸收的患者。隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組(A組)和對(duì)照組(B組),每組50例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組男26例,女24例,平均年齡(36.5±3.3)歲,平均體重(55.0±7.9)kg,ASAⅠ級(jí)36例,Ⅱ級(jí)14例,對(duì)照組男28例,女22例,平均年齡(37.4±4.8)歲,平均體重(57.0±8.8)kg,ASAⅠ級(jí)39例,Ⅱ級(jí)11例。兩組患者性別、年齡及體重差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005),具有可比性。

1.2研究方法

兩組病人分別于麻醉前45 min雙盲給予鼻腔滴入1 μg/kg的右美托咪定和生理鹽水(均按0.1 ml/kg量給予),患者入室后開(kāi)放外周靜脈,給予面罩吸氧,流量3 L/min,常規(guī)行左橈動(dòng)脈穿刺,采用多功能監(jiān)護(hù)儀動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)病人心電圖(ECG)、心率(HR)、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)

兩組患者分別于用藥前5 min(T1)及用藥后10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)、40 min(T5)觀察記錄患者的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2,于用藥前一天和用藥后45 min對(duì)患者進(jìn)行焦慮視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(AVAT)。并抽取患者靜脈血放入-80℃冰箱保存,最后統(tǒng)一用ELISA試劑盒檢測(cè)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎上腺素(E)和去甲腎上腺素(NE)的水平。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù);計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(-±s)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較用重復(fù)測(cè)量資料的方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用構(gòu)成比進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述,獨(dú)立樣本構(gòu)成比的比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);對(duì)于非正態(tài)計(jì)數(shù)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn);以P<005為差異統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組患者圍術(shù)期SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2變化的比較

對(duì)照組在用藥前后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的SBP、DBP、SpO2的變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在用藥前后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的SBP、SpO2的變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005),但在用藥后T4、T5時(shí)DBP與對(duì)照組比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);但均未出現(xiàn)明顯低血壓。對(duì)照組患者在用藥前后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)HR明顯增快,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者用藥前HR較快,與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005),但實(shí)驗(yàn)組用藥后各時(shí)點(diǎn)HR均明顯下降,與用藥前及對(duì)照組同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2兩組患者用藥前后AVAT、E、NE的比較

兩組用藥前1天AVAT、E、NE的水平比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005);對(duì)照組患者在用藥45 min后AVAT、E、NE的水平明顯上升,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在用藥后AVAT明顯下降,E、NE的水平明顯上升,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001);且兩組用藥后AVAT、E、NE的水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。見(jiàn)表2。

表1兩組患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2變化(n=50,-±s)

指標(biāo)組別T1T2T3T4T5

SBP(mmHg)A組123.7±14.1121.8±11.4119.9±11.1116.5±12.2119.6±10.9

B組126.6±15.0126.2±13.3120.1±12.1119.7±10.2122.4±12.3

DBP(mmHg)A組73.7±10.169.8±9.465.9±9.1 64.5±10.2▲66.5±6.9▲

B組77.6±11.169.2±10.369.1±9.171.7±10.279.4±12.3

HR(次/min)A組96.4±9.981.9±11.4★▲74.1±8.3★▲70.5±10.5★▲66.9±9.7★▲

B組97.6±11.191.2±10.390.1±9.190.9±10.291.4±12.3

SPO2(%)A組99.2±0.398.5±0.897.3±1.197.5±0.598.6±0.6

B組99.1±0.497.3±1.396.6±0.397.7±1.298.2±0.4

注:與T1比較,★P<001;與B組比較,▲P<001。



表2兩組用藥前后AVAT、E和NE值變化(n=50,-±s)

組別時(shí)間AVAT(mm)E(pg/ml)NE(pg/ml)

