范陽 張旭△
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
△審校者
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靶向治療在晚期腎癌中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和研究進展
范陽1張旭1△
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
△審校者
[摘要]近年來對于晚期腎癌的治療手段層出不窮,而靶向治療代表了當前治療的總趨勢。靶向治療是通過干預(yù)腫瘤相關(guān)信號傳導通路來抑制腫瘤的生長,可顯著延長晚期腎癌患者的無進展生存期和總生存期,改善患者的預(yù)后。目前用于臨床的靶向藥物主要分為酪氨酸激酶抑制劑、mTOR抑制劑和單克隆抗體,每種藥物都有各自的作用機制和適用范圍。本文就各種靶向藥物在晚期腎癌中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和研究進展做一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]腎癌;靶向治療;預(yù)后
腎癌占人類惡性腫瘤的2%~3%,在泌尿系統(tǒng)排名第二。腎癌惡性程度高,約30%的患者在初診時已發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,而局限性腎癌患者也有近30%最終發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[1]。盡管手術(shù)切除依然是局限性腎癌治療的金標準,但這對進展性或轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌患者僅能起到姑息的作用。腎癌對傳統(tǒng)的放化療不敏感,而且早期的免疫治療效果有限,并具有明顯的不良反應(yīng)[2, 3]。隨著腎癌發(fā)病機制的研究深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)散發(fā)性腎透明細胞癌中都存在著VHL基因的失活,這會導致下游缺氧誘導因子(HIF)的累積,進而引起下游促血管生成因子的上調(diào)[4]。由于VHL/HIF通路的失調(diào)在腎癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的重要性,目前已有一系列針對這一通路的靶向藥物問世,包括酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)、mTOR抑制劑和單克隆抗體。本文就各類靶向藥物在晚期腎癌中的應(yīng)用做一綜述。
1酪氨酸激酶抑制劑
酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKIs)是一類能夠抑制酪氨酸激酶受體活性的小分子,其抑制的受體包括VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、PDGFR-α、PDGFR-β、c-RET、CSF-1R、Flt-3和c-KIT等[5]。酪氨酸激酶抑制劑主要通過阻斷腫瘤血管生成的信號通路,進而抑制腫瘤的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。隨著2005年索拉菲尼在美國上市,陸續(xù)有舒尼替尼、帕唑帕尼等酪氨酸激酶抑制劑被批準上市,同時,還有相當一部分新的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑正在進行臨床試驗。
1.1第一代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑
1.1.1索拉菲尼索拉菲尼是第一個被美國FDA批準上市的口服酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,它能夠抑制VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、PDGFR-β、Flt-3、RAF-1和c-KIT的活性[6]。索拉菲尼最初的臨床實驗顯示它具有良好的藥物耐受性和抗腫瘤的活性[7]。接下來的Ⅱ期臨床試驗顯示索拉菲尼能使腫瘤顯著的縮小或是保持穩(wěn)定,其治療效果與當時作為晚期腎癌治療金標準的IFN-α在無進展生存期(PFS)上無明顯差異[8]。這些有意義的初步結(jié)果促使了Ⅲ期臨床試驗的進行。試驗中研究者將經(jīng)細胞因子治療后發(fā)生疾病進展的患者隨機分到索拉菲尼試驗組或是安慰劑對照組,結(jié)果顯示索拉菲尼組的PFS要明顯優(yōu)于安慰劑組(5.5 vs. 2.8 months;HR 0.44;95% CI 0.35~0.55;P<0.000 01)[9]。說到索拉菲尼的副作用,最常見的就是手足綜合征、疲乏和腹瀉,然而這些癥狀通常是輕微的。也有研究顯示索拉菲尼會導致一些嚴重的副作用,包括高血壓和心血管事件等[8, 9]。血壓升高是VEGF激酶抑制劑使用的常見并發(fā)癥,因此口服降壓藥可以讓患者控制這些癥狀而不至于因此終止治療[10]。Santoni等[11]報道了索拉菲尼治療的患者容易出現(xiàn)胃腸道并發(fā)癥,包括腹瀉、消化不良、惡心、嘔吐等,但他并未提及這一并發(fā)癥是否會導致停藥。Mulder等[12]還發(fā)現(xiàn)索拉菲尼的治療能對患者的學習曲線和記憶產(chǎn)生消極的影響。這一系列的藥物副作用表明索拉菲尼的使用必須在患者和醫(yī)生的嚴密監(jiān)控下進行。
