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2型糖尿病下肢血管病變患者血糖波動(dòng)與踝肱指數(shù)及8—異前列腺素F2α的相關(guān)性研究

2014-12-20 17:25彭永等
關(guān)鍵詞:高血糖波動(dòng)氧化應(yīng)激

彭永等

[摘要] 目的 探討糖尿病合并下肢血管病變(DLEAD)患者血糖波動(dòng)與踝肱指數(shù)(ABI)及8-異前列腺素F2α(8-iso-PGF2α)的相關(guān)性。 方法 選擇2013年9月~2014年2月北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科收治的60例2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者,依據(jù)超聲檢查結(jié)果分為單純2型糖尿病組(DM組),合并下肢血管病變組(DLEAD組),另選取健康者20例做為對(duì)照組(NC組)。分別檢測(cè)其血壓、血脂、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)、8-iso-PGF2α、ABI等指標(biāo)。應(yīng)用動(dòng)態(tài)血糖監(jiān)測(cè)儀對(duì)各組行連續(xù)72 h血糖監(jiān)測(cè),采用全天血糖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDBG)、日內(nèi)平均血糖波動(dòng)幅度(MAGE)、全天有效血糖波動(dòng)次數(shù)(FGE)、日間血糖平均絕對(duì)差(MODD)4個(gè)指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)血糖波動(dòng),比較三組間ABI、8-iso-PGF2α及各血糖波動(dòng)參數(shù),并分析血糖波動(dòng)參數(shù)及臨床生化指標(biāo)與ABI、8-iso-PGF2α的相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 ①DLEAD組患者的病程、MAGE、MODD、SDBG、FGE、8-iso-PGF2α較DM組均明顯升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);DLEAD組ABI明顯低于DM組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。②采用Pearson相關(guān)分析表明:MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.802、-0.147、-0.553,P < 0.05);MAGE、MODD與8-iso-PGF2α呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.825、0.504,P < 0.05)。多因素逐步回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn):MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI獨(dú)立相關(guān)(Y = 1.26 - 0.046 MAGE-0.017 FGE-0.042 MODD)。 結(jié)論 血糖波動(dòng)與DLEAD密切相關(guān),可能是通過(guò)誘發(fā)氧化應(yīng)激水平引起及加重DLEAD。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 2型糖尿病;下肢血管病變;血糖波動(dòng);8-異前列腺素F2α

[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)11(c)-0039-04

Relationship between blood fluctuations with ankle-brachial index and 8-iso-prostaglandin 2α in type 2 diabetes patients with lower extremity vascular disease

PENG Yong1 LU Xiaofeng1 CHENG Qianpeng2 ZHAO Jing2 WU Jinxiao2 DING Lin2 CHEN Shaomin2 MA Yanxia2

1.Clinical College, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100700, China; 2.Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100700, China [Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between the blood glucose fluctuations with ankle-brachial index (ABI) and 8-iso-prostaglandin 2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) with lower extremity vascular disease. Methods From September 2013 to February 2014, in Department of Endocrinology of General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, 60 patients with T2DM undergone ultrasound scan were selected, 30 cases not merged with lower extremity vascular diabetes were as DM group, 30 cases merged with lower extremity vascular disease wete as DLEAD group, and 20 healthy people were as controls (group NC). All the participants were monitored continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 72 hours to evaluate CGMS parameters such as mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), effective blood glucose fluctuations in frequency (FGE), absolute means of daily differences (MODD). The levels of 8-iso-PGF2α, ABI, blood pressure, blood fat, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were detected. Then above-mentioned index were compared between the three groups. The correlation was analyzed between the clinical biochemical, parameters with ABI, 8-iso-PGF2α. Results ①The levels of disease duration, MAGE, MODD, SDBG, FGE, 8-iso-PGF2α in DLEAD group were significantly higher than those in DM group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The ABI of DLEAD group was statistically lower than that of the DM group. ②Pearson correlation analysis showed that: MAGE, MODD were positively related to 8-iso-PGF2α (r = -0.802, -0.147, -0.553, P < 0.05). MAGE, FGE, MODD was negatively correlated with ABI (r = 0.825, 0.504, P < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that MAGE, FGE, MODD were dependent risk to ABI (Y = 1.26-0.046MAGE-0.017FGE-0.042MODD). Conclusion Blood glucose fluctuations are closely correlated with DLEAD, and it may cause or aggravata DLEAD by inducing oxidative stress.

[Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Lower extremity vascular disease; Blood glucose fluctuations; 8-iso-PGF2α

糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)是反映糖尿病(DM)患者血糖長(zhǎng)期控制情況的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國(guó)外研究報(bào)道[1],即使HbA1c控制達(dá)標(biāo),DM大血管病變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也未明顯降低。在相同HbA1c的DM患者中,血糖波動(dòng)明顯者血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯升高[2]。動(dòng)態(tài)血糖監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)(CGMS)隨著近年來(lái)不斷被完善,可以提供更具說(shuō)服力和充分的血糖監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)[3]。氧化應(yīng)激在T2DM發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用已被愈來(lái)愈多的證據(jù)所支持[4],尤其不穩(wěn)定性的高血糖誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激可能會(huì)加重2型糖尿病(T2DM)大血管病變的進(jìn)展。8-iso-PGF2α被認(rèn)為是評(píng)價(jià)體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激的金指標(biāo)[5]。踝肱指數(shù)(ABI)是2010版DM防治指南中提出的目前診斷糖尿病并發(fā)下肢血管病變(diabetic lower extremity arterial disease,DLEAD)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);且ABI是目前評(píng)價(jià)外周血管病變程度的量化指標(biāo),已廣泛用于臨床。本研究旨在探討DLEAD患者血糖波動(dòng)與8-異前列腺素F2α(8-iso-PGF2α)及ABI的關(guān)系。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)內(nèi)分泌科2013年4月~2014年1月收治的T2DM患者60例為研究對(duì)象。其中男33例(55%),女27例(45%);平均年齡(62.8±9.68)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):T2DM診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合1999年WHO診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);DLEAD判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):彩色超聲證實(shí)下肢動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜增厚>1 mm,或有斑塊,或狹窄>30%;近3個(gè)月內(nèi)未改變降糖方案。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①DM急性并發(fā)癥;②重度肝腎功能不全;③妊娠期婦女;④各種急慢性感染;⑤嚴(yán)重心肺功能不全;⑥自身免疫性系統(tǒng)疾病;⑦腫瘤。將60例患者分為2型糖尿病合并下肢血管病變組(DLEAD組30例),單純2型糖尿病組(DM組30例)。另選擇同期來(lái)我院體檢中心體檢的年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)(BMI)相匹配的健康者20例為對(duì)照組(NC組),其中男12例,女8例,平均年齡(61.5±10.08)歲。均經(jīng)口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)排除DM,且無(wú)DM及其他家族性遺傳病史。所有研究對(duì)象3個(gè)月內(nèi)未使用抗氧化藥物。本研究經(jīng)相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有研究對(duì)象均知情同意,并簽署知情同意書。

1.2方法

觀察研究對(duì)象的性別、年齡、病程、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、BMI、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)。生化指標(biāo)為全自動(dòng)生化檢測(cè)儀Beckman-CX4檢測(cè),HbA1c為美國(guó)Bio-Rad 公司的DiaSTAT HbA1c分析儀檢測(cè)。ELISA法測(cè)定8-iso-PGF2α(上海研鑫生物科技有限公司)。ABI測(cè)量采用The Dopplex Assist Range儀器檢查。下肢血管超聲檢查應(yīng)用日本ALOKA10型多普勒超聲儀。對(duì)所有受試者均采用CGMS連續(xù)進(jìn)行72 h血糖監(jiān)測(cè),采用CGMS Soft-ware 3.0軟件對(duì)CGMS監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析并計(jì)算日內(nèi)平均血糖波動(dòng)幅度(MAGE)、日間血糖平均絕對(duì)差(MODD)、全天血糖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SDBG)、全天有效血糖波動(dòng)次數(shù)(FGE)。MAGE是目前評(píng)估日內(nèi)血糖波動(dòng)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]。CGMS監(jiān)測(cè)期間所有受試者保持治療方案不變,進(jìn)餐定時(shí)、定量,運(yùn)動(dòng)方案不變。由于動(dòng)態(tài)血糖參數(shù)需要計(jì)算每天從0~24 h的288個(gè)完整數(shù)據(jù),探頭的置入和移除可能會(huì)造成偏倚,為避免上述情況,血糖監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)束后選取中間0~24 h的數(shù)據(jù)用于分析。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 16.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析和多元逐步回歸分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 三組一般資料比較

