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高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)適切性探討1

2015-03-29 09:07劉麗華汪富金
英語(yǔ)教師 2015年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:案例分析

劉麗華汪富金

高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)適切性探討1

劉麗華汪富金

【摘要】在英語(yǔ)課堂上,正確有效地使用課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)起著至關(guān)重要的作用。筆者借助于赴浙江省金華市艾青中學(xué)觀摩2015年浙江省優(yōu)質(zhì)課活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì),通過(guò)對(duì)教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)案例的筆錄分析,從問(wèn)題設(shè)置的適切性、應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)生回答的適切性、課堂指令的適切性以及對(duì)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)的適切性四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行探討,以期能引起高中一線(xiàn)教師的反思,并能提高課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)的使用質(zhì)量。

【關(guān)鍵詞】高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課;課堂話(huà)語(yǔ);適切性;案例分析

一、引言

英語(yǔ)教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)教師在組織和實(shí)施英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的話(huà)語(yǔ),其中主要是英語(yǔ),也包括母語(yǔ)(如漢語(yǔ))。課堂上教師的話(huà)語(yǔ)使用是否得當(dāng),直接關(guān)系到課堂教學(xué)是否利于促進(jìn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí),特別是有效地幫助學(xué)生建構(gòu)知識(shí)(程曉堂2009)。然而,在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,教師關(guān)注更多的是教學(xué)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)、教學(xué)過(guò)程的實(shí)施、教學(xué)活動(dòng)的操作等,而對(duì)自己在課堂上的話(huà)語(yǔ)是否恰當(dāng)和貼切很少去琢磨、研究。因此,筆者借助于觀摩2015年在浙江省金華市艾青中學(xué)舉行浙江省優(yōu)質(zhì)課評(píng)比活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì),對(duì)參賽教師的部分課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行筆錄分析,從教師的課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)的適切性角度進(jìn)行探討,以期能引起高中一線(xiàn)教師的反思,并能“促進(jìn)教師提高課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)的使用質(zhì)量”(程曉堂2009)。

話(huà)語(yǔ)的適切性就是指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)的話(huà)是否適合當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z(yǔ)言環(huán)境,如雙方之間的關(guān)系,交談的話(huà)題、場(chǎng)合等(高輔卿1993)。由于教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)發(fā)生在課堂這一特殊的社會(huì)文化環(huán)境中,教師話(huà)語(yǔ)在內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)類(lèi)、功能、質(zhì)量等方面都與一般語(yǔ)境中的話(huà)語(yǔ)有很多不同之處(程曉堂2009)。因而,筆者主要著眼于高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課堂,從教師在課堂上問(wèn)題設(shè)置的適切性、應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)生回答的適切性、課堂指令的適切性以及對(duì)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)的適切性四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行案例分析。

二、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀課教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)適切性案例分析

(一)問(wèn)題設(shè)置的適切性

例1:AtLife’sCrossroads(片段)

In 1989,fresh out of school,I had the intimidating task of choosing a career path before college started in three months.In those days in Pakistan,there were limited options:becoming a doctor or an engineer,or entering the corporate world after getting a business degree.I wasn’t interested in engineering,so that left medicine or business,I couldn’t decide.

當(dāng)該教師以“Let’s come to the writer’s way of making a decision”為導(dǎo)入,引出問(wèn)題:“At his life’s crossroads,what problem troubled the writer?(Para. 1)”時(shí),教師要求學(xué)生借助于文本,回答該問(wèn)題。

T:At his life’s crossroads,what problem troubled the writer?

S1:(在文本中尋找)

T:Sit down,please.(接著又叫另一個(gè)學(xué)生)

S2:er...

