国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

神經(jīng)超興奮性與阿爾茨海默病

2015-01-21 16:24張茂營(yíng)賈偉強(qiáng)馬全紅徐如祥
關(guān)鍵詞:載脂蛋白興奮性抗癲癇

張茂營(yíng) 賈偉強(qiáng) 馬全紅 徐如祥

·專(zhuān)題筆談·

神經(jīng)超興奮性與阿爾茨海默病

張茂營(yíng)1賈偉強(qiáng)2馬全紅3徐如祥2

阿爾茨海默病(AD)是一種常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,其病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚無(wú)滿(mǎn)意闡述,治療上也因存在許多瓶頸而無(wú)肯定有效的措施。近年來(lái),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在AD患者及動(dòng)物模型腦內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出更高的癲癇發(fā)生率或異常的腦電節(jié)律,這種異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)與AD認(rèn)知損害密切相關(guān)。近些年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)是導(dǎo)致突觸功能受損、認(rèn)知功能損害以及行為異常的上游機(jī)制,抗癲癇藥物(左乙拉西坦)通過(guò)調(diào)控鈉離子電壓門(mén)控通道能抑制AD轉(zhuǎn)基因模型鼠腦內(nèi)這種異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),恢復(fù)異常的突觸功能,改善其認(rèn)知能力??拱d癇藥對(duì)AD治療的有效性引起廣泛關(guān)注。本文就神經(jīng)超興奮性與AD的關(guān)系及其治療進(jìn)展作一綜述。

阿爾茨海默??;神經(jīng)超興奮性;抗癲癇藥

阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是以β淀粉樣沉淀(β-amyloid,Aβ)和Tau蛋白過(guò)磷酸化形成的神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)(Neurofibullar tangels,NFTs)為主要病理特征的神經(jīng)退行性疾病。不斷沉積的Aβ和Tau蛋白磷酸化,誘發(fā)腦內(nèi)慢性神經(jīng)炎癥損傷、突觸和神經(jīng)元丟失和進(jìn)行性的認(rèn)知障礙和記憶損害[1]。過(guò)去認(rèn)為針對(duì)Aβ和Tau蛋白磷酸化的治療是治療AD的主要策略,但是目前仍缺乏有效的特異性治療方法。近年來(lái)AD腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)AD患者患癲癇的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加5-10倍[2-4],AD模型鼠腦內(nèi)存在大量異常興奮的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)中或者癲癇樣改變[5-9]。使用抗癲癇藥物左乙拉西坦能有顯著抑制AD模型鼠腦內(nèi)異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),恢復(fù)突觸的可塑性,改善認(rèn)知功能[10-11]。異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致AD病理和認(rèn)知障礙的一個(gè)新的機(jī)制[3]。本文就神經(jīng)超興奮與AD的關(guān)系、可能的作用機(jī)制及其治療進(jìn)展作一綜述。

一、神經(jīng)超興奮性影響阿爾茨海默病的作用機(jī)制

1.Aβ大量沉積導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)超興奮性:目前普遍認(rèn)同具有神經(jīng)毒性的Aβ在腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)大量沉積是AD主要致病因素[12]。Aβ來(lái)源于β淀粉樣前體蛋白(APP)。APP廣泛存在于體內(nèi)各類(lèi)組織中,特別是在腦組織中。正常生理?xiàng)l件下,大部分APP經(jīng)過(guò)α-分泌酶裂解為可溶性的β-APP,再經(jīng)過(guò)γ-分泌酶剪切裂解成P3。在AD中,APP在N端位點(diǎn)經(jīng)過(guò)β-分泌酶異常剪切產(chǎn)生可溶性的APPS-β和能貫穿膜成分的C末端片段(CTFs),CTFs在γ-分泌酶的裂解下產(chǎn)生大量的Aβ40和Aβ 42,促進(jìn)Aβ的聚集而致病[13]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道病理性Aβ參與調(diào)控腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)和突觸傳遞活動(dòng)[5]。大量的Aβ沉積損害腦內(nèi)興奮性突觸之間的突觸傳遞和損害膽堿能神經(jīng)元的突觸可塑性[14],異常調(diào)控神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)水平,誘發(fā)癲癇樣腦電活動(dòng)和癲癇,直接、間接地重塑海馬神經(jīng)傳遞功能,導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能障礙[5]。

