宋惠霄,吳金勇,襲雷鳴,李燕寧
(1.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),濟(jì)南 250355;2.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院,濟(jì)南 250011)
從瘀論治小兒病毒性心肌炎
宋惠霄1,吳金勇1,襲雷鳴1,李燕寧2△
(1.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),濟(jì)南 250355;2.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院,濟(jì)南 250011)
小兒病毒性心肌炎的病機(jī)關(guān)鍵為外感風(fēng)熱或濕熱邪毒導(dǎo)致心脈痹阻,在病機(jī)演變過程中,瘀血既為病理產(chǎn)物又為致病因素,故活血化瘀至關(guān)重要。故按照不同分期論述了病機(jī)演變進(jìn)程、瘀血之成因及臨床表現(xiàn),并據(jù)此應(yīng)用不同活血化瘀藥物治療,初期清熱解毒、涼血化瘀,中期祛痰化瘀,后期益氣養(yǎng)陰溫陽祛瘀,有氣滯者兼以理氣,且據(jù)肝心氣血之密切關(guān)系疏肝理氣以活血化瘀。筆者還論述了選擇不同活血化瘀藥物的心得及臨證注意事項(xiàng),證實(shí)了從瘀論治臨床效果甚佳。
瘀血;小兒;病毒性心肌炎;活血化瘀
小兒病毒性心肌炎是由病毒感染引起的以局限性或彌漫性心肌炎性病變?yōu)橹鞯募膊。?],其發(fā)病率近年漸有增高趨勢(shì),在我國(guó)已超過風(fēng)濕性心臟病躍居小兒后天性心臟病的首位。根據(jù)臨床主癥可歸屬于中醫(yī)學(xué)“溫病”、“心悸”、“胸痹”、“真心痛”等范疇[2]。其病位在心,病機(jī)關(guān)鍵為外感邪毒導(dǎo)致心脈痹阻。在病機(jī)演變過程中,瘀血既為病理產(chǎn)物又為致病因素,故活血化瘀應(yīng)貫穿始終,現(xiàn)論述如下。
小兒病毒性心肌炎由風(fēng)熱邪毒從鼻咽而侵襲肺衛(wèi),或濕熱邪毒從口鼻而入蘊(yùn)于腸胃,邪毒由表入里,內(nèi)舍于心,致心脈痹阻、心失所養(yǎng)而發(fā)病。王清任《醫(yī)林改錯(cuò)》中曰:“氣無形不能結(jié)塊,結(jié)塊者,必有形之血也。血受寒則凝結(jié)成塊,血受熱則煎熬成塊。”血乃津液與營(yíng)氣相合而成,津血同源,此時(shí)熱毒熾盛、爍津耗液,使血凝致瘀、心血運(yùn)行不暢,患兒出現(xiàn)心悸、胸悶、氣短等癥,且多伴有發(fā)熱、咽紅腫痛、口渴心煩、舌質(zhì)紅、苔薄黃或黃膩、脈數(shù)或濡數(shù)或結(jié)代等熱象。此期治療應(yīng)配伍清熱涼血化瘀藥物,風(fēng)熱者常合用化斑湯合丹參,化斑湯中白虎可大清上焦之熱。《綱目》云:“丹參活血,通心包絡(luò)”,還可配伍玄參、丹皮等,濕熱者加用虎杖、澤蘭、益母草、馬鞭草、半枝蓮等,既能活血化瘀又清熱利濕。臨床觀察祛邪務(wù)必盡,清解熱毒需至咽不紅、舌凈為止。如風(fēng)熱者最喜用玄參,可解毒散結(jié)治療咽喉腫痛;熱毒清則瘀血之成因截?cái)嘁?,瘀滯脈中必影響氣機(jī)通暢,如兼有氣滯則加用郁金,其為血中氣藥,性寒可清熱,行氣可活血,氣行則血行,熱毒清則瘀無以復(fù)生,故早期應(yīng)用活血化瘀藥可以阻斷病情的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
風(fēng)熱襲肺,濕熱蘊(yùn)肺,肺失宣肅,肺之通調(diào)水道失常,津液的運(yùn)行、輸布、排泄失常,津停為痰,或熱毒熾盛,煎灼津液為痰,或濕熱困脾,脾失健運(yùn),水液代謝失常,津停為痰。痰濁為有形之邪,阻滯脈絡(luò),導(dǎo)致氣血運(yùn)行不暢、心脈失養(yǎng)。張景岳《景岳全書·痰飲》云:“痰即人之津液,無非水谷之所化,此痰亦既化之物,而非不化之屬也。但化得其正,則形體強(qiáng),榮衛(wèi)充,而痰涎本皆血?dú)猓艋湔?,則臟腑病,津液敗,而氣血即成痰涎?!