陳明鮮(綜述),周勝華(審校)
(中南大學(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410011)
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心臟磁共振成像在心房顫動(dòng)消融手術(shù)前后的應(yīng)用
陳明鮮△(綜述),周勝華※(審校)
(中南大學(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,長(zhǎng)沙 410011)
摘要:隨著科學(xué)的進(jìn)步、技術(shù)的發(fā)展,射頻消融已成為治療心房顫動(dòng)的重要手段,其在心房顫動(dòng)的治療中起舉足輕重作用,但仍有部分患者消融術(shù)無(wú)效,其中一個(gè)主要原因系無(wú)法正確評(píng)估肺靜脈和左心房結(jié)構(gòu)。心臟磁共振成像(cMRI)具有高分辨率的優(yōu)點(diǎn),能準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估軟組織結(jié)構(gòu),cMRI近年來(lái)運(yùn)用于心房顫動(dòng)評(píng)估逐漸增多,有助于提高心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融成功率和減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。
關(guān)鍵詞:心房顫動(dòng);心臟磁共振成像;射頻消融
心房顫動(dòng)是最常見(jiàn)的心律失常,普通人群中發(fā)病率為1.0%~1.5%,并有逐年增加的趨勢(shì),至2050年估計(jì)達(dá)10%[1]。心房顫動(dòng)最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥為心力衰竭和腦卒中,并且其病死率高。心房顫動(dòng)嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)健康和生命,并且?guī)?lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[2]。治療心房顫動(dòng)已成為迫在眉睫的任務(wù)。射頻消融術(shù)在心房顫動(dòng)治療中起重要作用,但仍對(duì)部分患者無(wú)效。心臟磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,cMRI)系主要的心血管系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的非侵入性影像技術(shù)之一[3]。cMRI主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為無(wú)輻射、高分辨率和對(duì)軟組織有很好的識(shí)別能力,在心房顫動(dòng)消融治療中的運(yùn)用逐年增多[4]?,F(xiàn)就cMRI在心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)前和術(shù)后的運(yùn)用進(jìn)行闡述。
1cMRI與心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融
1998年,Ha?ssaguerre等[5]首次描述了肺靜脈在心房顫動(dòng)觸發(fā)中起重要作用,并且證明引起異位節(jié)律的靶病灶射頻消融后,大部分患者心房顫動(dòng)能終止。但是,心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后的高復(fù)發(fā)率與異位節(jié)律病灶的復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān),表明射頻消融未能對(duì)靶病灶進(jìn)行徹底消融;其中一個(gè)主要的原因是常規(guī)透視介導(dǎo)下的介入治療不能正確評(píng)估靶病灶并對(duì)患者進(jìn)行篩選。為減少心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融的復(fù)發(fā)率及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,需要有一種更好的檢測(cè)技術(shù)和消融技術(shù)。cMRI介導(dǎo)的介入術(shù)彌補(bǔ)了這一缺陷,在篩選患者、提高射頻消融手術(shù)成功率及減少并發(fā)癥方面起重要作用。
2心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)前cMRI的應(yīng)用
cMRI作為一種非侵入性影像學(xué)檢查,不僅為心房顫動(dòng)患者構(gòu)建詳細(xì)的肺靜脈解剖結(jié)構(gòu)圖,還提供預(yù)測(cè)復(fù)發(fā)的參考指標(biāo),旨在預(yù)測(cè)心房顫動(dòng)的復(fù)發(fā)。這些預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)包括左心房容積的大小、左心房壁延遲增強(qiáng)的程度和心外膜脂肪的聚集量等[6-10]。
肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)是心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融的基石。肺靜脈隔離術(shù)前常需要詳細(xì)了解肺靜脈局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)[6]。Kato等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),38%的心房顫動(dòng)患者有肺靜脈解剖變異;同樣,Anselmino等[8]亦發(fā)現(xiàn)只有40%的心房顫動(dòng)患者具有典型的肺靜脈解剖結(jié)構(gòu)(左右兩邊分別2根肺靜脈)。術(shù)前肺靜脈局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)圖和術(shù)中電解剖圖在提高手術(shù)成功率及安全性方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。有研究通過(guò)CT和cMRI比較發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者均能有效評(píng)估肺靜脈解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及提供相似的詳細(xì)信息[9]。