AD腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)超興奮性現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生可能與以下幾種情況有關(guān):(1)海馬代償性生成一系列抑制性中間神經(jīng)元干擾正常的神網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng);(2)異常神經(jīng)超興奮性神經(jīng)活動(dòng)誘發(fā)的代償性抑制性中間神經(jīng)元在抑制神經(jīng)超興奮性的同時(shí),也嚴(yán)重干擾正常的神經(jīng)信息傳遞和突觸功能,導(dǎo)致的認(rèn)知障礙[15]。(3)電壓門(mén)控鈉離子通道耗竭、載脂蛋白E4片段的神經(jīng)毒性以及Enk基因表達(dá)水平的升高也與神經(jīng)超興奮性有關(guān)[16-17]。(4)谷氨酸受體(如GLT1)的損害,導(dǎo)致對(duì)谷氨酸的清除減少,刺激神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通路,引起神經(jīng)超興奮性,加重認(rèn)知損害[16-17]。(5)一些鈣調(diào)控蛋白(鈣結(jié)合蛋白)[18]和神經(jīng)活動(dòng)調(diào)控蛋白(Fos、Arc)[19-20]的異常也可能是引起異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)的因素。(6)具有興奮毒性的花生四烯酸、喹啉酸異常生成增多也參與調(diào)節(jié)異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)[16-17]。(7)此外,異常的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)也進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)神經(jīng)毒性Aβ的生成,大量生成的Aβ使神經(jīng)活動(dòng)進(jìn)一步異常,如此惡性循環(huán),促進(jìn)AD病理進(jìn)行性進(jìn)展,嚴(yán)重?fù)p害記憶認(rèn)知功能[21]。但是Aβ影響腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)的確切機(jī)制仍然缺乏有效的認(rèn)識(shí),并且Aβ引起的異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)與異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)進(jìn)一步刺激Aβ的生成二者之間存在的關(guān)系也有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

2.APP基因,早老素1基因和早老素2基因:淀粉樣前體蛋白(APP)基因位于21號(hào)染色體即21q21.1-21.3,是最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的與AD相關(guān)的突變基因,呈常染色體顯性遺傳,與家族性早發(fā)型AD有密切的關(guān)系。在病理?xiàng)l件下,APP主要經(jīng)β-分泌酶和γ-分泌酶順序剪切,產(chǎn)生大量神經(jīng)毒性的Aβ,導(dǎo)致AD[22]。

早老素1(Presenilins 1,PS-1)基因定位于14號(hào)染色體即14q24.3,PS-2基因位于1號(hào)染色體上即14q31-32,大部分分布于與腦內(nèi)皮層和海馬,正常生理情況下,對(duì)于神經(jīng)元的發(fā)生和存活起重要作用。突變的PS-1和PS-2基因促進(jìn)神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)和Aβ聚集,誘發(fā)氧自由基產(chǎn)生和誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡,加重AD的病理。70%~80%的家族性早發(fā)型AD是由PS-1和PS-2基因突變導(dǎo)致的。