碧凳墙蛞翰换牟±懋a(chǎn)物,瘀血是人體血運(yùn)不暢或離經(jīng)之血著而不去的病理產(chǎn)物。津血同源,津液可以轉(zhuǎn)化為血?!夺t(yī)學(xué)入門》中有記載:“痰乃津血所稱?!惫式蜓梢猿绅?,津液亦可以化痰,痰瘀同源皆為津液的病理產(chǎn)物。此時(shí)痰濁壅盛,患兒多伴有咳嗽、咯痰、喉中痰鳴、舌苔厚膩等表現(xiàn)。如無明顯熱象應(yīng)用溫膽湯理氣化痰,加用桃仁、紅花、野葛根等?!秳e錄》中記載桃仁:“止咳逆上氣,消心下堅(jiān),除卒暴擊血,破癥瘕,通脈,止痛”,既能止咳化痰又可活血化瘀,一藥兩用,因其有潤(rùn)燥滑腸之功,如兼有腸燥便秘更宜應(yīng)用。配用紅花加強(qiáng)桃仁之活血化瘀作用,如咯黃痰、口渴、心煩、舌苔黃厚等熱象明顯,則用黃連溫膽湯以清熱化痰,臨證加用虎杖增清熱化痰之效,且止咳、活血祛瘀通絡(luò)。中期從瘀論治可防止病情遷延及變證的出現(xiàn)。
本病后期熱毒耗氣傷陰,致心之氣陰虧虛,心氣虛則心悸氣短、動(dòng)則尤甚。如王清任云:“元?dú)饧忍?,必不能達(dá)于血管,血管無氣,必停留而瘀?!奔礆馓摕o力行血,血停而成瘀;心陰不足,心失所養(yǎng),神失守舍則悸動(dòng)不安,五心煩熱,頭暈?zāi)垦?,血少行遲,澀而為瘀。正如《景岳全書》中說:“凡人之氣血猶如源泉也,盛則流暢,少則壅滯,故氣血不虛不滯,虛則無有不滯者?!敝軐W(xué)?!蹲x醫(yī)隨筆》云:“陰虛必血滯。”臨證常用補(bǔ)陽還伍湯加減治療氣虛血瘀證,用桃紅四物湯合生脈散治療陰虛致瘀,氣虛及陽、陰損及陽均可致心陽不振,加重心血瘀阻,臨床治以參附湯、桂枝甘草湯合桃仁、紅花、川芎等加減。后期著重調(diào)整機(jī)體的氣血陰陽佐以活血化瘀,及時(shí)阻斷病情發(fā)展,以防止患兒出現(xiàn)心臟擴(kuò)大、反復(fù)心律失常、心力衰竭等。
心主血,血屬陰而主靜。心血的正常運(yùn)行有賴于氣的推動(dòng)。氣行則血行,氣滯則血瘀。肝主疏泄,調(diào)暢全身氣機(jī),推動(dòng)血、津液運(yùn)行。若肝之疏泄有度則氣機(jī)調(diào)暢,心血運(yùn)行正常。《血證論》云:“肝屬木,木氣沖和條達(dá),不致遏郁則心脈得暢?!比舾螝庥艚Y(jié),則影響心氣的暢通、心血的運(yùn)行,而產(chǎn)生瘀血。故從肝治瘀,心肝同治,常用柴胡疏肝散加郁金、紅花等。且心主神志,肝調(diào)暢情志,病毒性心肌炎患兒常有情志方面的表現(xiàn),隨著疏肝理氣活血化瘀藥的應(yīng)用,患兒善太息、急躁易怒、多啼好動(dòng)等癥狀隨之緩解,此時(shí)最喜用丹參?!兜崮媳静荨费云?“補(bǔ)心定志,安神寧心。治健忘怔忡,驚悸不寐?!膘铕?、安神一藥兩用,事半功倍。
小兒病毒性心肌炎因患兒正氣虧虛,感受風(fēng)熱、濕熱邪毒,痹阻心脈而發(fā)病,其基本病理改變?yōu)闅怅巸商摚〕讨行岸九c正氣的消長(zhǎng)變化而產(chǎn)生一系列虛實(shí)夾雜證候。其中瘀血既是病理產(chǎn)物又是致病因素,臨證需根據(jù)標(biāo)本虛實(shí)選擇活血化瘀之藥,切勿犯虛虛實(shí)實(shí)之戒。瘀血阻滯影響氣機(jī)之運(yùn)行,如兼有氣滯可配伍理氣藥以助活血化瘀,但理氣藥大都辛溫香散,故對(duì)氣虛、陰虛患兒當(dāng)酌情應(yīng)用[3]。
綜上所述,小兒病毒性心肌炎是由外感邪毒致痰濁、瘀血,而痰濁、瘀血又致氣血陰陽的虧耗,故治療應(yīng)遵循初期熱毒致瘀兼以清熱涼血,中期痰郁致瘀兼以燥濕化痰,后期由虛致瘀兼以益氣養(yǎng)陰溫陽;有氣滯者兼以理氣,且據(jù)肝心氣血之密切關(guān)系,施法疏肝理氣以活血化瘀,只有靈活運(yùn)用祛痰化瘀之藥,方能達(dá)到瘀化血活、痰除邪盡,從而達(dá)到治療之目的。
[1]胡亞美,江載芳.諸福棠實(shí)用兒科學(xué)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2002:1534.
[2]汪受傳,虞堅(jiān)爾.中醫(yī)兒科學(xué)[M].北京:中國(guó)中醫(yī)藥出版社,2012:159.
