鄧智剛 李赟 黎源 張中華 方謙 劉云 劉軍華
1江西省新余市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科 338025 江西新余
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微創(chuàng)傷經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)治療馬蹄腎腎結(jié)石研究
鄧智剛1李赟1黎源1張中華1方謙1劉云1劉軍華1
1江西省新余市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科 338025 江西新余
[摘要]目的:探討微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)治療馬蹄腎腎結(jié)石的可行性與效果。方法:回顧性分析微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)治療馬蹄腎腎結(jié)石12例患者的臨床資料。結(jié)果:12例馬蹄腎患者中4例為雙腎多發(fā)結(jié)石。12例患者均為中盞單通道取石,75%(9/12)的患者通過一次手術(shù)清除結(jié)石。平均住院13.5 d,1例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)尿路感染,無患者需要輸血,未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論:采用微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)治療馬蹄腎腎結(jié)石是安全有效的,適合在臨床推廣使用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng);馬蹄腎;腎結(jié)石
馬蹄腎常并發(fā)腎盂輸尿管連接部梗阻及腎結(jié)石。2011年5月~2014年12月,我們用微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)治療12例馬蹄腎腎結(jié)石患者,療效滿意。現(xiàn)報告如下。
1資料與方法
1.1臨床資料
12例馬蹄腎患者中,男10例,女2例,年齡25~70歲。雙腎多發(fā)性結(jié)石4例,單純腎盂結(jié)石8例。所有患者術(shù)前均行泌尿系B超、雙腎CT及KUB+IVP檢查。手術(shù)前晚行清潔灌腸一次,手術(shù)當(dāng)天行KUB,明確結(jié)石有無移動。
1.2手術(shù)方法
患者采用腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉或氣管插管全麻,取截石位。首先于患側(cè)輸尿管逆行置入一F6輸尿管導(dǎo)管至腎盂,并留置氣囊導(dǎo)尿管,然后改俯臥位,助手自留置的輸尿管導(dǎo)管體外注水,造成人工“腎積水”。在腎區(qū)腹部下墊一軟枕,使腰背成一平面,在B超定位下,用18號腎穿刺針在12肋下向中盞穿刺,見尿液流出后拔出穿刺針,置入一0.035英寸斑馬導(dǎo)絲,順穿刺方向依次用筋膜擴張器從F8開始,F(xiàn)2遞增,擴張至F22,最后推入F22的Peel-away塑料薄鞘,建立經(jīng)皮腎取石通道;以經(jīng)皮腎鏡通過通道進(jìn)入腎集合系統(tǒng),用生理鹽水在灌注泵的沖洗下,使手術(shù)視野清楚;用超聲氣壓彈道碎石清石系統(tǒng)碎石;拔除輸尿管導(dǎo)管,從腎盂順行插入一F6雙J管至膀胱,從Peel-away鞘內(nèi)置入一F20腎造瘺管。5 d后行KUB復(fù)查,必要時行二期取石。1~3個月膀胱鏡下拔除雙J管。
2結(jié)果
本組結(jié)石一期清除率為75%(9/12),2例因結(jié)石較多、手術(shù)時間長行二期取石,另外1例取石過程中因出血致視野不清,終止手術(shù),1周后行體外沖擊波碎石(ESWL)。12例患者均為單通道取石,未輸血,無結(jié)腸損傷、氣胸等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
3討論
馬蹄腎常見并發(fā)癥有腎盂輸尿管連接部梗阻、尿石癥、腎腫瘤及反復(fù)的泌尿系感染,以尿石癥常見,一組資料報道其發(fā)生率為57.1%[1]。原因是腎盂前位和輸尿管在馬蹄腎峽部受壓,加上輸尿管高位入口引起尿液引流不暢以及尿路感染而產(chǎn)生結(jié)石,而且經(jīng)常并發(fā)雙側(cè)腎結(jié)石。
治療方法有多種,包括開放手術(shù)、ESWL以及微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎穿刺取石術(shù)等。ESWL治療馬蹄腎并發(fā)結(jié)石,由于其腎盂及腎盞轉(zhuǎn)位不良、腎集合系統(tǒng)引流不暢等因素,成功率較低。但是,對馬蹄腎并發(fā)2 cm以下的結(jié)石,ESWL仍是其治療的首選方法。經(jīng)皮腎穿刺取石術(shù)處理馬蹄腎并發(fā)結(jié)石,1973年首次由Fletcher等報道[2]。我們認(rèn)為經(jīng)皮腎穿刺取石術(shù)主要處理ESWL失敗或者結(jié)石大于2 cm的馬蹄腎結(jié)石;對開放手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的復(fù)雜性馬蹄腎結(jié)石,采用微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮腎穿刺取石術(shù)治療較傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)則明顯減小了創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)難度。
約80%的馬蹄腎伴腎異位血管[3],其血供可來自髂動脈、腹主動脈或腸系膜下動脈,而腎盂、輸尿管的形態(tài)和位置也有較大的變異。與正常腎臟相比,馬蹄腎位置通常較下而且更居中,上盞和中盞比正常腎更容易靠近背側(cè),而下盞靠近腹側(cè),因此建立經(jīng)皮腎通道時,穿刺點應(yīng)更靠近背側(cè),這樣更容易穿刺上盞與中盞,一般不選擇下盞徑路。在本組中,我們對12例患者均采用中盞通道。由于馬蹄腎解剖位置異常,經(jīng)皮腎通道較長而且?guī)缀跖c身體的長軸平行,采用上、中盞通道容易達(dá)到各個腎小盞,結(jié)合術(shù)中使用灌注泵,易于取出小盞內(nèi)的結(jié)石,可減少術(shù)中出血。