評(píng)析:根據(jù)布魯姆的問(wèn)題目標(biāo)層次(即知曉、理解、運(yùn)用、分析、綜合與評(píng)價(jià))(魯子問(wèn)2015),該教師的問(wèn)題屬于知曉層面的問(wèn)題(通常知曉層面的問(wèn)題,可以是What is...? Where is...? Which one...?等),其功能主要在于引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在閱讀中發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)句、語(yǔ)詞層面以及語(yǔ)篇層面的具體信息和事實(shí)(魯子問(wèn)2015)。對(duì)于高一學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),在文本中找到有關(guān)該問(wèn)題的信息并不難,但是由于問(wèn)題本身的設(shè)計(jì):“What problem troubled...?”,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生不知從什么角度去回答該問(wèn)題。因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)目標(biāo)層次,教師在閱讀課中的提問(wèn)雖然未必嚴(yán)格按照六個(gè)層次提問(wèn),但至少應(yīng)該是有梯度的。如果教師在閱讀課一開(kāi)始就因?yàn)閱?wèn)題的不適切把學(xué)生難住了,則不利于之后課堂活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展。針對(duì)該問(wèn)題,教師如能做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,則會(huì)更具有針對(duì)性,如“At his life’s crossroads,what was the writer’s problem in making a decision?/...,what difficulty did the writer have in making a decision?”這樣的提問(wèn)把problem的范圍縮小到“in making a decision”。學(xué)生在文本中搜尋信息時(shí)就會(huì)聚焦于最后一句:“I wasn’t interested in engineering,so that left medicine or business,I couldn’t decide.”因此,就不難回答出“He couldn’t decide whether to choose medicine or business as his career.”

例2:On Self-Esteem and Sport(片段)

It’s a fact—girls are likely to face a drop in self-esteem during the teenage years. That means all those feelings about self-worth and competence take a big hit. I think part of that is due to wanting to fit in. And part of it is due to what girls see in the media. We are bombarded with nasty messages in videos,magazines,and television—about how girls are“supposed”to be.

當(dāng)要求學(xué)生細(xì)讀時(shí),教師設(shè)置的問(wèn)題是:“Does the writer agree with the message in the media about how girls should be like? How do you know?”,教師呈現(xiàn)此問(wèn)題后,和學(xué)生的對(duì)話(huà)如下:

T:Yes?No?Which one?

(等待了幾秒)

Ss:(沒(méi)有回應(yīng))

T:Let me give you some hints.(可是在幻燈片上馬上出現(xiàn)了disagree,接著又出現(xiàn)了“suppose”)

T:Pay attention to the quotation mark. What’s the use of quotation mark?

Ss:(沉默)

評(píng)析:該教師設(shè)置的這個(gè)問(wèn)題屬于“引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解為目的的理解層面問(wèn)題”(魯子問(wèn)2015),教師應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生回到文本中,找出相關(guān)的信息,然后聯(lián)系上下文,通過(guò)自己的理解來(lái)回答問(wèn)題,而不是當(dāng)學(xué)生不能直接回答該問(wèn)題時(shí),就代而答之。當(dāng)教師發(fā)現(xiàn)提出的問(wèn)題超出學(xué)生的理解范圍時(shí),可以通過(guò)一些輔助性的知曉層面的問(wèn)題來(lái)幫助學(xué)生更好地理解文本,從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生得到合理的答案。如教師可以通過(guò)以下這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行鋪墊:What’s the main idea of this paragraph?/What does“take a big hit”mean?/What are the reasons for the fact that all those feelings about self-worth and competence take a big hit?這些知曉層面的問(wèn)題能幫助學(xué)生了解該段文章的中心為第一句:“girls are likely to face a drop in self-esteem during the teenage years.”。文本中,作者對(duì)這個(gè)事實(shí)所帶來(lái)的后果闡述后,分析原因之一:“Girls’wanting to fit in”;原因之二:“What girls see in the media.”。該段最后一句話(huà)“We are bombarded with nasty messages in videos,magazines,and television—about how girls are‘supposed’to be.”是用來(lái)解釋原因之二“What girls see in the media.”。在閱讀的同時(shí),教師還應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出關(guān)鍵詞,如:bombard,nasty,“supposed”。事實(shí)上,對(duì)于高二學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),bombard與nasty都是生詞,筆者沒(méi)有看到教師改編的材料,但如果此處和原文一致的話(huà),教師最好能先解釋bombard意思為“to do something too often or too much,for example criticizing or questioning someone,or giving too much information”;而nasty為“bad or very unpleasant”,再引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注這兩個(gè)詞均為貶義詞,然后讓學(xué)生思考作者為何對(duì)suppose這個(gè)詞加引號(hào)(quotation mark)?由于教師設(shè)置的提問(wèn)有梯度,而且引導(dǎo)學(xué)生回到了文本解讀,因此學(xué)生不難讀出“作者是不贊同媒體傳遞的關(guān)于女孩應(yīng)該像什么樣”的觀點(diǎn)。適切的問(wèn)題設(shè)置與課堂活動(dòng)“好比一個(gè)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力和思維能力發(fā)展的訓(xùn)練場(chǎng),而學(xué)生正是在此進(jìn)行能力、思維訓(xùn)練的主體”(黃宏震2015)。如果教師所設(shè)置的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有考慮到學(xué)生的實(shí)際,或者由于措詞不當(dāng),導(dǎo)致學(xué)生無(wú)法融入到課堂互動(dòng)中來(lái),則教學(xué)活動(dòng)就成了教師唱獨(dú)角戲,不利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和發(fā)展技能。

