李雅冬
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院頜面外科,重慶 400016
·論 著·
膜蛋白AN01過表達(dá)對人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2細(xì)胞株生物學(xué)特性的影響
李雅冬
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院頜面外科,重慶 400016
電話:023-89012907,電子郵件:llxxyydd2006@sina.com
目的研究膜蛋白ANO1過表達(dá)對人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2細(xì)胞增殖、剝脫、伸展和遷移的影響。方法以ANO1穩(wěn)定過表達(dá)的Hep-2細(xì)胞株作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,空白質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Hep-2細(xì)胞作為對照組,采用MTT法檢測細(xì)胞增殖活性,細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞剝脫能力,細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞伸展能力,Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)、體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)和尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞遷移能力。結(jié)果MTT法檢測結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對照組的光密度值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.62)。細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)和細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的細(xì)胞剝脫百分比 (P<0.0001)和伸展百分比 (P<0.0001)明顯大于對照組。Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的穿膜細(xì)胞百分比明顯大于對照組 (P<0.0001);體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的劃痕面積百分比明顯小于對照組 (P<0.0001);尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的劃痕面積百分比明顯大于對照組 (P<0.0001)。結(jié)論ANO1過表達(dá)并未加快癌細(xì)胞的增殖速度,但卻大大增加了頭頸鱗癌細(xì)胞的移動、伸展和剝脫能力。
頭頸鱗癌;氯離子通道;轉(zhuǎn)移
Acta Acad Med Sin,2014,36(1):20-24
癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移是頭頸鱗癌治療失敗的主要原因[1]。筆者以往采用基因芯片技術(shù)檢測了80例頭頸鱗癌患者的臨床標(biāo)本,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)ANO1高表達(dá)與頭頸鱗癌轉(zhuǎn)移高度相關(guān)[2]。對多株頭頸鱗癌細(xì)胞株的檢測結(jié)果亦顯示,人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2細(xì)胞內(nèi)源性ANO1表達(dá)較低。遂將含有ANO1片段的PSG-5質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染入Hep-2細(xì)胞,成功建立了ANO1穩(wěn)定高表達(dá)的Hep-2細(xì)胞。本研究評估了膜蛋白ANO1過表達(dá)對人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2細(xì)胞增殖、剝脫、伸展和遷移的影響,以期為今后的體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
材料穩(wěn)定高表達(dá)ANO1的人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2和空白質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Hep-2細(xì)胞由筆者構(gòu)建;MTT檢測試劑盒、DMSO、MEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清和PBS粉劑購自美國Sigma公司;流式細(xì)胞儀購自德國Heraeus公司,YG-875型超凈工作臺購自美國Bio-Rad公司,倒置光學(xué)顯微鏡購自日本Olympus公司。
細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)采用MTT法測定Hep-2細(xì)胞的增殖。以穩(wěn)定高表達(dá)ANO1的人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,空白質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Hep-2細(xì)胞作為對照組,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化后,制成單細(xì)胞懸液,然后接種到96孔板內(nèi),使每孔細(xì)胞數(shù)為2000,每24 h檢測1次,共9 d,檢測前于每孔內(nèi)加入MTT(5 mg/ml)10 μl,放入CO2孵箱中孵育4 h,去上清,每孔加入異丙醇與0.04 mol/L鹽酸的混合物150 μl,震蕩1 h后,再利用酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀在570 nm波長處比色,每次檢測至少6孔,最后取其平均值。