1.1.2舒尼替尼舒尼替尼是緊接著索拉菲尼上市的治療晚期腎癌的靶向藥物,它也是一類口服酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。舒尼替尼不僅能抑制VEGFR-2、Flt-3、c-KIT和PDGFR-β等酪氨酸激酶受體從而抑制腫瘤血管的生成,它還具有抗腫瘤的作用[13]。Motzer等在Ⅱ期臨床試驗后報道了舒尼替尼治療的患者具有更好的部分反應(yīng)率和PFS[14]。他們緊接著在Ⅲ期臨床試驗對比了舒尼替尼和IFN-α的治療效果,并發(fā)現(xiàn)在之前未接受全身治療的患者中,舒尼替尼治療組無論在客觀反應(yīng)率(47 vs. 12%;P<0.001)還是在PFS (11 vs. 5 months;P<0.001)上都明顯優(yōu)于IFN-α組,而且在總生存期 (OS) 上也有所提高(26.4 vs. 21.8 months;P<0.051)[15]。在副作用方面,和索拉菲尼相比,舒尼替尼所引起的手足綜合征、疲乏、腹瀉和認知功能減退要較為輕微[11, 12, 15]。高血壓同樣是舒尼替尼治療所不能忽視的一個副作用,盡管有報道發(fā)現(xiàn)舒尼替尼治療所引起的高血壓是自限性的[16]。有研究報道經(jīng)舒尼替尼治療的患者比經(jīng)索拉菲尼治療的患者更易出現(xiàn)血液學毒性[17];相反,另一回顧性研究則指出經(jīng)索拉菲尼治療的患者比經(jīng)舒尼替尼治療的患者更易出現(xiàn)皮膚方面的并發(fā)癥[18]。
1.1.3帕唑帕尼帕唑帕尼是第三個被美國FDA批準的治療晚期腎癌的口服酪氨酸激酶抑制劑[19],它所抑制的受體更為廣泛,包括VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、PDGFR-α、PDGFR-β和c-KIT[20]。Hurwitz等[21]在I期臨床研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)帕唑帕尼對一系列的實體腫瘤都表現(xiàn)出了抑癌的活性,其中就包括腎癌,而且患者都表現(xiàn)出了良好的藥物耐受性。在Ⅲ期臨床試驗中,和安慰劑組相比,帕唑帕尼治療的患者具有更好的客觀反應(yīng)率(30% vs. 3%;P<0.001)和PFS (9.2 vs. 4.2 months;HR 0.46;95% CI 0.34~0.62;P<0.000 1)[22, 23]。Motzer等[24]在另一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗中對比了帕唑帕尼和舒尼替尼對晚期腎癌的治療效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)二者在PFS和OS上并無顯著差異,但帕唑帕尼在安全性上表現(xiàn)的更為出色。與其他酪氨酸激酶抑制劑一樣,帕唑帕尼也會引起諸如惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉等胃腸道的副作用[11]。
1.2第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑
1.2.1阿西替尼阿西替尼是第二代口服的VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2和VEGFR-3選擇性抑制劑,對其他受體的抑制作用很小,且半衰期短[25]。由于阿西替尼的高選擇性,阿西替尼能在皮摩爾級別的極低濃度下發(fā)揮它抗血管生成和抗腫瘤的作用[25]。Rugo等[26]首先報道了阿西替尼在治療腎癌方面的臨床效果并確定了它的臨床使用計量,為Ⅱ期臨床試驗鋪好了道路。在Ⅱ期臨床試驗中,Rixe等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)免疫治療失敗的患者在接受阿西替尼治療后具有良好的客觀反應(yīng)率,他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)阿西替尼在部分患者中可以維持很長的療效,最長達到26.5個月。2012年,美國FDA批準阿西替尼可以運用在經(jīng)其他全身治療失敗的晚期腎癌患者身上,這源于一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗的結(jié)果。