馬月霞 趙京霞 郭玉紅 劉清泉 王玉光
(1 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院,北京,100010;2 北京懷柔區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院,北京,101400;3 中醫(yī)感染性疾病基礎(chǔ)研究北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京,100010;4 北京市中醫(yī)研究所,北京,100010)
我國(guó)首例輸入性MERS患者中醫(yī)證候?qū)W特征分析
馬月霞1,2趙京霞1,3,4郭玉紅1,3劉清泉1,3,4王玉光1,3
(1 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院,北京,100010;2 北京懷柔區(qū)中醫(yī)醫(yī)院,北京,101400;3 中醫(yī)感染性疾病基礎(chǔ)研究北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京,100010;4 北京市中醫(yī)研究所,北京,100010)
目的:通過(guò)對(duì)我國(guó)廣東地區(qū)1例輸入性MERS病例回顧性研究,初步探討本例MERS傳遍特點(diǎn)及核心病機(jī)。方法:回顧性整理該例患者入院前流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)及2015年5月28日入院第1天至2015年6月11日入院第15天住院期間的臨床癥狀及治療經(jīng)過(guò)。結(jié)果:本例患者流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為中年男性,有甲亢基礎(chǔ)病史,與MERS患者有明確接觸史。該例病程發(fā)展具有一定階段性,根據(jù)病情的變化分為以下四期:初期,進(jìn)展期,極期和恢復(fù)期。初期:病程1~5 d,病位在肺,患者發(fā)熱、肌肉酸痛,無(wú)惡寒,無(wú)咳嗽咳痰咽痛,此期主要特點(diǎn)為熱邪侵犯肺衛(wèi),表邪輕而里熱已盛。2)進(jìn)展期:病程7~12 d,病位在肺,高熱,無(wú)惡寒寒戰(zhàn),干咳少痰,口渴口苦,活動(dòng)后氣促,熱邪深入氣分。3)極期:病程12~22 d,病位在肺、胃、大腸,此期患者逐漸熱退或低熱,時(shí)有煩躁,氣促開(kāi)始減輕,頭痛,咳少量血絲痰,腹脹無(wú)腹痛,腹瀉,熱邪入營(yíng)血分。在此期間,發(fā)病第17~18天為病情最重的時(shí)期,主要表現(xiàn)為頭痛劇烈,咳血絲痰,腹瀉,此期應(yīng)用抗病毒、抗感染、免疫增強(qiáng)劑治療。4)恢復(fù)期:病程第22天后,無(wú)發(fā)熱,血絲痰消失,偶有干咳、頭痛,頭痛休息可緩解,腹瀉減輕。結(jié)論:本例MERS患者始動(dòng)因素及根本因素為溫?zé)嵋叨荆瑹嵝盀楸静〉年P(guān)鍵,毒、瘀表現(xiàn)不明顯,中醫(yī)證候演變符合溫病衛(wèi)氣營(yíng)血傳變規(guī)律,衛(wèi)氣同病,營(yíng)血分癥狀不重,與SARS、甲型H1N1流感、H7N9禽流感相比病情稍輕。
MERS;中醫(yī)證候?qū)W
MERS(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)病毒為一種新型的冠狀病毒,由于大多數(shù)MERS病毒感染病例發(fā)生在中東地區(qū),故MERS被命名為“中東呼吸綜合征”[1-2]。2012年9月至2013年7月,全球共向世界衛(wèi)生組織通報(bào)了80例感染新型冠狀病毒實(shí)驗(yàn)室確診病例,其中45例死亡。2014年4月,MERS病毒在中東加速擴(kuò)散。2014年5月2日,美國(guó)發(fā)現(xiàn)首例MERS病毒感染者,屆時(shí)已有12個(gè)國(guó)家的401人被證實(shí)感染了該種病毒。2015年5月20日韓國(guó)確診了首例輸入性MERS,隨后出現(xiàn)了MERS的大爆發(fā)[3]。2015年5月29日,廣東省惠州市出現(xiàn)首例輸入性MERS確診病例,引起我國(guó)高度重視。目前關(guān)于MERS流行病學(xué)及臨床特征的認(rèn)識(shí)仍不完善,對(duì)其中醫(yī)證候及演變規(guī)律的分析尚無(wú)。
病例資料來(lái)源為我國(guó)廣東省惠州市出現(xiàn)的首例輸入性MERS患者。通過(guò)總結(jié)其入院前流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)及2015年5月28日入院第1天至2015年6月11日入院第15天住院期間的臨床癥狀及治療經(jīng)過(guò)。
2.1 流行病學(xué) 患者韓國(guó)中年男性,既往有甲亢病史,曾與MERS患者有密切接觸史,有家族聚集性,其父、兄為韓國(guó)第3、4例MERS確診病例,患者入院后第2天咽拭子MERS核酸檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性。
表1 流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)及結(jié)果
注:患者2015年6月26日出院[4]。
2.2 癥狀分布 患者首發(fā)癥狀為背部酸痛,持續(xù)5 d后開(kāi)始發(fā)熱無(wú)汗,等上呼吸道癥狀。發(fā)病第7天,患者高熱,無(wú)寒戰(zhàn),偶有干咳,口渴口苦,無(wú)氣促、胸痛,影像學(xué)提示右下肺少量胸水。發(fā)病第10天,患者咳嗽加劇,仍少痰或無(wú)痰,但活動(dòng)后氣促明顯,胸片提示雙下肺病變,炎癥較前進(jìn)展。發(fā)病第17~18 d,患者熱退,氣促明顯減輕,頭痛,咳少量血絲痰,腹脹無(wú)腹痛,腹瀉。發(fā)病第22天,患者血絲痰消失,偶有頭痛,但不劇烈,休息可緩解,仍為水樣便,但大便頻次減少。
