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黃曲霉毒素B1對(duì)雛雞免疫器官影響的病理學(xué)觀察

2015-03-22 07:36:28于正強(qiáng)陳科杰
畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào) 2015年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:法氏囊細(xì)胞核胸腺

于正強(qiáng),陳 瑾,彭 西,方 靜,陳科杰,何 楊

(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,成都 611130;2.西昌市農(nóng)牧局,西昌 615000)

黃曲霉毒素B1對(duì)雛雞免疫器官影響的病理學(xué)觀察

于正強(qiáng)1#,陳 瑾2#,彭 西1*,方 靜1,陳科杰1,何 楊1

(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,成都 611130;2.西昌市農(nóng)牧局,西昌 615000)

為探明黃曲霉毒素B1對(duì)雛雞免疫器官組織學(xué)及超微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,將100只1日齡艾維茵健康公雛隨機(jī)分為4組,分別喂以對(duì)照日糧和AFB1日糧(AFB1Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ組日糧中AFB1添加量分別為0.15、0.3和0.6 mg·kg-1),試驗(yàn)期21 d。結(jié)果顯示,AFB1Ⅱ組和Ⅲ組雛雞的免疫器官臟器指數(shù)顯著下降(P<0.05)。AFB1組雛雞的免疫器官組織學(xué)損傷表現(xiàn):胸腺皮質(zhì)區(qū)網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞周圍見較多細(xì)胞核碎片;法氏囊淋巴濾泡內(nèi)細(xì)胞核碎片增多,濾泡髓質(zhì)區(qū)淋巴細(xì)胞減少;脾白髓區(qū)細(xì)胞核碎片增多。超微病理學(xué)觀察,胸腺、法氏囊和脾內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞線粒體腫脹,以染色質(zhì)邊移為特征的凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多。結(jié)果表明,攝食含0.15~0.6 mg·kg-1AFB1的日糧,可不同程度地抑制雛雞免疫器官的發(fā)育,致免疫器官中的淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少、細(xì)胞核碎片增多。

黃曲霉毒素B1;胸腺;法氏囊;脾;凋亡;肉雞

黃曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxins B1,AFB1),是由黃曲霉菌及寄生曲霉菌產(chǎn)生的次生代謝產(chǎn)物[1],是當(dāng)前毒性和致癌性最強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)之一[2]。除引起動(dòng)物急性肝損傷和肝癌[3],AFB1還可導(dǎo)致多臟器損傷,生產(chǎn)性能下降和抗病能力降低[4-5]。近年來,AFB1對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的影響受到普遍關(guān)注,有關(guān)其導(dǎo)致免疫抑制的報(bào)道較多,AFB1主要引起畜禽巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞功能受損、淋巴細(xì)胞亞群百分率及抗體滴度下降[6-7]。家禽對(duì)AFB1較為敏感,即使攝食較低水平AFB1,也會(huì)抑制雞淋巴細(xì)胞增殖與活性,導(dǎo)致免疫能力低下[8]。因尚未見有飼料中梯度水平AFB1對(duì)雞免疫器官組織病理學(xué)影響的系統(tǒng)研究資料,本試驗(yàn)以1日齡艾維茵肉雞為研究對(duì)象,闡明AFB1日糧致雛雞免疫器官組織和超微病理學(xué)損傷的特征,以期為進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)免疫抑制與免疫器官組織學(xué)變化之間的關(guān)系提供參考依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與日糧

試驗(yàn)選用1日齡艾維茵健康公雛100只購于溫江正大畜禽有限公司。

基礎(chǔ)日糧以玉米-豆粕為主配制而成,其中蛋白質(zhì)含量、能量以及維生素和微量元素添加量均參照肉雞NRC(2004)的營養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。AFB1日糧的配制方法:分別將1.5、3和6 mg AFB1固體粉末溶于30 mL甲醇中,再將30 mL溶液逐級(jí)混進(jìn)10 kg基礎(chǔ)日糧中,然后將混有甲醇的日糧置于37 ℃烘箱中烘干,待甲醇揮發(fā)后取出。對(duì)照組日糧配制:取30 mL甲醇混入10 kg基礎(chǔ)日糧后,以同樣方法烘干。由此方法配制而成的對(duì)照組、AFB1Ⅰ組、AFB1Ⅱ組和AFB1Ⅲ組日糧中,AFB1的濃度分別為0、0.15、0.3和0.6 mg·kg-1。