細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)采用4株穩(wěn)定高表達(dá)ANO1的人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,3株空白質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Hep-2細(xì)胞作為對照組 (細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)和體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)分組情況同上),將單細(xì)胞懸液接種到6孔板內(nèi),每孔106個(gè)細(xì)胞,用1個(gè)倒置顯微鏡每30 min收集1次圖像,2 h后計(jì)數(shù)伸展和未伸展細(xì)胞,最后算出細(xì)胞伸展百分比。細(xì)胞伸展百分比=伸展細(xì)胞數(shù)/(未伸展細(xì)胞數(shù)+伸展細(xì)胞數(shù)) ×100%,每株細(xì)胞的伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)均被重復(fù)3次。
細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)將單細(xì)胞懸液接種到6孔板內(nèi),每孔106個(gè)細(xì)胞,孵育2 d后,用0.02%胰蛋白酶在常溫下消化10 min,磷酸鹽緩沖液洗滌2次,收集剝脫的細(xì)胞,然后計(jì)數(shù)剝脫和黏附細(xì)胞,最后算出細(xì)胞剝脫百分比。細(xì)胞剝脫百分比=剝脫細(xì)胞數(shù)/(未剝脫細(xì)胞數(shù)+剝脫細(xì)胞數(shù)) ×100%,每種細(xì)胞的剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)均被重復(fù)3次。
Boyden小室侵襲試驗(yàn)將Boyden小室放入每孔加有500 μl含10%胎牛血清的6孔培養(yǎng)基中,Boyden小室中加入500 μl含10%胎牛血清,取各組細(xì)胞密度為4×105/ml的懸液200 μl加入Boyden小室,37℃孵育4 h。然后取出Boyden小室,將Boyden小室倒置,濾膜下層向上,PBS洗滌,3%戊二醛固定,染色,用棉花棒擦凈小室濾膜上層未侵襲的細(xì)胞。最后使用倒置顯微鏡進(jìn)行觀察和拍照。以穿膜細(xì)胞百分比表示腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。
體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)將細(xì)胞重復(fù)接種于2個(gè)24孔板,待細(xì)胞長滿孔底,用200 μl的一次性塑料吸頭在孔底做劃痕,每孔內(nèi)均加入5 μmol/L阿非迪霉素,以阻止細(xì)胞分裂增殖。在32 h內(nèi),用1個(gè)倒置顯微鏡收集圖像,放大倍率 ×40,利用Adobe Photosho PCS2測量劃痕兩側(cè)邊緣之間的距離和面積,劃痕面積百分比=現(xiàn)劃痕面積/始劃痕面積×100%。細(xì)胞遷移速度=(始劃痕兩側(cè)邊緣之間的距離-現(xiàn)劃痕兩側(cè)邊緣之間的距離)/時(shí)間 (μm/min)。
尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道實(shí)驗(yàn)取對數(shù)生長期穩(wěn)定高表達(dá)ANO1的人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌Hep-2細(xì)胞,將細(xì)胞重復(fù)接種于2個(gè)24孔板,待細(xì)胞長滿孔底,用200 μl的一次性塑料吸頭在孔底做劃痕,每孔內(nèi)均加入5 μmol/L阿非迪霉素。并在一個(gè)24孔板內(nèi)每孔加入100 μmol/L尼氟滅酸 (氯離子通道阻斷劑)作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,另一個(gè)板內(nèi)每孔加入尼氟滅酸溶劑0.1%DSMO作為對照組。觀察方法和指標(biāo)同體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS 10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)和尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析采用方差分析,細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)、細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)和Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析采用t檢驗(yàn),體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析采用秩和檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對照組的細(xì)胞增殖情況差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (F=0.27,P=0.62)(表1)。
細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)組伸展細(xì)胞百分比分別為 (42±18)%、(50±12)%、(82±9)%和 (75±10)%,對照組分別為 (36±6)%、(21±7)%和(33±6)%,兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (t=39.97,P <0.0001)(圖1)。
圖1 培養(yǎng)90 min后ANO1過表達(dá)對Hep-2細(xì)胞伸展的影響(×400)Fig 1 Effect of ANO1 overexpression on cell spreading of Hep-2 cells after 90 min(×400)
細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)組剝脫細(xì)胞百分比分別為 (92.0 ±1.0)%、(85.0 ±2.0)%、(80.0 ±1.0)%和 (91.0±2.0)%,對照組分別為 (36.0 ±5.0)%、(39.0 ±0.2)% 和 (36.0 ± 1.0)%,兩組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (t=62.34,P <0.0001)(圖2)。
Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果實(shí)驗(yàn)組穿過濾膜的細(xì)胞百分比為 (54±5)%,是對照組 [(26±1)%]的2倍,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (t=16.22,P<0.0001)。
