宋書中, 伍春蓮,2*
(1.西華師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,西南野生動植物資源保護(hù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川南充637009;2.西南大學(xué),三峽庫區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境與生物資源省部共建國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶400715)
雷公藤紅素誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展
宋書中1, 伍春蓮1,2*
(1.西華師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,西南野生動植物資源保護(hù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川南充637009;2.西南大學(xué),三峽庫區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境與生物資源省部共建國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶400715)
雷公藤紅素 (celastrol)是一種從傳統(tǒng)中藥雷公藤根皮中提取出的三萜單體,具有顯著的抗癌活性。它作為一種蛋白酶體抑制劑,能影響腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種信號通路,如抑制蛋白酶體、IKKα/β激酶、HSP90等,并能激活caspase3/7。本文就雷公藤紅素誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡及其機(jī)制做一系統(tǒng)綜述。
雷公藤紅素;蛋白酶體;NF-κB;HSP90;凋亡
雷公藤Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F.,又名黃藤,是我國傳統(tǒng)中草藥,在治療風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、肺結(jié)核以及其他慢性疾病時發(fā)揮著重要作用。雷公藤紅素(celastrol,CSL)是從雷公藤根皮中提取出的一種三萜單體,具有抗炎、治療神經(jīng)性退化疾病等多種藥理活性[1-3]。近年來,它的抗腫瘤作用也備受關(guān)注,其分子機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,不過越來越多的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,雷公藤紅素在誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡方面表現(xiàn)出巨大的潛力。
雷公藤紅素又名南蛇藤素或南蛇藤醇,分子式C29H38O4,紅色針狀結(jié)晶,mp 185~200℃,在425 nm處有最強(qiáng)吸收,易溶有機(jī)溶劑,不溶于水。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,它屬于五環(huán)三萜類化合物,其芳香酮基上的C2和C6有很強(qiáng)的親核活性,從而具有抗腫瘤、抗微生物、抗氧化、細(xì)胞毒性和抗瘧疾等作用,結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1。
圖1 雷公藤紅素化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式
近年來的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,低劑量下的雷公藤紅素在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中都表現(xiàn)出較理想的抑制效果,如乳腺癌細(xì)胞、肺癌細(xì)胞、胰腺癌細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞、黑色素瘤細(xì)胞和前列腺癌細(xì)胞等[4-9]。雷公藤紅素作為一種天然的蛋白酶體抑制劑[10-11],可影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種信號通路及蛋白發(fā)揮作用,如NF-κB、Hsp90、蛋白酶體、c-Jun、AKT/mTOR、VEGFR、caspase等[1,4,11-12]。
2.1 作用于β1亞基,抑制蛋白酶體活性 蛋白酶體又稱26S蛋白酶體 (沉降系數(shù)為26S),是一種催化復(fù)合蛋白體,可降解細(xì)胞內(nèi)約80%以上的蛋白質(zhì),如周期蛋白、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、IκB-α、促凋亡蛋白Bax以及錯誤折疊蛋白等。蛋白酶體與細(xì)胞中多種信號通路及蛋白發(fā)揮作用密切相關(guān),例如NF-κB、Bcl-2家族蛋白等[13-14]。