三組間年齡、性別、BMI、SBP、DBP、LDL-C、TG水平差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。DLEAD組及DM組間HDL-C、TC、HbA1c差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。DLEAD組及DM組HbA1c及TC均高于NC組,HDL-C均低于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。DLEAD組病程長(zhǎng)于DM組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。

2.2 三組血糖波動(dòng)參數(shù)、ABI及8-iso-PGF2α的比較

三組的MAGE、SDBG、FGE 、MODD 、ABI、8-iso-PGF2α水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。DLEAD組MAGE、MODD、SDBG、FGE、8-iso-PGF2α明顯高于DM組, DM組明顯高于NC組;DLEAD組ABI明顯低于DM組,DM組明顯低于NC組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。

2.3相關(guān)性分析

MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.802、-0.147、-0.553,P < 0.05);MAGE、MODD與8-iso-PGF2α呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.825、0.504,P < 0.05)。多因素逐步回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn):MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI獨(dú)立相關(guān)(Y = 1.26-0.046MAGE-0.017FGE-0.042MODD)。

3 討論

DLEAD基本病理變化為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS),是DM的常見慢性大血管并發(fā)癥,具有很強(qiáng)的致殘性和致死性,嚴(yán)重威脅著DM患者的生活質(zhì)量和生存時(shí)間。既往大多數(shù)研究都集中于持續(xù)高血糖對(duì)于下肢血管病變的影響,研究顯示血糖水平不穩(wěn)定可能超過(guò)血糖絕對(duì)水平對(duì)DM慢性并發(fā)癥危險(xiǎn)性的作用[7]。對(duì)于DM患者而言,血糖波動(dòng)較持續(xù)性高血糖的危害更大,這一點(diǎn)已被國(guó)際糖尿病聯(lián)盟證實(shí)[8]。

氧化應(yīng)激在T2DM發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用已被愈來(lái)愈多的證據(jù)所支持[6,9],尤其不穩(wěn)定性的高血糖誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激可能會(huì)加重T2DM大血管病變的進(jìn)展。血糖波動(dòng)(包括餐后、整體)可產(chǎn)生更多的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致DM慢性血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[10-11]。Ceriello等[12]臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)血糖波動(dòng)組氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)(24 h尿前列腺素及血漿硝基酪氨酸-3)明顯增多于恒定高血糖組。

8-iso-PGF2α是自由基攻擊生物膜磷脂中的花生四烯酸發(fā)生脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化后的產(chǎn)物,特異性強(qiáng),是反映體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平的理想指標(biāo)[13]。由于8-iso-PGF2α在體內(nèi)生成,能靈敏地反映體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平,廣泛存在于體液和各種組織中,且結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定,合成和釋放持續(xù)穩(wěn)定,并且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[14]。Mueller等[15]研究表明,8-iso-PGF2α是下肢動(dòng)脈硬化閉塞癥的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,并且是獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)因子之一。CGMS可供獲取MAGE、MODD、SDBG、FGE等多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)血糖波動(dòng),國(guó)外研發(fā)的系統(tǒng)軟件可準(zhǔn)確、快速地算出上述指標(biāo)[16]。

