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基于信號放大技術(shù)的適體生物傳感器研究進展

2015-04-10 16:15:19薛茗月覃英鳳李健葉高杰湛志華
生物技術(shù)通報 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:化學發(fā)光凝血酶核酸

薛茗月覃英鳳李健葉高杰湛志華

(1. 廣西師范大學化學與藥學學院 藥用資源化學與藥物分子工程教育部重點實驗室,桂林 541004;2. 桂林師范高等專科學校,桂林 541001)

基于信號放大技術(shù)的適體生物傳感器研究進展

薛茗月1,2覃英鳳1李健1葉高杰1湛志華2

(1. 廣西師范大學化學與藥學學院 藥用資源化學與藥物分子工程教育部重點實驗室,桂林 541004;2. 桂林師范高等??茖W校,桂林 541001)

信號放大技術(shù)因其能實現(xiàn)低濃度分子檢測,靈敏度高而在多個研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)展非常迅速。而適體作為識別分子已成功應(yīng)用于多種生物傳感器平臺,在醫(yī)療診斷、環(huán)境檢測、生化分析中顯示出良好的應(yīng)用前景。近年來,以適體為識別元件的生物傳感器越來越受到人們的關(guān)注。綜述了近3年來基于信號放大技術(shù)的適體生物傳感器研究新發(fā)展。

信號放大技術(shù);適體;生物傳感器

DIO: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2015.01.010

隨著生物學研究領(lǐng)域的不斷拓展,常會遇到一些不能直接擴增的待測分子,但又由于其濃度較低而無法檢測,因而信號放大技術(shù)對不能進行直接擴增的低濃度待測分子的檢測顯得尤為重要。核酸分子體外擴增是生物技術(shù)研究的重要手段。隨著科學的發(fā)展和研究目的的不同,出現(xiàn)了越來越多的核酸分子體外擴增技術(shù),如納米材料放大技術(shù),剪切酶放大技術(shù)、滾環(huán)擴增放大技術(shù)等[1-4]。這類信號技術(shù)在各類研究中起著重要的作用,廣泛應(yīng)用于生物技術(shù)分析和研究領(lǐng)域。

生物傳感器是以將具有生物活性功能單元作為生物敏感元件,識別目標分子,通過換能器,將生物化學反應(yīng)能轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號的一種分析測試裝置。生物傳感器一般有兩個主要組成部分:其一是生物分子識別元件(感受器),具有分子識別能力,如酶、抗體、組織切片、細胞、細胞膜、細胞器、核酸及有機物分子等;其二是信號轉(zhuǎn)換器(換能器),主要有電化學、光學檢測元件、熱敏電阻、場效應(yīng)晶體管、壓電石英晶體及表面等離子共振器件等,它們可以將生物識別事件轉(zhuǎn)換為可檢測的信號?;诤怂徇m體作為生物識別元素的生物傳感器被稱為適體生物傳感器,是一種能夠連續(xù)和可逆地進行分子識別的裝置,也可以視作信息采集和處理鏈中的一個邏輯元件。根據(jù)檢測信號不同,適體生物傳感器分為電化學適體生物傳感器、光學適體生物傳感器等。適體傳感器已經(jīng)在蛋白質(zhì)組學、病毒檢測、疾病診斷、環(huán)境檢測方面得到了應(yīng)用,與適體及其相對應(yīng)的抗體傳感器相比,適體傳感器在靈敏性、穩(wěn)定性、重復性均優(yōu)于抗體傳感器。本文從近3年的研究中闡述信號放大技術(shù)在適體生物傳感器的應(yīng)用。