試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)在經(jīng)一線治療后發(fā)生進展的晚期腎癌患者中,作為二線治療的阿西替尼組在PFS上要優(yōu)于作為二線治療的索拉菲尼組(6.7 vs. 4.7 months;HR 0.665;95% CI 0.544~0.812;P<0.000 1)[28]。而隨著試驗的進展,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組在OS上并無顯著差異[29]。在作為一線治療的Ⅲ期臨床試驗中,Hutson等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)阿西替尼雖然效果顯著,但其在患者的PFS上與索拉菲尼組并無顯著差異。因此,這一仍在進行中的臨床試驗的后續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)將決定阿西替尼能否作為晚期腎癌的一線治療。在副作用方面,阿西替尼治療的患者同樣表現(xiàn)出手足綜合征、疲乏、腹瀉和高血壓[27, 31]。在兩項對比阿西替尼組與索拉菲尼組治療效果的研究中,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)腹瀉、高血壓和疲乏在后者更多見,而手足綜合征和紅疹卻多見于前者[28, 30];同時,由于毒副作用而終止治療的患者比率在阿西替尼組中較少(4% vs. 8%)[28]。
1.2.2TivozanibTivozanib也是第二代口服的選擇性抑制3種VEGF受體的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑[32]。在臨床前研究中,Tivozanib能在次納摩爾級別的濃度下發(fā)揮它的抑癌作用[33]。有關(guān)Tivozanib治療效果的第一手臨床資料是由Eskens等報道的,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)Tivozanib對包括腎癌在內(nèi)的實體腫瘤具有持久的抗癌作用[34]。在Ⅱ期臨床試驗中,272名晚期腎癌患者在經(jīng)過16周Tivozanib治療后,腫瘤縮小25%的患者被隨機分配到安慰劑組或是繼續(xù)服用Tivozanib組,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)繼續(xù)服用Tivozanib組的腫瘤無進展率比安慰劑組明顯升高(49 vs. 21 %;P<0.001)[35]。緊接著,Ⅲ期臨床試驗比較了Tivozanib和索拉菲尼作為一線藥物治療轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Tivozanib組在PFS上明顯優(yōu)于索拉菲尼組(11.9 vs. 9.1 months;HR 0.797;95% CI 0.639~0.993;P<0.042),然而在OS的比較上索拉菲尼組要略優(yōu)于Tivozanib組[36]。由于這一臨床試驗存在設(shè)計上的缺陷,比如索拉菲尼組發(fā)生疾病進展的患者被肆意加入到Tivozanib組,這使得美國FDA最終沒有批準這一藥物的上市。在副作用方面,高血壓是Tivozanib服用過程中最常見的表現(xiàn),約45%的患者都有發(fā)生[35, 36]。另外一個副作用就是發(fā)聲困難,約發(fā)生在22%的服藥患者中[35, 36]。
1.3第三代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑
多韋替尼是第三代口服酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,它具有針對VEGFR、FGFR和PDGFR等多種受體的作用[37]。在一個小型的I期臨床試驗中,經(jīng)過一線或二線靶向治療仍發(fā)生進展的晚期腎癌患者對多韋替尼的部分反應(yīng)率達到了13.3%,疾病穩(wěn)定率更是達到了60%[37]。而另一Ⅱ期臨床試驗也驗證了多韋替尼的臨床療效,其部分反應(yīng)率達到了3.6%,疾病穩(wěn)定率達到了52.7%[38]。此外,一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗比較了多韋替尼和索拉菲尼作為三線藥物治療轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組在療效上并無明顯差異[39]。惡心、嘔吐和腹瀉是多韋替尼治療過程中最常見的副作用[37~39]。Escudier等[38]在行Ⅱ期臨床試驗時發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎所有多韋替尼組的患者都會出現(xiàn)至少一個與治療相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥,這使得約20.9%的患者終止了治療,同時,有34.3%的患者不得不調(diào)整劑量。
2哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)抑制劑