1.2 試驗(yàn)的總體設(shè)計(jì)和動(dòng)物處理

100只1日齡艾維茵健康公雛,按初始體重?zé)o差異原則隨機(jī)分為4組,每組25只,其中對(duì)照組雛雞采食基礎(chǔ)日糧,AFB1Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ組雛雞采食日糧中AFB1的濃度分別為0.15、0.3和0.6 mg·kg-1。試驗(yàn)在四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)獸醫(yī)院基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)樓試驗(yàn)場進(jìn)行。所有試驗(yàn)肉雞均采用網(wǎng)上平養(yǎng)。試驗(yàn)開始前對(duì)雞舍進(jìn)行清理并先后采用甲醛熏蒸法、高錳酸鉀和石灰消毒法進(jìn)行全面消毒。采用紅外燈加溫,第一周室溫保持在33 ℃左右,以后每周降2 ℃,相對(duì)濕度控制在65%~67%。采用連續(xù)光照,自然通風(fēng),自由采食和飲水。定期打掃圈舍衛(wèi)生,試驗(yàn)期為21 d。

1.3 臨床觀察

試驗(yàn)期間,每天觀察雞的采食、飲水及精神狀況,并記錄臨床癥狀。試驗(yàn)第7、14和21天,對(duì)各組雞只稱重,統(tǒng)計(jì)各組間的體重和料肉比差異,并對(duì)雞只的精神狀態(tài)及生長發(fā)育狀態(tài)對(duì)比照相記錄。

1.4 病理學(xué)觀察

1.4.1 免疫器官臟器指數(shù) 試驗(yàn)的第7、14和21天每組隨機(jī)抽取5只剖殺,立即取胸腺、法氏囊和脾,去除其周圍脂肪和結(jié)締組織后,用電子天平稱其凈重,根據(jù)如下公式計(jì)算臟器指數(shù)。

臟器指數(shù)=(臟器凈重/空腹體重)×100%

1.4.2 組織學(xué)觀察 剖殺尸檢后,取雞的胸腺、法氏囊和脾,固定于4%的多聚甲醛溶液中,脫水包埋,石蠟切片,HE染色后于Olympus顯微鏡下觀察,并用Nikon數(shù)碼顯微照相機(jī)記錄組織病理變化。

1.4.3 超微結(jié)構(gòu)觀察 試驗(yàn)第21天,每組各剖殺3只雛雞,取胸腺、法氏囊和脾,用雙面刀片修成1 mm×1 mm×3 mm細(xì)條后,固定于2.5%的戊二醛中,丙酮脫水,環(huán)氧樹脂包埋,切片染色后透射電鏡下觀察記錄超微結(jié)構(gòu)的病理變化。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 臨床觀察

試驗(yàn)期間AFB1Ⅰ組雞均未出現(xiàn)明顯臨床癥狀,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組雞飲欲增加,食欲下降,雞精神沉郁,嗜眠,羽毛松亂而無光澤,同時(shí)較對(duì)照組生長發(fā)育遲緩;體重檢測結(jié)果顯示,7日齡,各組間差異不顯著(P>0.05);14日齡,AFB1Ⅱ組雞平均體重顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);21日齡,AFB1Ⅲ組雞體重顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見表1。料肉比統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,7日齡和14日齡,各組間差異不顯著(P>0.05);21日齡,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組料肉比顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組全期累積料肉比顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。

2.2 剖解變化及免疫器官臟器指數(shù)

7日齡,與對(duì)照組比較,AFB1各組雞無明顯眼觀變化。14日齡開始,與對(duì)照組比較,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組雞免疫器官出現(xiàn)肉眼變化,表現(xiàn)為胸腺與脾體積減小,顏色加深;法氏囊體積減小,顏色加深。到21日齡時(shí),AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組雛雞免疫器官體積減小的病變更明顯。

Table 1 Changes of body weight in chickens (±s,n=5)g

“*”表示與對(duì)照組相比差異顯著(P<0.05),“**” 表示與對(duì)照組相比差異極顯著(P<0.01)。表2、3與本表相同

“*” represent difference (P<0.05) between the group and control group,“**” represent significantly difference (P<0.01) between the group and control group.The same as the table 2 and table 3

分組Groups7日齡Sevendaysold14日齡Fourteendaysold21日齡Twenty?onedaysold累積Accumulation對(duì)照組Controlgroup1.19±0.111.58±0.081.76±0.051.69±0.09AFB1Ⅰ組AFB1Ⅰgroup1.22±0.061.59±0.171.82±0.121.77±0.11AFB1Ⅱ組AFB1Ⅱgroup1.25±0.081.59±0.111.93±0.08?1.87±0.07?AFB1Ⅲ組AFB1Ⅲgroup1.24±0.091.63±0.071.96±0.15?1.89±0.15?