Montefusco等[10]對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)回顧性研究,旨在評(píng)估心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的因素。有240例經(jīng)抗心律失常藥治療無(wú)效的心房顫動(dòng)患者參與該研究,其中陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)157例和持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)83例。肺靜脈隔離術(shù)后有78例在無(wú)抗心律失常的幫助下恢復(fù)竇性心律,但有162例復(fù)發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)。復(fù)發(fā)患者經(jīng)抗心律失常治療后有57例患者恢復(fù)竇性心律,剩余105例復(fù)發(fā)患者再次行肺靜脈線(xiàn)性消融術(shù),但仍有50例復(fù)律未成功。隨訪(fǎng)(30.3±9.2)個(gè)月,99例(41.3%)患者維持竇性心律,50例(20.8%)患者2次手術(shù)后仍出現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā),收集兩組人群病例資料并對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),心房顫動(dòng)病史、電復(fù)律的次數(shù)、左心房容積大小(MRI檢測(cè))、肺靜脈解剖變異和BMI系直接導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗的因素,而只有MRI測(cè)量的左心房容積為心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。
左心房纖維化、心內(nèi)膜低電壓是心房顫動(dòng)的嚴(yán)重程度和心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)律后復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),延遲后增強(qiáng)磁共振成像(delay enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,DE-MRI)在重構(gòu)心房檢查中具有重要作用。Oakes等[11]對(duì)81例心房顫動(dòng)患者進(jìn)行術(shù)前DE-MRI檢查,旨在評(píng)估DE-MRI在心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融后復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。按DE-MRI檢查增強(qiáng)程度分類(lèi),低增強(qiáng)[增強(qiáng)為(8.0±4.2)%]、中增強(qiáng)[增強(qiáng)為(21.3±5.8)%]、高增強(qiáng)[增強(qiáng)為(50.1±15.4)%]分別有43例、30例、8例心房顫動(dòng)患者。肺靜脈隔離術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)(9.6±3.7)個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)低增強(qiáng)、中增強(qiáng)、高增強(qiáng)中分別有6例(14.0%)、13例(43.3%)、6例(75%)心房顫動(dòng)患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā),證明左心房壁延遲增強(qiáng)程度是心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融成功的最重要預(yù)測(cè)因子。
Wong等[12]運(yùn)用cMRI進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)對(duì)心外膜脂肪組織的研究,旨在闡明心外膜脂肪組織與心房顫動(dòng)的關(guān)系。射頻消融后的患者及非心房顫動(dòng)的110例患者行cMRI檢查,定量分析心外膜脂肪組織,發(fā)現(xiàn)與心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)病率、持續(xù)時(shí)間和癥狀有密切聯(lián)系,并且還發(fā)現(xiàn)其為心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,為心房顫動(dòng)的復(fù)發(fā)提供重要的參數(shù)。
3心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后cMRI的應(yīng)用
心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融后行cMRI檢查,不僅能觀察到心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融后瘢痕組織的形成;同時(shí),其亦可評(píng)估心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后對(duì)左心房結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)有無(wú)肺靜脈狹窄的存在[13-15]。
一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DE-MRI可用于評(píng)估心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融術(shù)后瘢痕組織形成[16-17]。McGann等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),消融區(qū)域可探測(cè)到高增強(qiáng)信號(hào)和無(wú)增強(qiáng)信號(hào),無(wú)增強(qiáng)信號(hào)的消融區(qū)表明無(wú)血流通過(guò),間接證明術(shù)后3個(gè)月消融瘢痕組織形成。消融區(qū)瘢痕組織的大小與心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)的療效有密切的聯(lián)系;患者消融區(qū)瘢痕組織面積越小,其心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)率越高。為了評(píng)估環(huán)肺靜脈射頻消融隔離術(shù)瘢痕組織的面積與手術(shù)成功率的關(guān)系,McGann等[17]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)運(yùn)用3D DE-MRI對(duì)瘢痕組織的評(píng)估的研究。46例心房顫動(dòng)患者分別在術(shù)前和術(shù)后3個(gè)月通過(guò)3D DE-MRI進(jìn)行左心房壁的構(gòu)圖,在高分辨率3D 呼吸導(dǎo)航MRI進(jìn)行8~12 min的掃描;結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)若心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融手術(shù)后患者的左心房壁存在>13%增強(qiáng)組織,其3個(gè)月后的心房顫動(dòng)復(fù)發(fā)的可能性就小。同時(shí),cMRI可發(fā)現(xiàn)肺靜脈分離是否存在間隙,為再次行消融術(shù)提供準(zhǔn)確的靶部位[17]。