現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)編碼hAPP的基因上的23個(gè)突變,PS-1的基因上的174個(gè)突變和PS-2的基因上的14個(gè)突變都能引起家族性早發(fā)型AD[23]。腦內(nèi)異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)律在家族性早發(fā)型AD發(fā)生率更高,異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)更明顯,發(fā)生強(qiáng)直痙攣性癲癇的可能性更大,更常見(jiàn)。而遲發(fā)型的AD,相比未癡呆的同齡相比,雖然癲癇發(fā)生率明顯升高,但是很少?gòu)?qiáng)直痙攣性癲癇,僅僅約有5%~20%的AD患者受此影響[24]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道出現(xiàn)癲癇癥狀的家族性早發(fā)型AD患者,56%的人有APP基因突變;并且超過(guò)30個(gè)PS1基因突變與癲癇的發(fā)生相關(guān)[25];小于40歲家族性早發(fā)型AD患者,大約83%人發(fā)生過(guò)癲癇[26]。由此可見(jiàn),癲癇活動(dòng)在AD患者中發(fā)生率很高,并且攜帶有APP,PS1和PS2等位基因突變的AD患者,特別是家族性早發(fā)型AD患者更容易發(fā)生癲癇,發(fā)生全身痙攣性癲癇的比例更大。其致病的機(jī)制很可能是這些基因的突變體通過(guò)改變?chǔ)?分泌酶活性,改變Aβ42/Aβ40的比例,增加Aβ 42生成和聚集,加重AD的病理。Aβ42的增多,增強(qiáng)谷氨酰氨突觸神經(jīng)元的興奮節(jié)律,造成興奮性突觸傳遞紊亂,引發(fā)癲癇活動(dòng)[27]。但具體的機(jī)制,還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

3.載脂蛋白ε4(ApoEε4)基因:載脂蛋白基因是目前已知導(dǎo)致散發(fā)型AD的最重要的危險(xiǎn)基因之一,盡管其潛在的機(jī)制仍然需要進(jìn)一步闡明,但是研究顯示,位于19號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂即19q13.2的載脂蛋白ε4基因,通過(guò)參與調(diào)節(jié)Aβ生成途徑或者非Aβ途徑,在AD的病理發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用[28]。散發(fā)型AD患者在疾病的早期就存在明顯異常的癲癇樣腦電活動(dòng),這種異常的腦電活動(dòng)與載脂蛋白ε4基因有顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[3]。載脂蛋白ε4基因誘發(fā)的異常神經(jīng)超興奮性與Aβ的神經(jīng)毒性、Aβ誘發(fā)的神經(jīng)超興奮性的損害作用一起共同致力于AD的病理進(jìn)展。載脂蛋白ε4在疾病發(fā)展的任何階段均異常調(diào)控著腦內(nèi)的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比未攜帶載脂蛋白ε4基因的人,遺傳攜帶載脂蛋白ε4基因的人群,在出現(xiàn)癡呆癥狀之前,通過(guò)EEG監(jiān)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)腦內(nèi)存在癲癇樣的腦電活動(dòng)和異常高尖的腦電波[29];在早發(fā)型AD患者的直系親屬中,在EEG腦電檢測(cè)中,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種現(xiàn)象[30]。這些研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明:(1)載脂蛋白ε4是導(dǎo)致AD的易感危險(xiǎn)基因;(2)在攜帶有載脂蛋白ε4的人群中,在出現(xiàn)癡呆之前,載脂蛋白ε4異常調(diào)控著神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),腦內(nèi)存在癲癇樣的腦電活動(dòng)和異常高尖的腦電波;(3)載脂蛋白ε4誘發(fā)的異常異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),可能是導(dǎo)致AD病理進(jìn)行性進(jìn)展的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素。

AD是多種病因互相影響,互相作用導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,除了以上幾種情況,還包括Tau蛋白基因突變、α2巨球蛋白基因突變、炎性反應(yīng)、神經(jīng)元鈣超載、細(xì)胞凋亡、谷氨酸興奮性毒性、糖代謝/脂質(zhì)代謝異常、自由基和氧化應(yīng)激損傷等,這些在AD的病理中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,但是他們與AD腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性的相關(guān)關(guān)系,還不明確,有待于進(jìn)一步研究與探索。