對(duì)雛雞胸腺、法氏囊及脾進(jìn)行臟器指數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)果顯示,7日齡和14日齡時(shí),AFB1各組與對(duì)照組相比差異均不顯著(P>0.05);21日齡時(shí),AFB1Ⅱ組雛雞的胸腺及脾的臟器指數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),AFB1Ⅲ組雛雞的胸腺、法氏囊及脾的臟器指數(shù)均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見表3。

2.3 病理組織學(xué)變化

組織學(xué)觀察結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,3個(gè)AFB1組雛雞的胸腺、法氏囊和脾出現(xiàn)程度不同的病理變化,并表現(xiàn)為劑量效應(yīng)關(guān)系。

正常雛雞的胸腺皮質(zhì)區(qū)的網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞形態(tài)清晰,周圍偶見有少量細(xì)胞核碎片,皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)區(qū)的毛細(xì)血管數(shù)量少(圖1a)。AFB1組胸腺淤血表現(xiàn)為髓質(zhì)區(qū)毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張充血及數(shù)量相對(duì)增多(圖1b);增多的細(xì)胞核碎片主要位于胸腺皮質(zhì)區(qū)的網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞核周圍,且導(dǎo)致網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞核形態(tài)不清(圖1c、d)。

雛雞法氏囊的正常形態(tài)學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)為淋巴濾泡皮髓質(zhì)分界清晰,細(xì)胞均勻排列,其中散見有少量細(xì)胞核碎片(圖1e)。AFB1組雛雞法氏囊的病變特征是,淋巴濾泡髓質(zhì)區(qū)的淋巴細(xì)胞明顯減少、排列較稀疏,皮質(zhì)及髓質(zhì)均見有大量小空洞,細(xì)胞核碎片顯著增多,且主要位于空洞內(nèi)(圖1f、g)。21日齡時(shí),AFB1Ⅲ組一只雛雞的法氏囊淋巴濾泡數(shù)量減少、體積縮小,濾泡之間大量纖維結(jié)締組織增生(圖1h)。

正常雛雞的脾白髓區(qū)淋巴細(xì)胞排列均一。AFB1組雛雞的脾紅髓區(qū)淤血,脾小結(jié)及動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴鞘見有一定量空洞,細(xì)胞核碎片增多,且主要位于空洞內(nèi)(圖1i、j、k 和l)。

對(duì)胸腺、法氏囊和脾的主要病變進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)(表4),結(jié)果顯示,7日齡時(shí),AFB1Ⅰ組未見有明顯的病變,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組1/5或2/5出現(xiàn)病變,隨試驗(yàn)期延長,3個(gè)AFB1組的病變率逐漸升高,至21日齡時(shí),AFB1Ⅱ組的病變率為2/5~4/5,AFB1Ⅲ組的病變率為4/5。該結(jié)果顯示,飼糧中AFB1會(huì)導(dǎo)致雛雞免疫器官的病理損傷,胸腺和脾的病變特征:淤血及細(xì)胞核碎片增多;法氏囊的病變特征:細(xì)胞核碎片增多及淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少。

Table 3 Changes of organ index of immune organ (±s)g·kg-1

表4 胸腺、法氏囊和脾主要病變的發(fā)生率(n=5)

Table 4 Incidence of major lesions in thymus,bursa of Fabricius and spleen (n=5)