A組用藥前1天 67.26±14.1247.61±6.2256.31±25.3

用藥后45 min30.08±9.11▲#72.36±2.3▲#277.4±16.4▲#

B組用藥前1天65.88±10.6746.34±5.8257.16±30.9

用藥后45 min80.92±12.7#102.4±9.1#369.9±27.3#

注:與B組比較,▲P<001;與用藥前1天比較,#P<001。

3討論

手術(shù)和麻醉均是一種有創(chuàng)性操作,大多數(shù)患者都會(huì)擔(dān)心手術(shù)可能導(dǎo)致痛苦與不適,故而在術(shù)前存在不同程度的恐懼、不安及焦慮情緒,甚至有些患者因焦慮過(guò)度懼怕而拒絕手術(shù),導(dǎo)致不能及時(shí)有效地治療疾病而發(fā)生更嚴(yán)重的后果。本研究在術(shù)前通過(guò)鼻腔內(nèi)給予右美托咪定,取得了很好的鎮(zhèn)靜抗焦慮效果,緩解了患者麻醉手術(shù)前的焦慮和緊張狀態(tài)。

右美托咪定是一種新型高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)藥[5],由于其以受體的選擇性(α2/α1為1300∶1)遠(yuǎn)高于可樂(lè)定(α2/α1為39∶1) [6],半衰期約為23 h(可樂(lè)定為6~10 h)[7],效價(jià)比可樂(lè)定高3倍,有獨(dú)特的鎮(zhèn)靜、抗應(yīng)激、抗寒戰(zhàn)等作用[8],備受臨床關(guān)注。本研究顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組在用藥前1天AVAT比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在用藥45 min后實(shí)驗(yàn)組不僅低于用藥前1天,而且明顯低于對(duì)照組;E和NE水平在用藥前1天無(wú)差異,但在用藥后實(shí)驗(yàn)組的E和NE水平顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。右美托咪定對(duì)麻醉手術(shù)前患者生理和心理應(yīng)激的抑制作用可能是因?yàn)槠浼?dòng)中樞α2A腎上腺素能受體所致,抑制交感神經(jīng)過(guò)度興奮,減少血漿兒茶酚胺的釋放[9]。從而產(chǎn)生明顯的中樞鎮(zhèn)靜作用和交感抑制作用,減輕了患者麻醉手術(shù)前身心的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。

雖然Dex對(duì)α2/αl受體的選擇性高,但是高濃度的右美托咪定也會(huì)表現(xiàn)出明顯的直接血管收縮效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血壓升高。為了減輕這種反應(yīng),本研究采用了鼻內(nèi)提前45 min預(yù)先噴入的方法,結(jié)果右美托咪定組未對(duì)患者造成明顯心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和嚴(yán)重的高血壓等不良反應(yīng),并且右美托咪定組收縮壓、舒張壓的變化與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005);兩組用藥前心率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,用藥后右美托咪定組心率有所下降,與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。所以有合并基礎(chǔ)疾病易發(fā)生心動(dòng)過(guò)緩的患者應(yīng)慎用右美托咪定,重度心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯和重度心室功能不全患者不推薦使用。

綜上所述,麻醉手術(shù)前鼻內(nèi)預(yù)噴右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者術(shù)前身心應(yīng)激誘發(fā)的心血管反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生近似自然睡眠的鎮(zhèn)靜作用且對(duì)呼吸無(wú)抑制作用[10],值得臨床參考應(yīng)用。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.

[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.

[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.

[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.

[5] 劉玲,紀(jì)風(fēng)濤,劉付寧,等.右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者腰-硬聯(lián)合麻醉的鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng)[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2011,27(1):5154.

[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.

[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.

[8] Katarzyna R,Piotr K,Hanna M.The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on brachialplexus block in patientswith endstage renal disease[J].European Journal of Anaesthesiology,2009,26(10):851855.

[9] Willigers HM,Prinzen FW,Roekaerts PM.The Effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2006,20(3):364370

[10]Bergese SD,Patrick Bender S,Mc Sweeney TD,et al.A Comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedationduring elective awake fiberoptic intubation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):3540.

(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)

(編輯:潘明志)

雖然Dex對(duì)α2/αl受體的選擇性高,但是高濃度的右美托咪定也會(huì)表現(xiàn)出明顯的直接血管收縮效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血壓升高。為了減輕這種反應(yīng),本研究采用了鼻內(nèi)提前45 min預(yù)先噴入的方法,結(jié)果右美托咪定組未對(duì)患者造成明顯心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和嚴(yán)重的高血壓等不良反應(yīng),并且右美托咪定組收縮壓、舒張壓的變化與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005);兩組用藥前心率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,用藥后右美托咪定組心率有所下降,與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。所以有合并基礎(chǔ)疾病易發(fā)生心動(dòng)過(guò)緩的患者應(yīng)慎用右美托咪定,重度心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯和重度心室功能不全患者不推薦使用。

綜上所述,麻醉手術(shù)前鼻內(nèi)預(yù)噴右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者術(shù)前身心應(yīng)激誘發(fā)的心血管反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生近似自然睡眠的鎮(zhèn)靜作用且對(duì)呼吸無(wú)抑制作用[10],值得臨床參考應(yīng)用。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.