二、抗癲癇療法在防治阿爾茨海默病的作用

AD的致病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前臨床一線(xiàn)抗AD藥物僅有膽堿酯酶抑制劑和NMDA受體抑制劑兩類(lèi),至今只有5個(gè)藥物被批準(zhǔn)上市。這些藥物都是對(duì)癥治療,治療效果不理想,并且長(zhǎng)期服用毒副作用大,價(jià)格昂貴,停藥后容易復(fù)發(fā),并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)或根治AD,使得AD的治療一直處于停滯不全的地步。雖然目前在臨床試驗(yàn)中很多用于AD治療的藥物主要目標(biāo)是減少Aβ的水平,但是這些藥物的長(zhǎng)期有效性和安全性仍然沒(méi)有得到有效的驗(yàn)證。

隨著社會(huì)老齡化的不斷深入,AD將給人類(lèi)社會(huì)帶來(lái)越來(lái)越承重的負(fù)擔(dān),尋找有效的AD防治手段顯得非常迫切。近些年來(lái),隨著AD腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)不斷地得到認(rèn)識(shí)和研究,有效抑制或者預(yù)防腦內(nèi)異常節(jié)律的神經(jīng)電活動(dòng),能有效改善因Aβ導(dǎo)致的認(rèn)知功能障礙,這種治療策略將為目前束手無(wú)策的AD治療提供一種可供選擇的補(bǔ)償性治療方法,給AD患者帶來(lái)新的希望。關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題是,目前獲得批準(zhǔn)能運(yùn)用于臨床上的這些抗癲癇藥物,是否都能有效阻止或者緩解Aβ誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,改善AD記憶功能的作用。

1.基礎(chǔ)研究:Sanchez等人[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),新型抗癲癇藥物左乙拉西坦能顯著抑制hAPPJ20轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,改善轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)與記憶。Koh等人[32-33]發(fā)現(xiàn),左乙拉西坦、丙戊酸鈉還可以降低老齡大鼠海馬的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性并改善其認(rèn)知功能。同樣的,我們的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn),老牌抗癲癇藥物拉莫三嗪也顯著減少APP/PS1轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,且還能有效抑制AD相關(guān)病理,恢復(fù)突觸可塑性,改善認(rèn)知能力。然而,另一些抗癲癇藥物對(duì)AD神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)興奮性異常和認(rèn)知功能改善無(wú)明顯作用,甚至?xí)又剡@些改變??拱d癇藥物加巴噴丁、乙琥胺及氨己烯酸并不能減少hAPPJ20轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)皮層、海馬的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,也未能改善學(xué)習(xí)與記憶[10];在APP/PS1轉(zhuǎn)基因模型小鼠中,抗癲癇藥物苯妥英鈉會(huì)促進(jìn)其腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)形成[9];而苯妥英鈉、普瑞巴林卻惡化hAPPJ20轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,加重認(rèn)知損害[10][16]。

2.臨床研究:Vossel等人[31]回顧性研究左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪對(duì)AD患者的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)能有效抑制癲癇樣神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),改善認(rèn)知功能,抑制AD疾病進(jìn)展,并且患者在合理的治療劑量下顯示了良好的耐受性。Bakker等人[33]對(duì)輕度認(rèn)知障礙的患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),左乙拉西坦能顯著抑制輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者海馬的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)興奮性異常,顯著改善患者的認(rèn)知能力。與此相反的是,另一些抗癲癇藥物如鈉離子通道抑制劑苯妥英鈉、卡馬西平、苯巴比妥以及苯二氮卓類(lèi)抗癲癇藥物加重AD腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性并且導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行性下降[34-35]。此外,抗癲癇藥物丙戊酸鈉,雖然在轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物模型上研究發(fā)現(xiàn)具有良好認(rèn)知改善作用和有效抑制腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性的作用[32-33],但是臨床上給以AD患者服用此藥物后,患者腦組織呈現(xiàn)了一個(gè)加快的退化萎縮現(xiàn)象。同時(shí)對(duì)AD患者進(jìn)行老年簡(jiǎn)易智力狀態(tài)檢查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)用丙戊酸鈉治療組的AD患者比安慰劑組AD患者得分反而更低[36-37]。