組織Tissues病理損傷PathologicalLesions時(shí)間Time對(duì)照組ControlGroupAFB1Ⅰ組AFB1ⅠgroupAFB1Ⅱ組AFB1ⅡgroupAFB1Ⅲ組AFB1Ⅲgroup胸腺Thymus淤血Congestioninredpulp細(xì)胞核碎片增多Nuclearfragmentationincreased7日齡7days0/50/51/51/514日齡14days0/50/52/54/521日齡21days0/51/53/54/57日齡7days0/50/52/53/514日齡14days0/51/52/52/521日齡21days0/51/54/54/5法氏囊BursaofFabricius細(xì)胞核碎片Nuclearfragmentationappeared7日齡7days0/50/51/52/514日齡14days1/51/51/52/521日齡21days0/51/52/54/5脾Spleen淤血Congestioninredpulp細(xì)胞核碎片增多Nuclearfragmentationincreased7日齡7days0/50/51/53/514日齡14days0/51/51/53/521日齡21days1/52/54/55/57日齡7days0/51/51/51/514日齡14days0/52/52/52/521日齡21days0/51/53/54/5

a.對(duì)照組胸腺;b.AFB1 Ⅲ組胸腺,髓質(zhì)區(qū)淤血;c.AFB1Ⅱ組,胸腺皮質(zhì)區(qū)出現(xiàn)少量空洞及細(xì)胞核碎片(→); d.AFB1 Ⅲ組,胸腺皮質(zhì)區(qū)出現(xiàn)大量空洞及細(xì)胞核碎片(→);e.對(duì)照組雛雞的法氏囊;f.AFB1 Ⅲ,法氏囊淋巴濾泡髓質(zhì)區(qū)細(xì)胞排列稀疏;g.AFB1 Ⅲ組,法氏囊大量空洞及細(xì)胞核碎片(→);h.AFB1 Ⅲ組,法氏囊間質(zhì)結(jié)締組織增生; i.對(duì)照組脾;j.AFB1 Ⅲ組,脾紅髓區(qū)淤血;k.AFB1 Ⅲ組,脾動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴鞘淋巴細(xì)胞減少;l.AFB1 Ⅲ組,脾動(dòng)脈周圍淋巴鞘形成空洞a.Thymus of the chicken in control group;b.Thymus of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Congestion in medulla;c.Thymus of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅱ.A few vacuoles and nuclear debris were found in cortex (→);d.Thymus of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.More vacuoles and nuclear debris in cortex (→);e.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in control group;f.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Sparse medulla of follicles;g.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Vacuoles and nuclear debris (→);h.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Proliferated connective tissue in the mesenchymal of bursa;i.Spleen of the chicken in control group;j.Spleen of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Congestion in red pulp;k.Spleen of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Lymphocytes were decreased in periarterial lymphatic sheath;l.Spleen of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Vacuoles in the periarterial lymphatic sheath圖1 21日齡雛雞的胸腺、法氏囊和脾病理組織學(xué)變化(HE染色400×)Fig.1 Thymus,bursa of Fabricius and spleen were in the chicken from the four groups at 21 days old (HE,400×)

2.4 超微結(jié)構(gòu)變化

2.4.1 胸腺 與對(duì)照組比較,AFB1Ⅲ組雛雞的胸腺中的淋巴細(xì)胞核周隙擴(kuò)張,線粒體腫脹,嵴斷裂溶解,甚至消失呈空泡狀(圖2a、b);凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多,凋亡細(xì)胞的染色質(zhì)或濃縮邊移形成月牙形或花環(huán)狀貼于核膜下,或聚集成不規(guī)則團(tuán)塊狀。凋亡細(xì)胞常位于網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞附近或被吞噬于網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)(圖2c)。

2.4.2 法氏囊 與對(duì)照組比較,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多。凋亡細(xì)胞核染色質(zhì)凝聚邊移形成馬蹄形、月牙形等,部分網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞內(nèi)見有被吞噬的凋亡細(xì)胞(圖2d、e、f)。

2.4.3 脾 與對(duì)照組(圖2g)比較,AFB1Ⅲ組雛雞的脾中淋巴細(xì)胞的核周隙擴(kuò)張和線粒體腫脹(圖2h)。脾內(nèi)凋亡的淋巴細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞染色質(zhì)凝聚邊移,呈花環(huán)形或月牙形(圖2i)。