(二)應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)生回答的適切性

例3:At Life’s Crossroads(導(dǎo)入片段)

導(dǎo)入時(shí),該教師在問(wèn)學(xué)生對(duì)人生的選擇時(shí),和學(xué)生有這樣一段對(duì)話(huà):

T:What do you want to be?

S1:I want to be a teacher.

T:(停頓)Marvellous.Why?

S1:...

T:Because you are interested in it.

S1:Yes.

T:Good.Because you are interested in it.

例4:On Self-Esteem and Sport(片段)

Throughout our lives,our self-esteem goes down when we feel like a failure,and it goes up when we feel successful.Doing something well,being praised,and feeling loved goes a long way.We all need to explore opportunities where we can be good at something and feel sense of self-confidence and self-worth. You get to set goals for yourself,you get challenged,you feel good about your accomplishments,and you learn that after today’s failure—there’s tomorrow’s chance.

針對(duì)此段落,該教師的問(wèn)題是“How can we build up our self-esteem?”,學(xué)生能夠很容易地從文本中找到“explore opportunities where we can be good at and...”;“set goals for yourself...”,接下來(lái),教師和學(xué)生之間的對(duì)話(huà)如下:

T:How can we build up our self-esteem? What are you good at?

S1:Swimming.

T:How can swimming help build up your self-esteem?

S1:...

T:Ok.Sit down.

(接上面第一個(gè)問(wèn)題)

T:What goals do you set?

S2:...

T:Study?

S2:Er. ...Study.

T:Ok.Study.

評(píng)析:教師提出問(wèn)題之后,應(yīng)該給學(xué)生必要的思考時(shí)間,不要急于給出答案或發(fā)表自己的意見(jiàn)。即使學(xué)生暫時(shí)遇到困難,教師也不宜直接提供答案,而是給學(xué)生必要的提示和引導(dǎo)。教師幫學(xué)生把話(huà)說(shuō)完,實(shí)際上是剝奪了學(xué)生的一次學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)(程曉堂2009)。從這兩個(gè)例子中不難看出,教師在等待學(xué)生回答問(wèn)題時(shí)比較心急,沒(méi)有等學(xué)生發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn),就替他們回答了,缺乏互動(dòng)?;?dòng)是交際的核心,它既是學(xué)習(xí)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的途徑,也是學(xué)習(xí)的目的。一般情況下,互動(dòng)過(guò)程包括意義協(xié)商、提供反饋和不斷調(diào)整口頭表達(dá)(程曉堂2009)。在以上兩個(gè)例子中,首先,應(yīng)該耐心等待,并且讓學(xué)生感覺(jué)到教師是真的很在意他/她的看法;其次,當(dāng)學(xué)生遇到困難時(shí),教師應(yīng)該適時(shí)地和學(xué)生進(jìn)行意義協(xié)商(negotiation of meaning)。如對(duì)于例3中的S1,教師可以追問(wèn)一些輔助性的問(wèn)題,如:What do teachers usually do?/In what way do you like teachers?等。而針對(duì)例4中的S2,教師可以用When did you learn to swim?/What did you do to make yourself good at swimming?/When you are swimming freely,what kind of feelings do you have?等提示讓對(duì)話(huà)能夠繼續(xù)下去。Hedge(2002)認(rèn)為從教師及別的學(xué)生那里得到反饋能讓學(xué)習(xí)者檢驗(yàn)假設(shè),并促進(jìn)他們自己語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)發(fā)展。他還指出,被推動(dòng)著回答問(wèn)題會(huì)迫使學(xué)習(xí)者通過(guò)努力使別人(能)懂自己或說(shuō)得慢一點(diǎn)等(方式)來(lái)應(yīng)付語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的不足。這其實(shí)是互動(dòng)過(guò)程中的意義協(xié)商,目的是使輸出更具有可理解性。當(dāng)教師和學(xué)生通過(guò)意義協(xié)商完成任務(wù)時(shí),學(xué)生能真正地在交際中學(xué)到并運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言,因此,教師應(yīng)該盡可能創(chuàng)造這種機(jī)會(huì)。然而,如果課堂上教師為了完成教學(xué)任務(wù)而剝奪了學(xué)生這樣的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì),則課堂活動(dòng)就沒(méi)有達(dá)到真正意義上的互動(dòng),而僅僅是教師在自導(dǎo)自演而已。一堂好的閱讀課,不在于教師是否完成了所有教學(xué)步驟,而在于學(xué)生是否真的通過(guò)閱讀學(xué)到了什么。