這些研究說(shuō)明AD腦內(nèi)存在神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,部分抗癲癇藥物能減少腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,改善認(rèn)知功能,但并不是所有抗癲癇藥物均能抑制神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,部分甚至還能加重神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)異常興奮性,使認(rèn)知功能惡化??拱d癇藥物能否有效抑制AD腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)超興奮性現(xiàn)象,能否對(duì)AD患者認(rèn)知有改善作用,取決于Aβ誘發(fā)產(chǎn)生異常神經(jīng)電活動(dòng)的確切機(jī)制,而目前這種確切機(jī)制仍然還不明確,對(duì)于抗癲癇藥物在AD患者的臨床運(yùn)用,還有很長(zhǎng)的路去探索。

三、總結(jié)與展望

目前有很多證據(jù)表明AD腦內(nèi)相關(guān)的異常癲癇樣腦電活動(dòng)在出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙之前已經(jīng)存在[27]。而部分腦內(nèi)存在神經(jīng)超興奮性的AD患者,并不會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的癲癇樣癥狀,這些AD患者腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),往往會(huì)被忽略掉,這種毫無(wú)征兆的異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng),促進(jìn)Aβ的沉積;Aβ沉積進(jìn)一步抑制神經(jīng)突觸興奮性傳遞以及突觸的可塑性,加劇異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)興奮性。異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)與Aβ之間的互相影響,互相促進(jìn),惡性循環(huán),導(dǎo)致Aβ聚集增多,誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激損傷、細(xì)胞凋亡、加劇神經(jīng)元的死亡,導(dǎo)致進(jìn)行性的認(rèn)知功能障礙[3][21]。腦內(nèi)這種異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)是可以得到有效控制的[10][27][38-40]。因此,如果能做到早期發(fā)現(xiàn),早期診斷,就能更好地合理使用一些有效的抗癲癇藥物合理地抑制腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)電活動(dòng),有效地控制AD的進(jìn)行性進(jìn)展。

迄今為止,左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪兩種抗癲癇藥物,不論在動(dòng)物模型上(拉莫三嗪的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果正在投稿中)以及臨床試驗(yàn)上,都驗(yàn)證了能有效抑制腦內(nèi)異常的神經(jīng)超興奮性,改善認(rèn)知功能,有效延緩AD病理進(jìn)程。并且,這些抗癲癇藥物除了抑制異常的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)興奮性外,可能還涉及其他重要的分子機(jī)制,包括抑制HDAC[41]、炎性反應(yīng)[42-45]、神經(jīng)元鈣超載[46-48]、細(xì)胞凋亡[49]以及谷氨酸興奮性毒性[10][31][44]等神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。也就是說(shuō),抗癲癇藥物在AD的治療中極有可能是一種多靶向、多靶點(diǎn)治療的藥物。對(duì)于有攜帶有異常神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)易感基因的患者,可以適當(dāng)使用左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪等有效的抗癲癇藥物預(yù)防,減緩AD疾病進(jìn)展。深入探索抗癲癇藥物對(duì)AD的療效及其機(jī)制,有助于開(kāi)發(fā)AD藥物的新靶點(diǎn),為AD患者帶來(lái)福音。

[1]Selkoe DJ.Alzheimer's disease results from the cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta-protein[J].Journal ofAlzheimer's disease,2001,3(1)∶75-80.

[2]Amatniek JC,Hauser WA,DelCastillo-Castaneda C,et al. Incidence and predictors of seizures in patients with Alzheimer's disease[J].Epilepsia,2006,47(5)∶867-872.

[3]Palop JJ,Mucke L.Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease[J].Archives of neurology.2009,66(4)∶435-440.

[4]Harris JA,Devidze N,Verret L,et al.Transsynaptic progression of amyloid-beta-induced neuronal dysfunction within the entorhinal-hippocampal network[J].Neuron,2010,68(3)∶428-441.

[5]Minkeviciene R,Rheims S,Dobszay MB,et al.Amyloid beta-induced neuronal hyperexcitability triggers progressive epilepsy[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2009,29(11)∶3453-3462.