體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果32 h后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組劃痕面積百分比為0,明顯低于對照組的30%(F=39.89,P<0.0001); 實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞平均遷移速度為 (0.16±0.03)μm/min,明顯高于對照組的 (0.12 ±0.02) μm/min(t=4.84,P=0.0007)(表2、圖3)。
尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果32 h后,對照組劃痕面積百分比為0,明顯低于實(shí)驗(yàn)組的20%(F=155.97,P<0.0001);對照組細(xì)胞的平均遷移速度為 (0.16±0.03) μm/min,明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞的(0.12 ±0.02) μm/min(t=4.76,P=0.0009) (表3、圖4)。
圖2 ANO1過表達(dá)對Hep-2細(xì)胞剝脫的影響 (×100)Fig 2 Effect of ANO1 overexpression on cell detachment of Hep-2 cells(×100)
表1 ANO1過表達(dá)對Hep-2細(xì)胞增殖的影響Table 1 Effect of ANO1 overexpression on Hep-2
表2 ANO1過表達(dá)對Hep-2細(xì)胞遷移的影響 (%)Table 2 Effect of ANO1 overexpression on cell migration of Hep-2 cells(%)
表3 尼氟滅酸對Hep-2細(xì)胞遷移的影響 (%)Table 3 Effect of niflumic acid on cell migration of Hep-2 cells(%)
圖3 ANO1過表達(dá)對Hep-2細(xì)胞遷移的影響 (×40)Fig 3 Effect of ANO1 overexpression on cell migration of Hep-2 cells(×40)
圖4 尼氟滅酸對Hep-2細(xì)胞遷移的影響 (×40)Fig 4 Effect of niflumic acid on cell migration of Hep-2 cells(×40)
已知ANO1屬膜蛋白,具有8個(gè)穿膜片段,在ANO1的2個(gè)保守區(qū)域中,有1個(gè)區(qū)域參與有絲分裂。人ANO1包含26個(gè)外顯子,位于人11號染色體長臂1區(qū)3帶的 CCND1-EMS1基因座內(nèi),編碼與C12orf 3、C11orf 25及FLJ34272基因產(chǎn)物同源的8-跨膜蛋白,11號染色體長臂1區(qū)3帶的基因是人類基因組中最常發(fā)生擴(kuò)增的基因之一。本研究以ANO1穩(wěn)定過表達(dá)的Hep-2細(xì)胞株作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,空白質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Hep-2細(xì)胞作為對照組,檢測了細(xì)胞的增殖活性,結(jié)果顯示,ANO1的高表達(dá)不會顯著影響細(xì)胞在指數(shù)增長階段的增殖,說明ANO1對于腫瘤的生長并沒有顯著的促進(jìn)作用。
已知腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的過程可分為以下幾個(gè)步驟:局部生長浸潤、從瘤體剝脫、遷移入血管或淋巴管、隨血液或淋巴循環(huán)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移、遷移出血管或淋巴管、在新的部位伸展定居并生長增殖,可見瘤細(xì)胞的剝脫,遷移和伸展能力對腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是相當(dāng)重要的[3-4]。本研究采用Hep-2細(xì)胞株分別進(jìn)行了細(xì)胞剝脫實(shí)驗(yàn)、細(xì)胞伸展實(shí)驗(yàn)、Boyden小室侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)和體外劃痕愈合實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明ANO1高表達(dá)會促進(jìn)細(xì)胞剝脫、伸展和遷移,提示ANO1高表達(dá)可能是通過提高細(xì)胞的剝脫、伸展和遷移能力,最終促進(jìn)頭頸鱗癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。該結(jié)果與Ruiz[5]等研究結(jié)果一致,同時(shí)也驗(yàn)證了本研究的前期實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
氯離子通道在細(xì)胞遷移過程中可發(fā)揮重要作用。在細(xì)胞頭部,通過Na+/H+和Cl-/HCO3-的交換,以及Na+-HCO3-的聯(lián)合轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),細(xì)胞頭部胞內(nèi)滲透壓變大,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞頭部偽足的體積膨脹,向前移動,而逐漸膨脹的偽足還可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜張力變大,從而激發(fā)細(xì)胞尾部鈣離子通道的開放,細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度升高,誘發(fā)氯離子外流,細(xì)胞尾部胞內(nèi)滲透壓降低,致使細(xì)胞尾部體積回縮,最終完成細(xì)胞整體向前移動。2008年,Schroeder等[6]、Caputo 等[7]和 Yang 等[8]分別發(fā)表了關(guān)于利用膜片鉗法證明ANO1具有需鈣離子激活的氯離子通道活性的論文,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為ANO1與癌癥的研究提出了新方向,即ANO1離子通道活性是否參與了癌細(xì)胞的遷移。本研究采用尼氟滅酸阻斷氯離子通道,結(jié)果表明細(xì)胞的遷移變慢,充分說明ANO1需鈣離子激活的氯離子通道活性參與了細(xì)胞的遷移運(yùn)動。當(dāng)ANO1高表達(dá),細(xì)胞膜上的鈣離子和氯離子通道增多,鈣離子和氯離子跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)會增多,從而導(dǎo)致胞內(nèi)滲透壓的節(jié)律變化加快,促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞的遷移。目前已有多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)氯離子通道在腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移過程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用[9-14],而阻斷離子通道,有時(shí)會帶來意想不到的療效[15],目前氯離子通道屬尚未開發(fā)的藥物靶點(diǎn),其抑制劑正在研究開發(fā)之中[16]。
