杜春靜,張吉新,晉群(濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院,濟(jì)南250013)
抵抗素與冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化在冠心病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的研究進(jìn)展
杜春靜,張吉新,晉群
(濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院,濟(jì)南250013)
摘要:冠心病是多種因素長(zhǎng)期作用的結(jié)果,抵抗素和冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化( CAC)在其發(fā)病中起重要作用,且二者存在一定相關(guān)性。抵抗素是一種由RSTN基因編碼的富含半胱氨酸的多肽類(lèi)激素,可引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂、促進(jìn)炎癥發(fā)生及泡沫細(xì)胞形成等加速冠心病的形成與進(jìn)展。CAC是鈣鹽沉積在動(dòng)脈壁上的一種病理改變,CAC積分增加是冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:抵抗素;冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化;冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病
近年來(lái),多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為內(nèi)膜損傷引起的炎癥反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致冠心病的主要因素。抵抗素是一種多肽類(lèi)激素,能促進(jìn)體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,并通過(guò)多種途徑參與冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化( CAC)是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的鈣化現(xiàn)象,可反應(yīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的嚴(yán)重程度。近年來(lái),有些研究認(rèn)為抵抗素與CAC在冠心病中存在一定關(guān)系。本文就抵抗素與CAC在冠心病中的研究作一綜述。
抵抗素基因定位于人第19號(hào)染色體上,由108個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成,相對(duì)分子量12.5×103,主要表達(dá)于外周血單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和骨髓細(xì)胞,而在白色脂肪組織中幾乎不表達(dá)。人類(lèi)血清抵抗素濃度正常為7~22 ng/mL,而糖尿病患者、肥胖和(或)炎癥時(shí)血漿抵抗素水平可能會(huì)超過(guò)40 ng/mL。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抵抗素能促進(jìn)心血管疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,是心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[1],血漿抵抗素水平增加可導(dǎo)致冠心病患者死亡[2]。Krecki等[3]研究結(jié)果顯示,血漿抵抗素水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變數(shù)目及病變狹窄程度呈正相關(guān),即冠狀動(dòng)脈病變數(shù)目越多、狹窄程度越重,血漿抵抗素水平越高。Sinan等[4]的研究結(jié)果顯示,穩(wěn)定型心絞痛( SAP)、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛( USAP)和非ST段抬高的心肌梗死( NSTEMI)患者血漿抵抗素水平較健康人群明顯升高,而SAP、USAP和NSTEMI患者之間血漿抵抗素水平無(wú)顯著差異;并且,血清抵抗素水平與Gensini分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān),說(shuō)明血清抵抗素水平增高可反映冠心病的嚴(yán)重程度。Erer等[5]對(duì)132例急性心肌梗死( AMI)患者(包括72例NSTEMI和60例STEMI)及33例冠狀動(dòng)脈造影正常胸痛患者(對(duì)照組)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,AMI組血漿抵抗素水平明顯增高,但NSTEMI、STEMI患者間血漿抵抗素水平無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;并且,無(wú)論是AMI組還是對(duì)照組,隨訪(fǎng)發(fā)生主要不良心臟事件( MACE)者血漿抵抗素水平均顯著增高。因此,血漿抵抗素水平是AMI后MACE發(fā)生的一個(gè)獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流( SCF)是一種血管造影顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈無(wú)病變但血流速度出現(xiàn)延遲的現(xiàn)象,SCF患者可發(fā)生短暫的心肌缺血和心絞痛,并有顯著高的冠心病患病率和較差的預(yù)后。Canga等[6]首次發(fā)現(xiàn),SCF患者血漿抵抗素水平明顯高于冠狀動(dòng)脈造影正常者,血漿抵抗素水平與左前降支( LAD)血流分級(jí)幀數(shù)呈正相關(guān),說(shuō)明血漿抵抗素水平是一個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)SCF的指標(biāo)。
近年研究認(rèn)為,內(nèi)皮損傷是冠心病的發(fā)病機(jī)制。抵抗素能誘導(dǎo)多種細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的通透性而使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂[7]。Lee等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抵抗素可通過(guò)CD36、SR-A、ABCA1的失調(diào)促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)的聚集,促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞形成;且抵抗素可激活PI3K和NF-κB途徑誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移及毛細(xì)血管形成[9];抵抗素可激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上調(diào)黏附分子和炎性細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)水平,促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞和泡沫細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移[10]。同時(shí)抵抗素本身也具有炎性因子的性質(zhì),可激活NF-κB途徑,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞釋放TNF、IL-12,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞攝取氧化低密度脂蛋白[11]。Jamaluddin等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抵
抗素可通過(guò)激活p38 MAPK途徑,增加血管內(nèi)皮通透性,但其具體調(diào)控機(jī)制尚不清楚。
CAC是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的鈣化現(xiàn)象,是粥樣硬化斑塊發(fā)展到一定程度,鈣鹽在斑塊中沉積而形成的。近年來(lái)人們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CAC斑塊的形成與新骨的形成極為相似,是細(xì)胞向成骨表型分化的一種主動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程[13]。正常情況下,促鈣化機(jī)制與鈣化防御機(jī)制是相對(duì)平衡的,但是一旦這種平衡被打破,鈣化防御機(jī)制被耗竭,心血管系統(tǒng)的異位鈣化就可能發(fā)生。
CAC不僅是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的特異性標(biāo)志,也是粥樣斑塊負(fù)荷程度的標(biāo)志。CAC程度與冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄程度存在一定相關(guān)性。Rosen等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),沒(méi)有明顯狹窄的患者和有單支病變、兩支病變、三支病變及左主干病變患者的平均CAC積分存在顯著差異,說(shuō)明CAC積分和病變血管數(shù)之間有關(guān)。Budoff等[15]的研究也支持以上結(jié)論,說(shuō)明CAC積分<10分的患者未來(lái)發(fā)生冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)非常低,而CAC積分為1~10分的人群發(fā)生冠心病事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較積分為0的人群升高了3倍,提示CAC積分增加是冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CAC積分可排除低、中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且癥狀穩(wěn)定的限流性冠心病,有助于對(duì)心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分層[16,17]。
綜上所述,抵抗素可通過(guò)引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂、促進(jìn)炎癥發(fā)生、促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞形成等過(guò)程促進(jìn)冠心病的形成與發(fā)展。而CAC是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的伴隨表現(xiàn),CAC積分是冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抵抗素和CAC分別在冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用,血漿抵抗素水平可能與CAC呈正相關(guān)[18,19],但二者之間相關(guān)性尚無(wú)明確定論[20]。
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收稿日期:( 2015-01-29)
通信作者:張吉新
文章編號(hào):1002-266X( 2015)30-0104-02
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R543.3
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.30.046