[6]Roberson ED,Halabisky B,Yoo JW,et al.Amyloid-beta/Fyninduced synaptic,network,and cognitive impairments depend on tau levels in multiple mouse models of Alzheimer's disease [J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2011,31(2)∶700-711.

[7]Palop JJ,Chin J,Roberson ED,et al.Aberrant excitatory neuronal activity and compensatory remodeling of inhibitory hippocampal circuits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease [J].Neuron,2007,55(5)∶697-711.

[8]Vogt DL,Thomas D,Galvan V,et al.Abnormal neuronal networks and seizure susceptibility in mice overexpressing the APP intracellular domain[J].Neurobiology of aging,2011,32 (9)∶1725-1729.

[9]Ziyatdinova S,Gurevicius K,Kutchiashvili N,et al. Spontaneous epileptiform discharges in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease are suppressed by antiepileptic drugs that block sodium channels[J].Epilepsy research,2011,94(1-2)∶75-85.

[10]Sanchez PE,Zhu L,Verret L,et al.Levetiracetam suppresses neuronal network dysfunction and reverses synaptic and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease model[J].Proc NatlAcad Sci USA,2012,109(42)∶2895-2903.

[11]Cumbo E,Ligori LD.Levetiracetam,lamotrigine,and phenobarbital in patients withepileptic seizures and Alzheimer’s disease[J].Epilepsy Behav,2010,17(4)∶461-466.

[12]Huang Y,Mucke L.Alzheimer mechaisms and therapeutic strategies[J].Cell,2012,148(6)∶1204-1222.

[13]Cai H,Wang D,McCarthy H,et al.BACE1 is the major beta-secretase for generation of Abeta peptides by neurons[J]. Nat Neurosci,2001,4(3)∶233-234.

[14]Hsieh H,Boehm J,Sato C,et al.AMPAR removal underlies Abeta-induced synaptic depression and dendritic spine loss[J]. Neuron,2006,52(5)∶831-843.

[15]Palop J.J,Chin J,Mucke L.A network dysfunction perspective on neurodegenerative diseases[J].Nature,2006,443(7113)∶768-773.

[16]Verret L,Mann EO,Hang GB,et al.Inhibitory interneuron de ficit links altered networkactivity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model[J].Cell,2012,149(3)∶708-721.

[17]Meilandt WJ,Yu GQ,Chin J,et al.Enkephalin elevations contribute to neuronal and behavioral impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease[J].J.Neurosci,28(19)∶5007-5017.

[18]Palop JJ,Jones B,Kekonius L,et al.Neuronal depletion of calcium-dependent proteins in the dentate gyrus is tightly linked to Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits[J].Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,2003,100(16)∶9572-9577.

[19]Palop JJ,Chin J,Bien Ly N,et al.Vulnerability of dentate granule cells to disruption of Arc expressionin human amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice[J].J Neurosci,2005,25(42)∶9686-9693.

[20]Chin J,Palop JJ,Puoliv?li J,et al.Fyn kinase induces synaptic and cognitive impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease[J].J Neurosci,2005,25(42)∶9694-9703.

[21]Bero AW,Yan P,Roh JH,et al.Neuronal activity regulates the regional vulnerability to amyloid deposition[J].Nat Neurosci, 2011,14(6)∶750-756.

[22]Hong Qing,Guiqiong He,PhilipT.T.Ly,et al.Valproic acid inhibits Aβ production,neuritic plaque formation,and behavioral deifcits in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models[J].J.Exp. Med,2008,205(12)∶2781-2789.

[23]The Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia mutation database.Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology Department of Molecular Genetics Web site;2008.

[24]Amatniek JC,Hauser WA,Delcastillo-Castaneda C,et al. Incidence and predictors of seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease[J].Epilepsia,2006,47(5)∶867-872.

[25]Larner AJ,Doran M.Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene[J].J Neurol,2006,253(2)∶139-158.