[3]周鳳梧.實(shí)用中藥學(xué)[M].濟(jì)南:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1991: 460.
Discussion of the treatment of viral myocarditis in children from blood stasis
SONG Hui-xiao1,WU Jin-yong1,XI Lei-ming1,LI Yan-ning2△
(1.Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250355,China; 2.Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,teaching and research section of Pediatrics,Jinan 250355,China; 3.Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250011,China)
The key pathogenesis of Viral myocarditis(VMC)in children was blockage stasis of heart vessel.It was founded that blood stasis was the pathological products and pathogenic factors.Different kinds of pathogenesis,blood stasis and corresponding clinical manifestations were studied according to different periods.Three different kinds of therapeutic methods were put into use in different stages.First,clearing away heat was adopted to remove toxin in the earlier stage. Second,eliminating phlegm was implemented in the middle stage.The last,tonifying qi,yin and yang were used to promote blood circulation for removing blood stasis in the later stage.If the ways mentioned above were applied in the clinic and the relations between heart and liver,qi and blood were referred to during the treatment of VMC,the reliable clinic effect would be obtained.How to select drugs for activating blood circulation and what application notes we should be considered were also discussed in the article.
Blood stasis;Children;Viral Myocarditis;Vigorating blood circulation and eliminating statis
R542.2+1
:A
:1006-3250(2015)09-1079-02
2015-01-14
宋惠霄(1975-),女,山東禹城人,主治醫(yī)師,在讀博士,從事中醫(yī)心系疾病的臨床與研究。
△通訊作者:李燕寧(1957-),山東濟(jì)南人,主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,從事兒科疾病的臨床與研究,Tel:0531-68617977,E-mail:Liyn57@sina.com。
中國(guó)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2015年9期