(三)課堂指令的適切性

例5:AtLife’sCrossroads(片段)

隨著我國(guó)新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,風(fēng)電裝機(jī)容量從2010年的30 GW增長(zhǎng)到2017年164 GW,年均增長(zhǎng)率為28%。根據(jù)我國(guó)“十三五”電力系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃研究表明,新能源發(fā)電量占比在2020年將達(dá)到33%,2030年將提升到50%。目前,我國(guó)的“三北”地區(qū)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的棄風(fēng)問(wèn)題,2017年甘肅、新疆、蒙西、吉林棄風(fēng)比例分別達(dá)到33%,29%,17%,21%。究其原因,風(fēng)電消納問(wèn)題是新能源發(fā)展的主要挑戰(zhàn)。為保證電力系統(tǒng)的安全穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行,我國(guó)已經(jīng)在東北和新疆地區(qū)試點(diǎn)調(diào)峰輔助服務(wù)市場(chǎng)。針對(duì)風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)后風(fēng)電消納所帶來(lái)的備用問(wèn)題,本文介紹并總結(jié)了備用容量的確定方法、獲取方式以及費(fèi)用分?jǐn)偟姆椒ê驮瓌t。

I began thinking about my two experiences.The bank had offered a more relaxed atmosphere,better working hours and less stress.The hospital was full of excitement,and unpredictability,but the studying and training was tough.It seemed that the business option was going to win out.

該教師設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)提問(wèn)環(huán)節(jié)是:Who can tell me how the author made a second choice? Can you find the words to describe the jobs in Para. 3?(注:教師對(duì)原材料有所改編,筆者只能從教師呈現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題及相關(guān)文本信息中推測(cè)該堂課使用的文本第3段應(yīng)該是原材料的第8段)

...

T:Tell me together. What did the writer think of the business option?

Ss:...

T:Boys and girls,look at me. It’s time for the author to make choices.

(片刻停頓)Business or medicine?

Ss:...

T:Pay attention to the last sentence. It seemed that the business option was going to win out.