心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融后可使左心房容積減小[18],然而消融成功后而復(fù)發(fā)的心房顫動(dòng)卻同樣能獲得左心房縮小的效果,這些說(shuō)明左心房縮小可能由于心房顫動(dòng)射頻術(shù)本身,而非左心房重構(gòu)改善。心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融可改善心房功能和電解剖重構(gòu),使左心房顯著縮??;但左心房射頻消融后形成的瘢痕組織卻影響左心房的收縮功能。Nori等[19]運(yùn)用cMRI進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于心房顫動(dòng)消融手術(shù)前后全心房和局部心房運(yùn)動(dòng)功能變化的研究,旨在評(píng)估心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)對(duì)全心房或局部心房運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的影響。試驗(yàn)組(n=29)中陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)16例和持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)13例,于手術(shù)前后3個(gè)月進(jìn)行cMRI檢查;然后對(duì)左心房輸出功能、全心房和局部運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的進(jìn)行評(píng)估。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)術(shù)后其全心房運(yùn)動(dòng)功能和局部運(yùn)動(dòng)功能得到很大改善;陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)患者術(shù)后其左心房輸出功能和局部運(yùn)動(dòng)功能均降低,且全心房和局部心房運(yùn)動(dòng)功能與術(shù)前未進(jìn)行cMRI檢查的對(duì)照組(n=12)患者相比有明顯的降低。
肺靜脈消融不僅可使心房顫動(dòng)患者恢復(fù)竇性心律,而且對(duì)肺靜脈可造成負(fù)面效果?,F(xiàn)已有病例報(bào)道,心房顫動(dòng)消融后短期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈狹窄引起嚴(yán)重的肺動(dòng)脈高壓[20]。術(shù)后行cMRI檢查在發(fā)現(xiàn)肺靜脈狹窄的同時(shí),亦能減少射線(xiàn)再次曝光的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21]。Dong等[22]對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)消融患者術(shù)后8~12周隨訪(fǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn),有38%的患者出現(xiàn)肺靜脈狹窄,其中有3.2%的患者出現(xiàn)中度狹窄(50%~70%狹窄),有0.6%的患者出現(xiàn)重度狹窄(>70%狹窄)。同時(shí)還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺靜脈遠(yuǎn)端消融、肺靜脈環(huán)狀損傷和肺靜脈直徑越大,其出現(xiàn)肺靜脈狹窄的可能性越大[23]。
4展望
MRI對(duì)識(shí)別軟組織有很好的分辨能力,術(shù)前和術(shù)后MRI為心房顫動(dòng)患者解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)發(fā)參數(shù),為篩選心房顫動(dòng)消融患者、提高手術(shù)成功率、減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥和評(píng)估療效起重要作用。術(shù)中實(shí)時(shí)MRI可指導(dǎo)導(dǎo)管準(zhǔn)確至靶病灶精確消融,并且能實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)導(dǎo)管溫度,可進(jìn)一步提高復(fù)雜心律失常消融術(shù)成功率和減少不必要的并發(fā)癥。其分辨率高和無(wú)透視輻射等優(yōu)點(diǎn)使其在心內(nèi)電生理中具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。但實(shí)時(shí)MRI對(duì)手術(shù)環(huán)境和心內(nèi)電生理設(shè)備要求高,技術(shù)上的挑戰(zhàn)阻礙了MRI在心電生理領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。目前實(shí)時(shí)MRI逐步嘗試運(yùn)用于動(dòng)物研究和臨床試驗(yàn),均已證明其效性及可行性,雖該技術(shù)尚不成熟,但為治療復(fù)雜心律失常帶來(lái)新的希望。
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Application of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
CHENMing-xian,ZHOUSheng-hua.
(DepartmentofCardiology,theSecondXiangyaHospitalofCentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410011,China)
Abstract:With the development of current technology,radiofrequency ablation has become a critical treatment method for atrial fibrillation.Radiofrequency ablation plays a pivotal role in atrial fibrillation therapy,however,it still remains ineffective to a few patients.One of the main shortcoming is its inability to correctly assess the structure of pulmonary vein and left atrium.The major advantages of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(cMRI) are is the high temporal and spatial resolution and the ability to characterize the composition of soft tissues,therefore,cMRI has been gradually used to assess atrial fibrillation in order to improve ablation outcome and reduce complications.
Key words:Atrial fibrillation; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; Radiofrequency ablation
收稿日期:2014-05-09修回日期:2014-11-10編輯:相丹峰
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.08.047
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R445.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)08-1467-03