本研究選取年齡、性別、BMI相匹配的NC組作為對(duì)照,結(jié)果顯示DM組MAGE、MODD、SDBG、FGE及8-iso-PGF2α水平明顯高于NC組,顯示DM患者較非DM者已存在較高的血糖波動(dòng)及氧化應(yīng)激水平。本研究中除了DLEAD組病程長(zhǎng)于DM組外,兩組其余一般資料基線一致,排除了血壓、血脂差異等干擾因素。本研究在控制了嚴(yán)重影響氧化應(yīng)激程度的HbA1c、血脂等臨床指標(biāo)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)DLEAD組MAGE、MODD、SDBG、FGE及8-iso-PGF2α水平較DM組明顯升高,表明DLEAD組血糖波動(dòng)更劇烈,氧化應(yīng)激水平更嚴(yán)重。相關(guān)性分析顯示,MAGE、MODD與 8-iso-PGF2α呈正相關(guān),提示血糖波動(dòng)幅度、頻次等可能會(huì)誘發(fā)及加重機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激水平;MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI呈負(fù)相關(guān),多元逐步回歸分析顯示MAGE、FGE、MODD與ABI獨(dú)立相關(guān),提示血糖波動(dòng)與DLEAD有一定關(guān)系,其機(jī)制可能是誘發(fā)了氧化應(yīng)激、血管內(nèi)皮損傷,表明血糖波動(dòng)可能誘發(fā)并加重T2DM患者氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài),進(jìn)一步致使T2DM大血管病變進(jìn)展,本研究結(jié)果與國(guó)外研究[17]結(jié)果一致。目前認(rèn)為慢性血糖波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致DM血管病變的機(jī)制還有以下幾種可能:①炎性反應(yīng);②胰島素抵抗;③血管內(nèi)皮損傷;④胰島β細(xì)胞功能缺陷;⑤凝血機(jī)制活化等。

綜上所述,血糖持續(xù)異常波動(dòng)與DLEAD有具有相關(guān)性,可能是通過(guò)誘發(fā)并加重了體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激所致。本研究結(jié)果提示在臨床上常規(guī)降糖(HbA1c、空腹血糖、餐后血糖)的同時(shí),亦應(yīng)關(guān)注減少血糖波動(dòng),從而降低體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激水平,延緩為DLEAD的進(jìn)展。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)[J]. Lancet,1998,352(9131):854-865.

[2] Rodriguez-Fontal M,Kerrison JB,Alfaro DV,et al. Metabolic control and diabetic retinopathy [J]. Curr Diabetes Rev,2009,5(1):3-7.

[3] Luijf YM,Avogaro A,Benesch C,et al. Continuous glucose monitoring accuracy results vary between assessment at home and assessment at the clinical research center [J]. J Diabetes Sci Technol,2012,6(5):1103-1106.

[4] Roberts CK,Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome[J]. Life Sci,2009,84(21-22):705-712.

[5] Helmersson J,Arnlov J,Vessby B,et al. Serum selenium predicts levels of F2-isoprostanes and prostaglandin F2 alpha in a 27 year follow-up study of Swedish men [J]. Free Radie Res,2005,39(7):763-770.

[6] Zhou J,Li H,Ran X,et al. Reference value for continuous glucose monitoring in Chinese subjects [J]. Diabetes Care,2009,32(7):1188-1193.

[7] Monnier L,Colette CM. Regulation of oxidative stress by glycaemic control: evidence for an independent inhibitory effect of insulin therapy [J]. Diabetologia,2010,53(3): 562-571.

[8] Ceriello A,Colagiuri S. International Diabetes Federation guideline for management of postmeal glucose:a review of recommendations [J]. Diabet Med,2008,25(10):1151-1156.

[9] 黃燕超,段俊麗.波動(dòng)性高血糖及其與心血管并發(fā)癥的關(guān)系[J].實(shí)用老年醫(yī)學(xué),2012,26(4):343-345.

[10] Louis M,Emilie M,Christine G,et al. Activationof oxidative stressby acute glucose fluctuations compared withs ustained chronic hyperglycemia inpatientswith type 2 diabetes [J]. JAMA,2006,295(14):1681-1687.

[11] 張?jiān)吩?糖尿病性眼肌麻痹36例臨床分析[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(2):40-41,46.

[12] Ceriello A,Esposito K,Piconi L. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose innormal and type 2 diabetic patients [J]. Diabetes,2008,57(5):1349-1354.

[13] Owczarek D,Cibor D,Mach T. Asymmetric dimethylarginine(ADMA),symmetric dimethylarginine(SDMA),arginine,and 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2alpha (8-iso-PGF2 alpha) level in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis,2010,16(1): 52-57.

[14] Montuschi P,Barnes PJ,Roberts LJ. Isoprostanes: markers and mediators of oxidative stress [J]. FASEB J,2004,18(15):1791-1800.