雷公藤紅素作為一種天然蛋白酶體抑制劑,可以誘導(dǎo)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。Yang等[8]用雷公藤紅素 (1~5 mol/L)處理前列腺癌細(xì)胞(PC-3和LNCaP),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)類胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性明顯受到抑制,泛素化的蛋白及蛋白酶體底物 (IκB-α、Bax、p27)大量堆積,由此開始了對雷公藤紅素作為蛋白酶體抑制劑的研究。隨后其抑制蛋白酶體進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡這一作用被Wang等[15]在人宮頸癌細(xì)胞Hela中得到確認(rèn),但是它是否直接作用于蛋白酶體仍不明確。Feng等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),雷公藤紅素在體外能分別抑制肽基谷氨酰肽水解酶樣(peptidyl glutamyl-like)、胰蛋白酶樣(trypsin-like)、糜蛋白酶樣(chymotrypsin-like)這3類蛋白酶的活性,分別對應(yīng)β1、β2、β5亞基的催化。但是在以上3種催化亞基中,只有β1的活性可被雷公藤紅素抑制,即使在較低的0.2μmol/L濃度下也同樣如此。然后,他們將人的蛋白酶體β1亞基在大腸桿菌中克隆表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)雷公藤紅素能明顯地抑制其活性,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了它是直接抑制蛋白酶體的活性。
蛋白酶體抑制劑可以通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,從而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[17]。硼替佐米 (bortezomib)作為唯一一種上市的蛋白酶體抑制劑,能通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激抑制蛋白酶體降解蛋白,并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的凋亡[18]。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中,雷公藤紅素也可通過抑制蛋白酶體活性,引發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)[17-20]。Wang等[15]通過Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),雷公藤紅素可明顯上調(diào)HeLa細(xì)胞內(nèi)PERK的表達(dá),同時內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的其他標(biāo)志物Bip和IREI也得到上調(diào)。Feng等[16]也證實(shí),它能激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激PERK通路的標(biāo)志物eIF2α和CHOP。另外,F(xiàn)ribley等[21]報(bào)道,雷公藤紅素還能激活腫瘤細(xì)胞eIF2α激酶的活性。
2.2 抑制IκB蛋白降解,抑制NF-κB通路活化 NF-κB(nuclear factor kappa B)即核因子κB,是由Rel蛋白家族中的成員以同源或異源二聚體形式形成的一組轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與炎癥、免疫、應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞的增殖和細(xì)胞凋亡等多種生理病理過程的基因調(diào)節(jié)。大量實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,持續(xù)性激活NF-κB可以引發(fā)人體中大量的惡性腫瘤[22]。
硼替佐米是一種蛋白酶體抑制劑,能抑制NF-κB通路的活化[23],而且雷公藤紅素也有同樣的抑制作用[24]。NF-κB通路的激發(fā)需要IκB蛋白的降解,而其前提是IκB激酶(IKK)的活化。2006年,Lee等[4]報(bào)道雷公藤紅素能夠抑制IKKα和IKKβ激酶的活化。Dai等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),在雄性激素非依賴型前列腺癌(AIPC)中,它可迅速抑制胞漿中IκBα的降解,阻止RelA進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核。Sethi等[24]報(bào)道,雷公藤紅素能夠抑制誘導(dǎo)型和構(gòu)成型的NF-κB活化,以及腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)誘導(dǎo)IκBα激酶的活化及降解。TAK1在TNF激活I(lǐng)KK過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用,而雷公藤紅素能夠抑制TAK1,F(xiàn)reuddsperger等[25]也進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。
TMPRSS2/ERG(T/E)基因能促進(jìn)前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲[26],而NF-κB在此過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Wang等[27]研究表明,NF-κB能通過 p65第 536位絲氨酸(p536)的磷酸化來激活腫瘤細(xì)胞T/E的表達(dá)。Shao等[28]報(bào)道,雷公藤紅素是 p536的抑制劑,在前列腺癌細(xì)胞(PCa)中通過NF-κB抑制T/E基因的表達(dá)。
2.3 作用HSP90 C-末端,抑制HSR活化 熱休克反應(yīng)(heat shock response,HSR)在促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)折疊過程中起著關(guān)鍵作用,而在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中,這條通路是持續(xù)和激活過度的[29]。研究顯示,雷公藤紅素能在人乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MCF-7和BT474、人非小細(xì)胞性肺癌細(xì)胞系H157、人神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系SH-SY5Y及HeLa細(xì)胞中抑制熱休克反應(yīng)[30]。