3 討 論

3.1 雛雞生長狀況及臨床癥狀觀察

AFB1為一類致癌物質(zhì),高劑量導(dǎo)致急性死亡,低劑量長期暴露導(dǎo)致慢性中毒,畜禽表現(xiàn)生長不良,免疫能力低下,飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率降低,死亡率增加,蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋率下降等[9]。試驗(yàn)期間,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組(0.3、0.6 mg·kg-1)雞出現(xiàn)食欲下降、飲欲增加的臨床癥狀;體重和料肉比的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明,AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組雞只飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率降低,生長發(fā)育受到抑制。A.Marchioro等[10]用AFB1處理科寶肉雞結(jié)果顯示生長抑制、體重下降,本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與其一致。雛雞采食量下降可能與飼料品質(zhì)惡化,適口性下降有關(guān)[11]。引起雛雞體重減輕、生長抑制的可能原因:攝入的黃曲霉毒素一方面可破壞腸道上皮細(xì)胞的完整性和通透性,影響消化酶的分泌,進(jìn)而影響營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收[12-13];另一方面可導(dǎo)致腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素、生長激素等合成紊亂,引起營養(yǎng)成分體內(nèi)代謝障礙[14]。

a.對(duì)照組胸腺; b.AFB1Ⅲ組,胸腺核周隙明顯擴(kuò)張;c.AFB1Ⅲ組,胸腺兩個(gè)凋亡的淋巴細(xì)胞;d.對(duì)照組法氏囊;e.AFB1Ⅲ組,法氏囊細(xì)胞凋亡;f.AFB1Ⅲ組,法氏囊網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞噬有凋亡細(xì)胞;g.對(duì)照組脾;h.AFB1Ⅲ組,脾淋巴細(xì)胞核周隙擴(kuò)張,線粒體呈空泡狀(→);i.AFB1Ⅲ組,脾漿細(xì)胞凋亡a.Thymus of the chicken in control group;b.Thymus of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Dilated perinuclear cisternae;c.Thymus of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Two apoptotic thymocytes;d.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in control group;e.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Apoptotic cell in bursa of Fabricius;f.Bursa of Fabricius of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Apoptotic cells swallowed by reticular cell;g.Spleen of the chicken in control group;h.Spleen of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Dilated perinuclear cisternae and vacuolated mitochondrial in lymphocytes (→);i.Spleen of the chicken in AFB1 group Ⅲ.Apoptotic plasmocyte in spleen圖2 21日齡雛雞的胸腺、法氏囊和脾的超微結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.2 The thymus,bursa of Fabricius and spleen in the chicken from the control and AFB1 groups at 21 days of age

3.2 AFB1對(duì)雛雞免疫器官的形態(tài)學(xué)損傷

試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),AFB1Ⅱ、Ⅲ組(0.3、0.6 mg·kg-1)雛雞胸腺、法氏囊和脾的臟器指數(shù)下降。M.Manafi等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肉雞日糧中AFB1含量為0.5 mg·kg-1時(shí),胸腺和法氏囊的臟器指數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組。F.C.Quist等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),火雞日糧中AFB1含量超過0.1 mg·kg-1時(shí),脾的臟器指數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與上述研究結(jié)果一致,表明AFB1對(duì)雛雞免疫器官的生長發(fā)育有一定的抑制作用。

組織學(xué)觀察結(jié)果顯示,雛雞采食含AFB10.3和0.6 mg·kg-1的日糧后,3個(gè)免疫器官均出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞核碎片增加以及淋巴細(xì)胞減少的病理變化。N.A.Omar[17]對(duì)小鼠脾的研究結(jié)果顯示,AFB1可導(dǎo)致脾中淋巴細(xì)胞減少以及形成空洞,本試驗(yàn)中脾的病變與之相符。細(xì)胞核碎片的增多表明采食AFB1會(huì)導(dǎo)致免疫器官中的壞死淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多,超微病理學(xué)觀察結(jié)果證實(shí)淋巴細(xì)胞主要以凋亡的方式死亡,本研究采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)亦檢測到AFB1組脾細(xì)胞的凋亡率升高[18]。壞死細(xì)胞增多可能引起淋巴細(xì)胞減少和實(shí)質(zhì)萎縮[19-20],并導(dǎo)致免疫器官的臟器指數(shù)下降。在胸腺和脾中還觀察到淤血的病變,提示AFB1會(huì)導(dǎo)致胸腺和脾的血液循環(huán)障礙,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞病變。AFB1Ⅲ組一只雛雞的法氏囊還出現(xiàn)間質(zhì)結(jié)締組織增生的現(xiàn)象,這可能是較多量細(xì)胞壞死后機(jī)體的修復(fù)性反應(yīng),該結(jié)果還提示同種屬動(dòng)物的不同個(gè)體對(duì)飼料中AFB1的敏感性存在差異。結(jié)構(gòu)是功能的基礎(chǔ),免疫器官出現(xiàn)病理損傷,雛雞的細(xì)胞和體液免疫功能必然下降。