[15] Mueller T,Dieplinger B,Gegenhuber A,et al. Serum total 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha: a new and independent predictor of peripheral arterial disease [J]. J Vasc Surg,2004, 40(4):768-773.

[16] Fritzsche G,Kohnert KD,Heinke P,et al. The use of a computer program to calculate the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions [J]. Diabetes Technol Ther,2011,13(3): 319-325.

[17] Piconi L,Quagliaro I,Da Ros R. Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1,VCAM-1,E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase [J]. J Thromb Haemost,2004,2(8):1453-1459.

(收稿日期:2014-08-20 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

[9] 黃燕超,段俊麗.波動(dòng)性高血糖及其與心血管并發(fā)癥的關(guān)系[J].實(shí)用老年醫(yī)學(xué),2012,26(4):343-345.

[10] Louis M,Emilie M,Christine G,et al. Activationof oxidative stressby acute glucose fluctuations compared withs ustained chronic hyperglycemia inpatientswith type 2 diabetes [J]. JAMA,2006,295(14):1681-1687.

[11] 張?jiān)吩?糖尿病性眼肌麻痹36例臨床分析[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(2):40-41,46.

[12] Ceriello A,Esposito K,Piconi L. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose innormal and type 2 diabetic patients [J]. Diabetes,2008,57(5):1349-1354.

[13] Owczarek D,Cibor D,Mach T. Asymmetric dimethylarginine(ADMA),symmetric dimethylarginine(SDMA),arginine,and 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2alpha (8-iso-PGF2 alpha) level in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis,2010,16(1): 52-57.

[14] Montuschi P,Barnes PJ,Roberts LJ. Isoprostanes: markers and mediators of oxidative stress [J]. FASEB J,2004,18(15):1791-1800.

[15] Mueller T,Dieplinger B,Gegenhuber A,et al. Serum total 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha: a new and independent predictor of peripheral arterial disease [J]. J Vasc Surg,2004, 40(4):768-773.

[16] Fritzsche G,Kohnert KD,Heinke P,et al. The use of a computer program to calculate the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions [J]. Diabetes Technol Ther,2011,13(3): 319-325.

[17] Piconi L,Quagliaro I,Da Ros R. Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1,VCAM-1,E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase [J]. J Thromb Haemost,2004,2(8):1453-1459.

(收稿日期:2014-08-20 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

[9] 黃燕超,段俊麗.波動(dòng)性高血糖及其與心血管并發(fā)癥的關(guān)系[J].實(shí)用老年醫(yī)學(xué),2012,26(4):343-345.

[10] Louis M,Emilie M,Christine G,et al. Activationof oxidative stressby acute glucose fluctuations compared withs ustained chronic hyperglycemia inpatientswith type 2 diabetes [J]. JAMA,2006,295(14):1681-1687.

[11] 張?jiān)吩?糖尿病性眼肌麻痹36例臨床分析[J].中國(guó)斜視與小兒眼科雜志,2013,21(2):40-41,46.

[12] Ceriello A,Esposito K,Piconi L. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose innormal and type 2 diabetic patients [J]. Diabetes,2008,57(5):1349-1354.

[13] Owczarek D,Cibor D,Mach T. Asymmetric dimethylarginine(ADMA),symmetric dimethylarginine(SDMA),arginine,and 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2alpha (8-iso-PGF2 alpha) level in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis,2010,16(1): 52-57.

[14] Montuschi P,Barnes PJ,Roberts LJ. Isoprostanes: markers and mediators of oxidative stress [J]. FASEB J,2004,18(15):1791-1800.

[15] Mueller T,Dieplinger B,Gegenhuber A,et al. Serum total 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha: a new and independent predictor of peripheral arterial disease [J]. J Vasc Surg,2004, 40(4):768-773.

[16] Fritzsche G,Kohnert KD,Heinke P,et al. The use of a computer program to calculate the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions [J]. Diabetes Technol Ther,2011,13(3): 319-325.

[17] Piconi L,Quagliaro I,Da Ros R. Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1,VCAM-1,E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase [J]. J Thromb Haemost,2004,2(8):1453-1459.

(收稿日期:2014-08-20 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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