目前配合經(jīng)皮腎鏡的碎石設(shè)備主要有氣壓彈道碎石、超聲碎石、鈥激光碎石等,其中超聲碎石還具有同時碎石與清石功能,清石速度明顯加快,且可以保持腎處于低壓灌注狀態(tài),但當(dāng)遇到非常堅硬的結(jié)石時,超聲不易將其破碎,因此超聲碎石設(shè)備常和氣壓彈道聯(lián)合使用[4~6]。目前國內(nèi)外普遍采用的超聲碎石設(shè)備多是瑞士EMS公司生產(chǎn)的超聲氣壓彈道碎石機[7~9]。
復(fù)雜性馬蹄腎結(jié)石,如體積過大的鑄型結(jié)石、多發(fā)性結(jié)石、合并輸尿管結(jié)石等,應(yīng)根據(jù)病情采取分次取石或聯(lián)合使用ESWL、輸尿管鏡取石術(shù)等方法,必要時結(jié)合經(jīng)造瘺管沖洗、體位排石等綜合措施,以提高結(jié)石的清除率。
馬蹄腎雙腎結(jié)石的患者采用一期雙側(cè)經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù),若雙側(cè)均留置雙J管,則應(yīng)強調(diào)預(yù)防感染的重要性。由于雙J管易導(dǎo)致膀胱輸尿管反流,一旦發(fā)生尿路感染,往往出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)上尿路的交互影響,造成較嚴(yán)重的后果,應(yīng)留置導(dǎo)尿管并保持引流通暢,盡早拔除一側(cè)或雙側(cè)雙J管,以減少反流的機會,避免感染的發(fā)生。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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論著
minimally invasive percutaneous pneumatic and ultrasound lithotripsy in the treatment of horseshoe kidney stones
DengZhigang1LiYun1LiYuan1ZhangZhonghua1FangQian1LiuYun1LiuJunhua1
(1Department of Urology, the People's Hospital of Xinyu, Xinyu 338025, China)
Corresponding author: Li Yun, 644823493@qq.com
AbstractObjective: To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of micro-injury percutaneous nephroscope set ultrasonic sound atmospheric pressure trajectory crushing stone and clearing stone system in treating kidney-stone of horseshoe kidneys. Methods: The clinical data of patients with kidney-stone of horseshoe kidneys treated with micro-injury percutaneous nephroscope set ultrasonic sound atmospheric pressure trajectory crushing stone and clearing stone system were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Four patients were diagnosed as having multiple kidney-stone in 12 patients with kidney-stone of horseshoe kidneys, and all patients were treated by means of middle calyces trajectory calculus removal. The stone was removed only once in 75% (9/12) patients. Average hospitalization day was 13.5 days. One patient developed urinary tract infection after operation. No blood transfusion was given, and no complication occurred in all patients. Conclusions: Micro-injury percutaneous nephroscope set ultrasonic sound atmospheric pressure trajectory crushing stone and clearing stone system was safe and effective in the treatment of kidney-stone of horseshoe kidneys, and can be spread clinically.
Key wordsmicro-injury percutaneous nephroscope set ultrasonic sound atmospheric pressure trajectory crushing stone and clearing stone; kidney-stone of horseshoe kidneys; kidney-stone
[文章編號]2095-5146(2015)05-277-02
[中圖分類號]R692
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A
收稿日期:2015-08-05
通訊作者:李赟,644823493@qq.com