人類胞漿中含有兩種HSP90亞型,分別為HSP90α和HSP90β。雷公藤紅素能夠作用于HSP90-Cdc37復(fù)合物[6],抑制HSP90 ATP酶活性[31],Cdc-37和ATP結(jié)合域位于HSP90 N-末端。Zhang等[32]認(rèn)為,雷公藤紅素可作用于HSP90 C-末端,進(jìn)而影響HSP90與Cdc37的相互作用。Zamphorlin等[33]通過HSP90α缺失變異體C-HSP90α(只剩C-末端)的SEC-MALS實(shí)驗(yàn),證實(shí)雷公藤紅素是作用于C-末端結(jié)合域從而影響HSP90α的功能。Sreeramulu等[34]報(bào)道,它不僅能直接作用于HSP90復(fù)合物,而且會將Cdc37作為靶標(biāo),從而影響HSP90-Cdc37復(fù)合物的形成。Peng等[31]認(rèn)為,雷公藤紅素可能是以共價(jià)鍵的方式與Cdc37氨基端的3個半胱氨酸殘基相連,進(jìn)而影響蛋白激酶的相互作用。此外,它不僅能誘導(dǎo)HSP90分子伴侶 p23的寡聚化[35],而且還是熱休克轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 (HSF1)的抑制劑[34]。
HSP90維持著細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種激酶、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、受體等的穩(wěn)定性和活性,如Raf-1、EGFR和AKT[36-38]。雷公藤紅素不僅能促進(jìn)H1650和H1975細(xì)胞內(nèi)EGFR及AKT的降解[39],同時還可促進(jìn)H460細(xì)胞EGFR、ErbB2和凋亡抑制蛋白survivin降解,并提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)p53蛋白表達(dá)水平[40]。Huang等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn),無論在常氧或缺氧條件下,雷公藤紅素都能夠下調(diào)HIF-1αmRNA水平,降低核HIF-1α蛋白累積。
2.4 升高Caspase-3/7表達(dá)水平 Caspase凋亡途徑是細(xì)胞凋亡不可或缺的通路。其中,Caspase-3/7被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞凋亡的執(zhí)行者[42],一旦被激活就會導(dǎo)致級聯(lián)的介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。PARP(poly ADP-ribose polymerase)為DNA修復(fù)酶,同時也是Caspase的切割底物[43],常被看作是細(xì)胞凋亡的標(biāo)記物。
實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,雷公藤紅素能夠明顯提高多種腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)Caspase3/7蛋白表達(dá)水平[39,44-45],同時PARP的剪切帶也得到不同程度的增強(qiáng)[39,46-47]。Fan等[39]通過Western blot實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在雷公藤濃度為2μmol/L和4μmol/L時,H1650細(xì)胞Caspase3/7蛋白濃度明顯升高,PARP也得以激活。Jiang等[44]報(bào)道,雷公藤紅素聯(lián)合肝細(xì)胞生長因子受體(C-Met)抑制劑PHA-665752(PHA)作用于Huh7細(xì)胞,在高濃度(大于1.0μmol/L)時,它能使細(xì)胞停滯在G2/M時期并激活Caspase-3/7。另外,Mou等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn),在非小細(xì)胞肺癌A549細(xì)胞中,雷公藤紅素可以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞色素C釋放,上調(diào)Bax蛋白表達(dá),同時下調(diào)Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)。Yang等[45]報(bào)道,它可劑量依賴性地誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡,在MCF-7細(xì)胞中,雷公藤紅素顯著促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞色素C及凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子AIF釋放,并降低Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá),上調(diào)Bax蛋白表達(dá)。
2.5 其他轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑 在細(xì)胞有條不紊地生命代謝的穩(wěn)態(tài)中,稍微出現(xiàn)一個或幾個小環(huán)節(jié)的細(xì)小差錯,就會誘發(fā)整個細(xì)胞代謝的紊亂,可能將導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的發(fā)生。