表2 不同階段癥狀分布
注:出現(xiàn)時(shí)間和消失時(shí)間均為癥狀出現(xiàn)或消失的日期距首發(fā)癥狀的時(shí)間。
表3 治療方案
2.3 治療 患者入院后即開(kāi)始應(yīng)用抗病毒治療,達(dá)菲使用2 d后改用利巴韋林聯(lián)合干擾素抗病毒方案;患者入院第4天起開(kāi)始吸氧,第5天加用抗感染藥物和免疫制劑,第7天抗生素升級(jí),入院第12天患者熱已退,停用抗病毒藥物。由此可見(jiàn),入院第5天至12天,即發(fā)病第12天至19天,患者病情逐漸加重,此期應(yīng)用抗病毒、抗感染、免疫增強(qiáng)劑治療。
MERS是由一種新型冠狀病毒(MERS-CoV)引起的急性呼吸道傳染病,蝙蝠和或駱駝可能為其傳染源[5],可有限的人-人傳播,傳播途徑尚不明確。研究顯示,65%MERS病例為男性,平均年齡為49歲,有慢性基礎(chǔ)病史的MERS患者病情常較危重,病死率約40%。該病潛伏期可長(zhǎng)達(dá)14 d[6],起病急,發(fā)病早期可無(wú)呼吸道癥狀,發(fā)熱,體溫最高達(dá)39~40 ℃,多數(shù)病例出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重急性呼吸道感染癥狀,如咳嗽、氣促等?;颊哌€可出現(xiàn)腹瀉癥狀,部分病例會(huì)出現(xiàn)腎功能衰竭[7-8]。
本研究將我國(guó)1例輸入性MERS病例的流行病學(xué)、癥候進(jìn)行分析,流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)與既往研究大體一致,病程發(fā)展具有一定階段性。根據(jù)病情的變化分為以下四期:初期,進(jìn)展期,極期和恢復(fù)期。不同階段具有不同的中醫(yī)證候特征:1)初期:病程1~5 d,病位在肺,患者發(fā)熱、肌肉酸痛,無(wú)惡寒,無(wú)咳嗽咳痰咽痛,此期主要特點(diǎn)為熱邪侵犯肺衛(wèi),表邪輕而里熱已盛。2)進(jìn)展期:病程7~12 d,病位在肺,高熱,無(wú)惡寒寒戰(zhàn),干咳少痰,口渴口苦,活動(dòng)后氣促,熱邪深入氣分。3)極期:病程12~22 d,病位在肺、胃、大腸,此期患者逐漸熱退或低熱,時(shí)有煩躁,氣促開(kāi)始減輕,頭痛,咳少量血絲痰,腹脹無(wú)腹痛,腹瀉,熱邪入營(yíng)血分。在此期間,發(fā)病第17~18天為病情最重的時(shí)期,主要表現(xiàn)為頭痛劇烈,咳血絲痰,腹瀉,此期應(yīng)用抗病毒、抗感染、免疫增強(qiáng)劑治療。4)恢復(fù)期:病程22~,無(wú)發(fā)熱,血絲痰消失,偶有干咳、頭痛,頭痛休息可緩解,腹瀉減輕。由此可見(jiàn),MERS主要臨床表現(xiàn)為風(fēng)溫肺熱證,符合溫病的衛(wèi)氣營(yíng)血傳遍規(guī)律。
本病與SARS[9]、甲型H1N1流感[10]、H7N9禽流感[11]相比,具有以下特點(diǎn):1)衛(wèi)氣同病。本例患者自發(fā)病起上呼吸道癥狀較輕,無(wú)鼻塞流涕咽痛等表證,表邪輕而里熱已盛;2)毒、瘀表現(xiàn)不明顯。本病全身中毒癥狀不重,頭痛、肌肉酸痛等癥狀都較輕,極期雖咳少量血絲痰,但無(wú)胸痛,無(wú)明顯喘憋等表現(xiàn),營(yíng)血分癥狀較輕。
本研究為回顧性病例分析,例數(shù)較少,其發(fā)病特點(diǎn)是否具有共性需進(jìn)一步大樣本研究。該病例病程資料不完整,且缺乏相應(yīng)的舌、脈等中醫(yī)信息,故本研究具有明顯的局限性,對(duì)MERS疾病的中醫(yī)認(rèn)識(shí)仍需進(jìn)一步探索。
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(2015-10-08收稿 責(zé)任編輯:洪志強(qiáng))
TCM Syndrome Characteristics of the First MERS Case in China
Ma Yuexia1,2,Zhao Jingxia1,3,4,Guo Yuhong1,3,Liu Qingquan1,3,4,Wang Yuguang1,3
(1BeijingChineseMedicineHospitalaffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100010,China;2ChineseMedicineHospitalofHuairouDistrict,Beijing101400; 3BeijingKeyLaboratoryofBasicResearchonInfectiousDiseasesofTCM,Beijing100010,China;4BeijingInstituteofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Beijing100010,China)