由于雷帕霉素具有抑制T細胞的功能,它最初作為免疫抑制劑用于器官移植患者,而之后的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雷帕霉素在許多惡性腫瘤中也具有抗增殖的作用[40]。雷帕霉素可以結(jié)合到細胞內(nèi)mTOR通路的受體FK506結(jié)合蛋白12(FKBP12),從而抑制mTOR通路的活性,最終起到抑制腫瘤的作用。到目前已有兩種mTOR抑制劑被批準用于晚期腎癌的治療,包括替西羅莫司和依維莫司。
2.1替西羅莫司
替西羅莫司是一種雷帕霉素的前體藥物,它能在肝臟內(nèi)被細胞色素CYP 4503A4/5迅速代謝成活性形式。替西羅莫司具有比雷帕霉素更好的化學穩(wěn)定性和可溶性,因此適合于靜脈給藥[41]。最早的I期臨床試驗證明了替西羅莫司在進展期實體惡性腫瘤中具有抗癌作用[42],緊接著Ⅱ期臨床試驗得到了更可觀的數(shù)據(jù),包括確認了在控制副作用的同時獲得最大反應(yīng)率的合適劑量[43]。在一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗中比較了經(jīng)改良標準評定為高危轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌患者隨機分組接受一線替西羅莫司或IFN-α的治療效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)替西羅莫司組在OS上明顯占優(yōu)(10.9 vs. 7.3 months)[44]。另一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗則比較了替西羅莫司與索拉菲尼用于既往舒尼替尼治療失敗患者的治療效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)替西羅莫司組雖然在PFS上并未占優(yōu),但OS獲益顯著[45]。
一項早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)替西羅莫司治療的大部分患者會出現(xiàn)斑丘疹、黏膜炎、無力和惡心[43]。而更加嚴重的并發(fā)癥包括高糖血癥、低磷酸血癥、貧血和高甘油三酯血癥[44]。在一項比較替西羅莫司和IFN-α治療效果的Ⅲ期臨床試驗中,紅疹和無力是最常見的并發(fā)癥,同時,替西羅莫司組只有7%的患者因為不良事件終止治療,而IFN-α組有14%[44]。2007年,美國FDA批準替西羅莫司可用于高危轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌的一線治療。
2.2依維莫司
依維莫司是一種口服的不需要經(jīng)過體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化生成活性形式的mTOR抑制劑[46]。O'donnell首先報道了依維莫司在包括腎癌的實體腫瘤中的抗癌作用[47]。緊接著,Ⅱ期臨床試驗表明依維莫司在經(jīng)過其他全身治療失敗的轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌患者身上使用能獲得良好的反應(yīng)率和延長疾病控制的時間[48]。對于一線酪氨酸激酶抑制劑治療失敗的晚期腎癌患者,一項命名為RECORD-1的Ⅲ期臨床試驗將這些患者隨機分配到依維莫司組和安慰劑組,結(jié)果依維莫司組的中位PFS是4.9個月,而安慰劑組的中位PFS是1.9個月,前者顯著優(yōu)于后者(HR 0.33;P<0.001)[49]。
依維莫司在早期臨床試驗中主要的副作用包括紅疹、惡心、消化不良、腹瀉、胃炎和肺炎[47, 48]。RECORD-1試驗中患者除表現(xiàn)出以上癥狀外還有無力的情況,其中有13%的患者因為不良事件而終止治療[49]。2009年,美國FDA批準依維莫司可用于一線TKI治療失敗的轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌患者。
3單克隆抗體
由于患者對酪氨酸激酶抑制劑和mTOR抑制劑的反應(yīng)不一,有些還逐漸出現(xiàn)耐藥的現(xiàn)象,因此新的治療手段變得非常重要。通過單克隆抗體直接阻斷循環(huán)中能作用于腫瘤相關(guān)信號通路的活性蛋白是一種臨床上正在使用的方案,包括抗VEGF抗體和抗PD-1抗體。
3.1貝伐珠單抗
貝伐珠單抗是一類與VEGFA結(jié)合的人源性重組單克隆抗體。通過靜脈給藥后,貝伐珠單抗能與血液中的VEGFA結(jié)合從而阻止其與受體的結(jié)合。Gordon等首先報道了它在轉(zhuǎn)移性癌癥中的抗癌作用[50]。接下來一項Ⅱ期臨床試驗表明貝伐珠單抗相對于安慰劑將晚期腎癌患者的無進展時間提高了2.55倍[51]。Ⅲ期臨床試驗將貝伐珠單抗+IFN-α與IFN-α單藥治療進行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物聯(lián)用組的PFS和OS都明顯優(yōu)于單藥組[52, 53]。