[26]Snider BJ,Norton J,Coats MA,et al.Novel presenilin 1 mutation(S170F)causing Alzheimer disease with Lewy bodies in the third decade of life[J].Arch Neurol,2005,62(12)∶1821-1830.

[27]Palop JJ,Mucke L.Amyloid-β Induced Neuronal Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease∶From Synapses toward Neural Networks[J].Nat Neurosci,2010,13(7)∶812-818.

[28]Mahley RW,Weisgraber KH,Huang Y.Apolipoprotein E4∶a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006,103(15)∶5644-5651.

[29]Ponomareva NV,Korovaitseva GI,Rogaev EI.EEG alterations in non-demented individuals related to apolipoprotein E genotype and to risk of Alzheimer disease[J].Neurobiol Aging, 2008,29(6)∶819-827.

[30]Ponomareva NV,Selesneva ND,Jarikov GA.EEG alterations in subjects at high familial risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychobiology,2003,48(3)∶152-159.

[31]Vossel KA,Beagle AJ,Rabinovici GD,et al.Seizures and Epileptiform Activity in the Early Stages of Alzheimer Disease [J].JAMANeurol,2013,70(9)∶1158-1566.

[32]Koh MT,Haberman RP,Foti S,et al.Treatment strategies targeting excess hippocampal activity benefit aged rats with cognitive impairment[J].Neuropsychopharmacology,2010,35(4)∶1016-1025.

[33]Bakker A,Krauss GL,Albert MS,et al.Reduction of hippocampal hyperactivity improves cognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment[J].Neuron,2012,74(3)∶467-474.

[34]Cumbo E,Ligori LD.Levetiracetam,lamotrigine,and phenobarbital in patients withepileptic seizures and Alzheimer’s disease[J].Epilepsy Behav,2010,17(4)∶461-466.

[35]Mendez M,Lim G.Seizures in elderly patients with dementia∶epidemiology and management[J].Drugs Aging,2003,20(11)∶791-803.

[36]Fleisher AS,Truran D,Mai JT,et al.Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study.Chronic divalproex sodium use and brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease[J].Neurology,2011,77(13)∶1263-1271.

[37]Tariot PN,Schneider LS,Cummings J,et al.Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Group.Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease[J].Arch Gen Psychiatry,2011,68(8)∶853-861.

[38]Irizarry MC,Jin S,He F,et al.Incidence of new-onset seizures in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease[J].Arch Neurol,2012, 69(3)∶368-372.

[39]Bakker A,Krauss GL,Albert MS,et al.Reduction of hippocampal hyperactivity improves cognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment[J].Neuron,2012,74(3)∶467-474.

[40]Meehan AL,Yang X,McAdams BD,et al.A new mechanism for antiepileptic drug action∶vesicular entry may mediate the effects of levetiracetam[J].J Neurophysiol,2011,106(3)∶1227-1239.

[41]Shi JQ,Wang BR,Tian YY,et al.Antiepileptics topiramate and levetiracetam alleviate behavioral deficits and reduce neuropathology in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice[J].CNS Neurosci Ther,2013,19(11)∶871-881.

[42]Cardinale JP,Sriramula S,Pariaut R,et al.HDAC inhibition attenuates inflammatory,hypertrophic,and hypertensive responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Hypertension, 2010,56(3)∶437-444.

[43]Kochanek AR,Fukudome EY,Li Y,et al.Histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment attenuates MAP kinase pathway activation and pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock in a rodent model[J].J Surg Res 2011,176(1)∶185-194.

[44]Kim HJ,Rowe M,Ren M,et al.Histone deacetylase inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat permanent ischemic model of stroke∶Multiple mechanisms of action[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2007,321(3)∶892-901.

[45]Suh HS,Choi S,Khattar P,et al.Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress the expression of inflammatory and innate immune response genes in human microglia and astrocytes[J].J Neuroimmune Pharmacol,2010,5(4)∶521-532.

[46]Mark RJ,Ashford JW,Goodman Y,et al.Anticonvulsants attenuate amyloid beta-peptide neurotoxicity,Ca2+deregulation,and cytoskeletalpathology[J].Neurobiol Aging,1995,16 (2)∶187-198.