超微結(jié)構(gòu)的觀察顯示,AFB1可引起免疫器官核膜擴(kuò)張;線粒體腫脹,嵴斷裂消失或形成空泡;淋巴細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡的頻率增高,凋亡細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)為染色質(zhì)凝聚邊移形成月牙形或花環(huán)狀貼于核膜下,凋亡細(xì)胞多位于網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞周圍或被網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞吞噬。L.Rainbow等[21]對(duì)小鼠脾的研究也表明,AFB1引起脾淋巴細(xì)胞核膜擴(kuò)張、線粒體嵴斷裂消失的病變。這些超微變化表明AFB1主要引起膜系統(tǒng)的損傷。大量的研究表明,AFB1能引起過多的脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)[22-24],脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)生的自由基攻擊細(xì)胞膜系統(tǒng),引起細(xì)胞膜、線粒體或內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)損傷;線粒體損傷后可觸發(fā)依賴于線粒體調(diào)控的Caspase途徑而引起細(xì)胞凋亡[25]。凋亡細(xì)胞主要位于網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞周圍且凋亡細(xì)胞能夠被網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞吞噬,這與組織學(xué)觀察到細(xì)胞核碎片主要位于網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞周圍的現(xiàn)象相吻合,表明壞死或凋亡的淋巴細(xì)胞可能被網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞吞噬清除。

4 結(jié) 論

雛雞飼料中AFB1含量達(dá)0.15~0.6 mg·kg-1時(shí),可不同程度地抑制雛雞免疫器官的發(fā)育,導(dǎo)致胸腺、法氏囊和脾組織中淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,細(xì)胞核碎片與凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多。

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(編輯 白永平)

Effect of Aflatoxin B1on Pathological Changes of Immune Organs in Broilers

YU Zheng-qiang1#,CHEN Jin2#,PENG Xi1*,F(xiàn)ANG Jing1,CHEN Ke-jie1,HE Yang1

(1.CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,SichuanAgricuturalUniversity,Chengdu611130,China; 2.AnimalHusbandryBureauofXichang,Xichang615000,China)

The aim of the current study was to investigate the histopathological and ultrastructural changes caused by dietary AFB1in broilers.One hundred one-day-old avian male broilers were randomly divided into four equal groups and were fed for 21 days as follows:a control diet and three AFB1addition diets containing 0.15,0.3 and 0.6 mg·kg-1AFB1,respectively.The results showed that the relative weight of the three organs were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).Histopathologically,in the AFB1groups,there were increased nuclear debris around the reticulocytes in the cortex of the thymus;the number of lymphocytes was decreased in the medulla,and increased nuclear debris can be observed in the lymphoid follicle of the Bursa of Fabricius;more nuclear debris appeared around lymphoid follicles and lymphatic sheath in the chicken spleens.The ultrastructural changes were mitochondria swelling and increased apoptotic cells characterized as chromatin margination in the lymphocytes of the three immune organs.These results indicated that when the contents of dietary AFB1were from 0.15 to 0.6 mg·kg-1,the development of immune organs could be inhibited,and the major lesions of the three immune organs were the decrease of lymphocytes and the increase of nuclear debris.

aflatoxin B1;thymus;bursa of Fabricius;spleen;apoptosis;broilers

10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.08.022

2014-11-12

“教育部長江學(xué)者和創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃”創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(IRT 0848);四川省科技廳資助項(xiàng)目(2013FZ0072)

于正強(qiáng)(1990-),男,重慶榮昌人,碩士,主要從事動(dòng)物病理學(xué)研究,E-mail:mine_yzq@163.com;陳 瑾(1988-),女,四川冕寧人,碩士,主要從事動(dòng)物病理學(xué)研究, E-mail:chenjin19880808@126.com。于正強(qiáng)、陳瑾為并列第一作者

*通信作者:彭 西(1973-),教授,E-mail:pengxi197313@163.com

S852.35;S856.9

A

0366-6964(2015)08-1447-08

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