[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.

[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.

[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.

[5] 劉玲,紀(jì)風(fēng)濤,劉付寧,等.右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者腰-硬聯(lián)合麻醉的鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng)[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2011,27(1):5154.

[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.

[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.

[8] Katarzyna R,Piotr K,Hanna M.The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on brachialplexus block in patientswith endstage renal disease[J].European Journal of Anaesthesiology,2009,26(10):851855.

[9] Willigers HM,Prinzen FW,Roekaerts PM.The Effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2006,20(3):364370

[10]Bergese SD,Patrick Bender S,Mc Sweeney TD,et al.A Comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedationduring elective awake fiberoptic intubation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):3540.

(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)

(編輯:潘明志)

雖然Dex對(duì)α2/αl受體的選擇性高,但是高濃度的右美托咪定也會(huì)表現(xiàn)出明顯的直接血管收縮效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血壓升高。為了減輕這種反應(yīng),本研究采用了鼻內(nèi)提前45 min預(yù)先噴入的方法,結(jié)果右美托咪定組未對(duì)患者造成明顯心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和嚴(yán)重的高血壓等不良反應(yīng),并且右美托咪定組收縮壓、舒張壓的變化與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>005);兩組用藥前心率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,用藥后右美托咪定組心率有所下降,與同時(shí)點(diǎn)的對(duì)照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<001)。所以有合并基礎(chǔ)疾病易發(fā)生心動(dòng)過(guò)緩的患者應(yīng)慎用右美托咪定,重度心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯和重度心室功能不全患者不推薦使用。

綜上所述,麻醉手術(shù)前鼻內(nèi)預(yù)噴右旋美托咪定,能安全有效抑制患者術(shù)前身心應(yīng)激誘發(fā)的心血管反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生近似自然睡眠的鎮(zhèn)靜作用且對(duì)呼吸無(wú)抑制作用[10],值得臨床參考應(yīng)用。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Lemon J,Edelman S.Psychological adaptation to ICDs and the influence of anxiety sensitivity[J].Psychol Health Med,2007,12(2):163171.

[2] Walburn J,Vedhara K,Hankins M,et al.Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Psychosom Res,2009,67(3):253271.

[3] Dominic S,Carollo Bobby D,Nossaman,et al.Dexmedetomidine: a review of clinical applications[J].Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,2008,21(4):457461.

[4] Afonso J,Reis F.Dexmedetomide: current role in anesthesia and intensive care[J].Rev Bras Anestesiol,2012,62(1):118133.

[5] 劉玲,紀(jì)風(fēng)濤,劉付寧,等.右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者腰-硬聯(lián)合麻醉的鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng)[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2011,27(1):5154.

[6] Murrell JC,Hellebrekers LG.Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine:a review of cardiovascular efects and antinociceptive properties in the dog[J].Vet Anaesth Analg,2005,32(3):117127.

[7] Ebertt J,Hall J E,Barney JA,et a1.The effects of in creasing plasma concentrations ofdexmedetomidinein humans[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(2):382394.

[8] Katarzyna R,Piotr K,Hanna M.The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on brachialplexus block in patientswith endstage renal disease[J].European Journal of Anaesthesiology,2009,26(10):851855.

[9] Willigers HM,Prinzen FW,Roekaerts PM.The Effects of esmolol and dexmedetomidine on myocardial oxygen consumption during sympathetic stimulation in dogs[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2006,20(3):364370

[10]Bergese SD,Patrick Bender S,Mc Sweeney TD,et al.A Comparative study of dexmedetomidine with midazolam and midazolam alone for sedationduring elective awake fiberoptic intubation[J].J Clin Anesth,2010,22(1):3540.

(收稿日期:2014-01-14修回日期:2014-05-25)

(編輯:潘明志)

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