Objective:To explore the epidemiological characteristics and major pathogenesis in Chinese Medicine according to the retrospective study of the first imported MERS case from Guodong province.Methods: The data from May 28, 2015 to June 11, 2015 of the epidemiology, syndromes and treatment of the case were collected and analyzed. Results: The patient was a middle-aged man with epidemiology characteristics roughly consistent with the previous investigation and had a history of hyperthyroidism and contact with confirmed cases of MERS. There were four stages as follows in the course of disease according to his changes of health condition. Firstly, at initial stage, disease location was in lung in the duration of first to fifth days. The patient was in fever with aching muscle but no chills, no sore throat, no cough or expectoration. The case in this period was mainly characterized with invading lung, light external pathogen while heavy interior evil. Secondly, in the developing period, the disease location was still in the lung, in the duration from seventh to 12th days. The patient had high fever without chills, dry cough with a little phlegm, thirst and bitter taste, shortness of breath. In this period heat evil was deep in qi. Thirdly, the very period, 12th to 22th days duration, the disease location was in the lung, stomach and large intestine. The patient had mild fever and abatement of fever, irritability, shortness of breath began to ease, headache, cough with a small amount of blood sputum, abdominal distension, no abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, blood into the camp. During this period, the the 17th-18th was the most severe period, mainly manifested with headache, cough blood sputum, diarrhea, and was treated with antiviral, anti infection, immune enhancement agents. Fourthly, the recovering stage, the patient in this course after 22 days had no fever, disappeared sputum with blood, occasional dry cough, endurable headache and diarrhea alleviated. Conclusion: The initiating and fundamental factors in this case were warm febrile and epidemic toxin. Heat pathogen was the critical factor rather than toxin and blood stasis. The transform of symptoms conformed to defense-qi-nutrient-blood mode in febrile disease in TCM. Qi and defense level became ill at the same time. And the nutrient and blood level were not severe. Therefore, the patient's condition in this case was not as severe as SARS, H1N1 influenza, H7N9 avian influenza.
MERS;TCM Syndrome Characteristics
北京地區(qū)流感病證特征監(jiān)測(cè)及中醫(yī)預(yù)警體系建設(shè)(編號(hào):Z141100006014056);北京市醫(yī)院管理局“登封”人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃(編號(hào):DFL20150902);中醫(yī)感染性疾病基礎(chǔ)研究北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(編號(hào):BZ0320)
劉清泉(1956—),男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,E-mail:liuqingquan2003@126.com;王玉光,E-mail:wygzhyiaids@126.com
R511.7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2015.10.005