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Effects of Membrane Protein ANO1 Stable Overexpression on Laryngocarcinoma Hep-2 Cells
LI Ya-dong
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,F(xiàn)irst Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,China
Tel:023-89012907,E-mail:llxxyydd2006@sina.com
ObjectiveTo explore the effects of ANO1 overexpression on the proliferation,detachment,spreading,and migration of laryngocarcinoma Hep-2 cell line.MethodsANO1-overexpressing Hep-2 cell line was selected as the assay group,and Hep-2 cell line with empty plasmid was selected as the control group.MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation abilities of Hep-2 cells in both two groups.Cell detachment assay and spreading assay were used to detect the detachment and spreading abilities of Hep-2 cells.Boyden chamber invasion assay,wound healing assay in vitro,and niflumic acid block chloride channel were used to detect the migration abilities of Hep-2 cells.All data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 software package.ResultsCell proliferationassay by MTT showed that,compared with the control group,the optical density value of assay group was not significantly different(P=0.62) .The results of cell detachment assay and cell spreading assay showed the cell detachment rates and cell spreading rates in assay group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.0001) .The results of Boyden chamber invasion assay showed the percentages of cells migrating through the membrane in assay group were significantly higher than those in control group(P <0.0001) .The results of in vitro wound healing experiments showed the wound area rate in assay group was significantly lower than that in control group(P < 0.0001) .The results of niflumic acid blocking chloride channel experiments showed the wound area rates in assay group were significantly higher than those in control group(P <0.0001) .Conclusion ANO1 overexpression does not remarkably alter the proliferation rate of cancer cells,but increases the migration,spreading,and detachment capacities of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
head and neck squamous cancer;chloride channel;metastasis
R782.2
A
1000-503X(2014)01-0020-05
10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2014.01.004
重慶市自然科學(xué)基金 (cstc2012jjA10039)、重慶市衛(wèi)生局醫(yī)學(xué)科研項(xiàng)目 (2011-2-013)和重慶市教委科學(xué)技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目 (KJ130318)Supported by the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC(cstc2012jjA10039),the Medical Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Health Bureau(2011-2-013),and the Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Commission of Education(KJ130318)
2013-10-23)