評(píng)析:分析筆者課堂筆錄中關(guān)于該教師提問(wèn)的環(huán)節(jié),不難看出其課堂指令很不明確——一會(huì)兒讓學(xué)生一起回答,一會(huì)兒讓學(xué)生看她,一會(huì)兒又讓學(xué)生注意該段文章的最后一句話(huà)。學(xué)生被這些不適切的指令搞得不知所措,不知道到底該怎么做以及該做什么。其實(shí),一堂閱讀課中最重要的是學(xué)生與文本之間的思維碰撞,教師只是一個(gè)領(lǐng)路人。如果該教師在處理“Can you find the wo rds to describe the jobs in Para.3”時(shí)給學(xué)生一兩分鐘的時(shí)間,讓他們自己找出并領(lǐng)悟與“jobs”有關(guān)的相關(guān)詞匯relaxed atmosphere/better working hours/less stress/full of excitement/unpredictability/tough等,然后鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生用自己的語(yǔ)言組織回答“What did the writer think of the business option?”,這樣,教師就可以自然地過(guò)渡到“Then in your opinion,how did the author make a second choice?”,而不是自問(wèn)自答式地直接把問(wèn)題和答案都包辦了。閱讀的過(guò)程是讀者和文本互動(dòng)的過(guò)程,是讀者針對(duì)文本不斷解碼和編碼的過(guò)程(張世建2015),如果教師在課堂上干涉過(guò)多,會(huì)造成學(xué)生沒(méi)有時(shí)間和文本互動(dòng),而只是聽(tīng)教師講解,“既浪費(fèi)了教學(xué)時(shí)間,又剝奪了學(xué)生英語(yǔ)閱讀的自主性”(張世建2015)。對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),閱讀的重要任務(wù)是基于對(duì)文本語(yǔ)言?xún)?nèi)容的理解,思考分析隱藏在語(yǔ)言表層意思之下的深層意義(盧偉棟2015)。因此,閱讀活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展和思維訓(xùn)練都可能占用較長(zhǎng)的教學(xué)時(shí)間,甚至造成課堂沉寂(黃宏震2015)。教師不應(yīng)該害怕這種沉寂。同時(shí),教師在閱讀課中“以組織活動(dòng)、參與活動(dòng)、提供幫助為目的的指令應(yīng)該是互動(dòng)式或協(xié)商式的,而不是單向的、強(qiáng)制性的”(程曉堂2009)。

(四)對(duì)學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)的適切性

例6:On Self-Esteem and Sport(片段)

My dad was in the Air Force.When I was a kid,we moved every few years.That meant a lot of good-byes.It also meant getting used to a whole new community and a whole new school each time we moved.It was scary because I was really shy.I can still feel what it was like to have to walk into the new school—that sinking feeling in my belly,that lump in my throat.All the kids already knew each other.It would always take time for me to learn how everything worked,what was cool and what was not.It was always a struggle to find where I fit in—never a fun struggle either.

該教師導(dǎo)入這段文本的問(wèn)題為:Do you have similar experiences? Please share your experience with us.

幾乎剛問(wèn)完這個(gè)問(wèn)題,教師就點(diǎn)名讓學(xué)生站起來(lái)回答問(wèn)題。

S1:When I...

(停頓片刻)

T:Ok.Thankyouallthesame.(教師讓S1坐下)

S2:When I was in the show.那個(gè)(同學(xué)們笑)I feel nervous.

T:Don’t be nervous. When you were in a show you felt nervous.

T:(轉(zhuǎn)向另外的學(xué)生)How did the writer feel?

S3:Self-confident.

T:(停頓片刻)Self-confident? No.

例7:AtLife’sCrossroads(片段)

Suddenly,a boy tumbled off the back of the bus. He hit the road face down,bounced once,and rolled over.He lay motionless in the middle of the road as the bus sped away.

The cars directly behind the bus braked to avoid the boy, but none stopped. Part of me understood—if he died,it would mean police involvement and unnecessary problems.In fact,I felt the same urge to keep going,but the urge to stop and help was stronger.I knew that if the boy was bleeding into his brain,he could die in a matter of minutes.He had to get to hospital quickly.

針對(duì)此段,該教師設(shè)置的問(wèn)題是“當(dāng)有人躺在街上不能動(dòng)時(shí),到底幫還是不幫?”。

T:When a person lays unmoved on the street,help or not help?

S1:Help.

T:Why?

S:Because life is important than anything else.

T:Wow.(稍停頓)You are the best student I have ever seen.(聲調(diào)有些夸張)