貝伐珠單抗的副作用在早期臨床試驗中出現(xiàn)的非常少,高血壓是唯一出現(xiàn)的癥狀[51]。Rini等[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)同IFN-α單藥組相比,貝伐珠單抗+IFN-α組的患者出現(xiàn)高血壓、疲乏和消化不良等癥狀的概率要略高。除此之外,Escudier等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)貝伐單抗會使部分患者出現(xiàn)無力和輕微的蛋白尿。2009年,美國FDA批準貝伐珠單抗與IFN-α聯(lián)用于晚期腎癌患者的治療。
3.2納武單抗
納武單抗是一類與PD-1蛋白結(jié)合的人源性重組單克隆抗體。納武單抗也是通過靜脈給藥,通過與血液中的PD-1蛋白結(jié)合來抑制它與T細胞表面的受體結(jié)合,使人體T細胞的免疫抑制解除進而發(fā)揮抗癌作用。目前已有I期臨床試驗評估了納武單抗在進展期實體腫瘤中的治療效果,其中腎癌患者有27%的客觀反應(yīng)率,另外還有27%的腎癌患者在至少24周未發(fā)生疾病進展[54]。
納武單抗的藥物耐受性較好,在早期臨床試驗中報道最多的副作用就是CD4+淋巴細胞計數(shù)減少,疲乏和無力等[55]。后來Topalian等[54]還發(fā)現(xiàn)納武單抗會引起紅疹、腹瀉、皮膚瘙癢、食欲下降和惡心等。目前還有幾項關(guān)于納武單抗的臨床試驗正在進行中,相信今后有可能成為晚期腎癌的治療選擇之一。
4小結(jié)和展望
自2005年索拉菲尼的上市,晚期腎癌的全身治療已逐漸從過去的免疫治療過渡到現(xiàn)在的分子靶向治療。和免疫治療相比,靶向治療特異性更強,副作用更小。雖然靶向治療顯著改善了晚期腎癌患者的臨床預(yù)后,但是患者的療效和生存獲益仍存在著較大的個體差異。序貫靶向治療和靶向藥物聯(lián)合治療目前已經(jīng)在臨床展開,這對延長藥物的作用時間和減少相關(guān)并發(fā)癥十分重要。另外除了已經(jīng)上市的藥物,目前還有幾種靶向藥物正處于最后的臨床試驗階段,相信今后會對晚期腎癌的靶向治療提供更多選擇。此外,隨著腎癌發(fā)病機制的進一步闡明,尋找與療效和預(yù)后相關(guān)的潛在生物標志物將對晚期腎癌患者的個性化靶向治療提供幫助。
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Application status and research progress of targeted therapy in advanced renal cancer
FanYang1ZhangXu1
(1Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
Corresponding author: Zhang Xu, xzhang@foxmail.com
AbstractAlthough various treatments for advanced renal cancer have been emerging in recent years, targeted therapy represents the leading trend of all strategies. Targeted therapy can inhibit tumor growth through disrupting tumor-related signalling pathways, thus significantly prolong progression-free survival and overall survival of advanced renal cancer patients and improve their prognosis. At present, the targeted drugs in clinical use include tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, where each drug has its own mechanism of action and range of application. This review summarizes the application status and research progress of targeted therapy in advanced renal cancer.
Key wordsrenal cancer; targeted therapy; prognosis
基金項目:國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃(863計劃)(2012AA02101 和2014AA020607)
[文章編號]2095-5146(2015)05-315-06
[中圖分類號]R737.11
[文獻標識碼]A
收稿日期:2015-07-09
通訊作者:張旭,xzhang@foxmail.com