馬永嵐等[49]報(bào)道,在人早幼粒白血病細(xì)胞HL-60中,雷公藤紅素能抑制Akt的磷酸化,同時下調(diào)CyclinD1蛋白的表達(dá)水平,并呈顯著的劑量和時間依賴性來誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。周培等[50]報(bào)道,它能顯著抑制PCa細(xì)胞株生長,同時降低SENP1基因在mRNA水平表達(dá),表明雷公藤紅素可能是通過SENP1相關(guān)信號通路來誘導(dǎo)前列腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡的。雌激素受體α(ERα)作為一種核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,是治療乳腺癌的靶點(diǎn)。Jang等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn),在人乳腺癌細(xì)胞 MCF7和T47D中,雷公藤紅素能降低ERα在mRNA及蛋白水平表達(dá),揭示它可降低MCF7和T47D細(xì)胞中ERα的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,對于治療人乳腺癌有著重大的意義。
作為從傳統(tǒng)中草藥中提取出的單體,雷公藤紅素的抗炎、治療神經(jīng)退行性疾病及抗癌作用已被廣泛報(bào)道。作為一種具有巨大潛在價(jià)值的抗腫瘤新藥,它無論是在腫瘤細(xì)胞,還是在腫瘤組織模型方面都表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抑制腫瘤增殖的特性,并具劑量和時間依賴性。
雷公藤紅素針對不同類型的體外培養(yǎng)的腫瘤細(xì)胞,其半數(shù)抑制濃度 (IC50)也不同,見表1。Feng等[16]用雷公藤紅素處理Hela細(xì)胞48 h,MTT細(xì)胞活性實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測出其IC50值為(0.79±0.22)μmol/L。
利用腫瘤異體移植模型(Tumor xenograftmodel),Pang等[54]以雷公藤紅素2 mg/(kg·d)的量連續(xù)腹腔注射16 d,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)裸鼠PC-3腫瘤組織體積明顯減小,從 (129.36± 37.35)mm3降至 (35.49±9.71)mm3,而對照組腫瘤組織則明顯增大,從 (130.63±37.62)mm3升至 (330.74± 72.20)mm3。采用同樣的腫瘤異體移植模型,Zheng等[55]以雷公藤紅素每2天注射一次裸鼠腹腔,連續(xù)21 d,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著濃度的增大,它能明顯的抑制肺癌細(xì)胞95-D組織體積的增大,見表2。
在臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Zhang等[56]報(bào)道,按100μg/kg的劑量,通過靜脈注射,雷公藤紅素峰濃度Cmax為 (38.83± 12.83)μg/L,血藥濃度為 (79.35±19.85)μg/(h·L),半衰期T1/2β為 (8.33±0.84)h,而片劑的生物利用度為17.06%。由此推測,體內(nèi)代謝和組織分布可能是生物利用度較低的原因。
表1 雷公藤紅素作用不同類型細(xì)胞系IC50值
表2 雷公藤紅素作用人肺癌95-D細(xì)胞裸鼠模型
雷公藤作為一種常用藥材,在消炎止痛、祛風(fēng)通絡(luò)、殺蟲解毒方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。而來源于其根皮的三萜單體雷公藤紅素,近年來在抗腫瘤、抗炎等方面也顯示出巨大的潛在治療價(jià)值。另外在低濃度下,雷公藤紅素不易產(chǎn)生毒副作用,而其在誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡方面的顯著活性正在不斷得到實(shí)驗(yàn)的證實(shí)。
作為一種蛋白酶體抑制劑,雷公藤紅素可作用于蛋白酶體β1亞基,從而抑制其活性。它可通過抑制IκB蛋白降解,從而抑制NF-κB信號途徑活化。而且,雷公藤紅素還能通過作用于HSP90 C-末端結(jié)構(gòu)域,進(jìn)而影響HSP90與其底物蛋白的相互作用。本課題組認(rèn)為,雷公藤紅素分別通過直接作用于蛋白酶體和HSP90,引起蛋白酶體多種底物蛋白降解異常,以及HSP90多種分子伴侶功能異常。受到抑制的蛋白酶體,通過抑制IκB蛋白的降解,進(jìn)而抑制NF-κB信號通路的活化,使錯誤折疊蛋白累積,引發(fā)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng),再通過激活線粒體凋亡信號途徑,進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡。作為一種提取于我國傳統(tǒng)中草藥的抗腫瘤藥物,雷公藤紅素高效低毒,其藥用價(jià)值正在被不斷地發(fā)掘,期望能像青蒿素一樣為人類的醫(yī)藥事業(yè)做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。
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R966
:A
:1001-1528(2015)07-1548-05
10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2015.07.033
2014-11-12
中國博士后基金項(xiàng)目 (2013M540391);四川省教育廳重大培育項(xiàng)目 (13CZ0029);三峽庫區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境與生物資源省部共建重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放課題基金項(xiàng)目(SKL-2011-05)
宋書中 (1988—),男,碩士,從事天然藥物對腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡作用的研究。
*通信作者:伍春蓮 (1976—),女,博士,副教授,從事細(xì)胞和分子生物學(xué)的研究和教學(xué)。Tel:18990874796,E-mail:wcl_xj@ 163.com