評(píng)析:課堂評(píng)價(jià)是教學(xué)的重要組成部分,決定教學(xué)的走向,影響教學(xué)的效果(黃宏震2015)。教師話(huà)語(yǔ)的一個(gè)重要功能是在學(xué)生回答問(wèn)題后進(jìn)行反饋,即教師對(duì)學(xué)生的發(fā)言進(jìn)行理解性的反應(yīng),作出評(píng)論或者進(jìn)行糾錯(cuò)等(程曉堂2009)。如例6中當(dāng)學(xué)生S3所給的答案與教師的心理期待不一致時(shí),教師不能直接以“No”來(lái)回應(yīng)。該學(xué)生能如此干脆地回答“self-confident”時(shí),肯定有自己的看法,教師應(yīng)該在肯定其能有自己的看法時(shí),繼續(xù)追問(wèn)“Why do you think she is self-confident?Please tell us.”。一方面,教師可以通過(guò)追問(wèn)的方式,使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn);另一方面,通過(guò)該學(xué)生所給的理由,教師可以判斷其為何會(huì)出現(xiàn)理解偏差,從而引導(dǎo)學(xué)生回到文本找出正確的答案。而例7中,盡管S1的回答挺不錯(cuò),但并沒(méi)有達(dá)到那種讓所有人都嘆服的境地,而教師對(duì)其的評(píng)價(jià)是“你是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最優(yōu)秀/最棒的學(xué)生”,單單這樣一句評(píng)價(jià),就傷了其他同學(xué)的心。因?yàn)閱螐穆?tīng)課教師的角度來(lái)說(shuō),都能感覺(jué)到這句贊美的不真實(shí)性。教師倒不如客觀地評(píng)價(jià),如:“That’s really a good reason. I appreciate your kindness.”等等。我們知道,雖然課堂上教師的積極反饋能增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的自信心與學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī),使其更愿意參與課堂活動(dòng),但是教師對(duì)學(xué)生的表?yè)P(yáng)、贊美也要注意適切性。因?yàn)檫^(guò)度的贊美會(huì)讓學(xué)生感覺(jué)到不真實(shí)、不自然。

三、啟示與反思

教師的課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)是學(xué)生知識(shí)輸入的一個(gè)重要途徑,也是有效組織教學(xué)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)的適切與否直接影響著學(xué)生對(duì)教師話(huà)語(yǔ)的正確理解以及課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)的有效開(kāi)展。教師應(yīng)從研究者的角度出發(fā),通過(guò)寫(xiě)反思、錄視頻、寫(xiě)日志等方式,多關(guān)注、研究自己的課堂話(huà)語(yǔ),不斷地改進(jìn)、提高,盡量給學(xué)生提供一個(gè)具有真實(shí)性、互動(dòng)性、規(guī)范性的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境。同時(shí),要提高課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)的適切性,教師還需提高自身的教學(xué)理念及專(zhuān)業(yè)素養(yǎng),因?yàn)椤敖處煹恼n堂話(huà)語(yǔ)在一定程度上反映了教師的基本素養(yǎng)、教育教學(xué)理念及專(zhuān)業(yè)發(fā)展的過(guò)程”(程曉堂2009)。

引用文獻(xiàn)

程曉堂.2009.英語(yǔ)教師課堂話(huà)語(yǔ)分析[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社.

高輔卿.1993.試論英語(yǔ)話(huà)語(yǔ)的適切性——國(guó)內(nèi)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)一個(gè)值得注意的問(wèn)題[J].外語(yǔ)研究,(3):32-34.

黃宏震.2015.英語(yǔ)課堂中學(xué)生積極參與狀態(tài)例舉及原因分析[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),(3):55-59.

盧偉棟.2015.高中英語(yǔ)文本解讀:意義、內(nèi)容與方法[J].中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,(11):32-37.

魯子問(wèn),李倫軍,員文婷.2015.高中英語(yǔ)多層次閱讀理解問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)探討[J].中學(xué)外語(yǔ)教與學(xué),(4):40-44.

張世建.2015.高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的困境、原因及應(yīng)對(duì)策略[J].中學(xué)外語(yǔ)教與學(xué),(2):29-33.

Hedge,T.2002.Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社.

作者信息:311500,浙江杭州,浙江省桐廬中學(xué)

1說(shuō)明:聽(tīng)課教師只拿到原文,而上課的教師對(duì)原文都有進(jìn)行一定的改編(大部分保留原文)。因此,聽(tīng)課教師只能根據(jù)教師上課的課堂設(shè)計(jì)、教學(xué)步驟、ppt等推測(cè)該教師的文本。比賽時(shí)間持續(xù)一天半:第一天上課對(duì)象為高一學(xué)生,內(nèi)容為At Life’sCrossroads;第二天為高二學(xué)生,內(nèi)容為On Self-Esteem and Sport。

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