[47]Angehagen M,Margineanu DG,Ben-Menachem E,et al. Levetiracetam reduces caffeine-induced Ca2+transients and epileptiform potentials in hippocampal neurons[J].Neuroreport,2003,14(3)∶471-475.

[48]Pisani A,Bonsi P,Martella G,et al.Intracellular calcium increase in epileptiform activity∶Modulation by levetiracetam and lamotrigine[J].Epilepsia,2004,45(7)∶719-728.

[49]Chen PS,Wang CC,Bortner CD,et al.Valproic acid and other histone deacetylase inhibitors induce microglial apoptosis and attenuate lipopolysaccharide induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity[J].Neuroscience,2007,149(1)∶203-212.

Neural network hyperactivity in Alzheimer’s disease


Zhang Maoying1,Jia Weiqiang2,Ma Quanhong3,Xu Ruxian g2.
1Department of Neurosurgery,T he First A ffiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630,China;2Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital,T he Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA,Beijing 100700,Ch ina;3Institute o f Neuroscience,S ooch ow University,Suzh ou 215021,China Corresponding author,Xu Ruxiang.zjxuruxiang@163.com

Alzheimer’s Disease(AD)is a common neurological disease,whose specific pathogenesis is still unclear.There are still no effective treatments to prevent,halt,or reverse Alzheimer’s disease.AD patients have an increase dincidence of epileptic seizures.Hyperexcitability has also been observed in various AD transgenic mice.Such aberrant network activity is closely related to cognitive deficits and the pathogenesis of AD.Recent studies suggest that the aberrant network activity is upstream and contributes causally to synaptic,cognitive,and behavioral dysfunctions in AD transgenic mice.Blocking the network hyperactivity with LEV,an antiepileptic drugs(AEDs),which inhibits voltage-dependent sodium channels,reversed synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in hAPP mice.These studies have been paid great attention,especially the potential application of AEDs, in AD therapy.This Review highlights the relationship between the aberrant network activity and AD in AD research,and raises major unresolved issues,especially the potential application of AEDs,in AD therapy.

Alzheimer disease;Network hyperactivity;Anticonvulsants

2015-04-08)

(本文編輯:楊藝)

DOI∶10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2015.04.010

國(guó)家自然基金項(xiàng)目(81500915,BWS11J002);廣東省自然科學(xué)基金-博士啟動(dòng)項(xiàng)目(408203555024);暨南大學(xué)科研培育與創(chuàng)新基金研究項(xiàng)目(21615336)

510630廣州,暨南大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科1;100700北京,北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科研究2;215021蘇州,蘇州大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所3

徐如祥,Email∶xuruxiangbrain@163.com

張茂營(yíng),賈偉強(qiáng),馬全紅,等.神經(jīng)超興奮性與阿爾茨海默病[J/CD].中華神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷外科電子雜志,2015,1(4)∶232-236.

猜你喜歡
載脂蛋白興奮性抗癲癇
冠心病患者載脂蛋白A1、載脂蛋白B與血小板平均分布寬度水平變化及其相關(guān)性分析?
化驗(yàn)單上的載脂蛋白是什么意思
化驗(yàn)單上的載脂蛋白是什么意思
166例門(mén)診癲癇患兒抗癲癇藥超說(shuō)明書(shū)使用情況及影響因素分析Δ
病毒性腦炎繼發(fā)癲癇的臨床特征及不同抗癲癇藥的干預(yù)效果觀(guān)察
病毒性腦炎繼發(fā)癲癇臨床特征及抗癲癇藥物干預(yù)效果觀(guān)察
生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育
準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)在田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)中的作用
抗癲癇Ⅰ類(lèi)新藥派恩加濱獲準(zhǔn)臨床研究
經(jīng)顱磁刺激對(duì)脊髓損傷后神經(jīng)性疼痛及大腦皮質(zhì)興奮性的影響分析