1 核酸適體的優(yōu)越性

核酸適體是新近發(fā)展起來的一類由指數(shù)富集配基系統(tǒng)進化技術(shù)(SELEX)篩選產(chǎn)生的單鏈DNA或RNA片段,能特異性地結(jié)合小分子、蛋白質(zhì)、多肽、有機物、金屬離子等各種配體[5],已廣泛應(yīng)用于多種生物傳感器平臺,在醫(yī)療診斷、環(huán)境檢測、生化分析中顯示出良好的應(yīng)用前景。與抗體作為識別元件相比,核酸適體以下優(yōu)點:(1)靶物質(zhì)廣泛。由于核酸適體不僅具有類似抗體對目標分子高親和力和高特異性、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、分子量小和易合成等優(yōu)點,而且具有反應(yīng)速度快、可反復使用和長期保存等優(yōu)點,所以在十幾年來得以迅速的發(fā)展,篩選出的核酸適體所識別的靶物質(zhì),從無機離子、氨基酸,到多肽、蛋白質(zhì),甚至整個細胞,涉及范圍非常廣泛。(2)高親和性和高特異性。(3)穩(wěn)定性好,可重復性。核酸適體不僅具有良好的穩(wěn)定性,而且可在不同溫度、鹽濃度、變性劑等條件下反復變性和復性,進行重復利用。(4)體外篩選、化學合成。核酸適體的制備不依賴于動物或細胞,而是通過 SELEX 技術(shù)體外篩選出來的,篩選出的適體可以通過化學合成生產(chǎn),純度高、組成確定,幾乎消除了適體制備的批間誤差,較單抗制備更快速、更廉價。因此,基于核酸適體的生物傳感器發(fā)展非常迅速[6,7]。

2 適體生物傳感器的研究進展

2.1 電化學適體生物傳感器

電化學方法因其具有靈敏度高,測量儀器簡單,測量費用低,響應(yīng)快速等特點[8,9],而被廣泛地應(yīng)用于核酸適體傳感器的開發(fā)?;谛盘柗糯蠹夹g(shù)的適體電化學生物傳感器主要用于金屬離子[10]、小分子[11]、癌細胞[12,13]、凝血酶[14-16]等物質(zhì)的檢測。Pavlov和Willner 等[17]基于核酸適體功能化金納米粒子的放大,制備了高靈敏檢測凝血酶的核酸適體傳感器。Rius研究組[18]通過用凝血酶適體修飾單壁碳納米管的表面,利用固體接觸電位適體傳感也實現(xiàn)了凝血酶的檢測,該方法所測得的檢測限為80 nmol/L,檢測范圍為10-7-10-6mol/L之間。Jiang和Yuan等[19]設(shè)計了一個超靈敏的電化學適體傳感器體系來檢測凝血酶,他們利用高鐵血紅素/G-四鏈體、HRP-DNAzyme和用辣根過氧化物酶修飾FeTe納米棒的三重信號放大技術(shù)和夾心法來進行凝血酶的超靈敏檢測。實驗所測得的檢測限為0.5 pmol/L,檢測范圍為1 pmol/L-20 nmol/L之間。Dong和Chen等[20]將15個堿基的凝血酶適配體固定在玻璃表面,利用夾心式結(jié)構(gòu),將標記有硫化鎘/碳球復合物的具有29個堿基的凝血酶適配體連接到玻璃片上,采用方波溶出伏安法檢測鎘離子的量對凝血酶進行高靈敏檢測,測得的檢測限為6.0×10-17mol/L,該信號放大方法克服了signal-on和signal-off法可能出現(xiàn)假陽性結(jié)果的不足,提高了檢測的準確度。

2.2 光學適體生物傳感器

根據(jù)不同的光學方法和檢測材料,光學生物適體傳感器可分成許多種類。光學適體生物傳感器主要有光度適體生物傳感器、化學發(fā)光適體生物傳感器、熒光適體生物傳感器、熒光偏振適體生物傳感器等類型。

2.2.1 光度適體生物傳感器 光度適體生物傳感器是基于適體與靶分子結(jié)合作用前后吸光度的變化或最大吸收波長(顏色)的改變進行檢測的適體生物傳感器。基于信號放大技術(shù)的光度適體生物傳感器主要是利用金納米粒子(AuNPs)實現(xiàn)信號放大。AuNPs能夠應(yīng)用于光度適體生物傳感器的主要依賴于其獨特的表面等離子體共振[21]。近年來,基于其他放大技術(shù)或其與AuNPs與結(jié)合的光度適體生物傳感器研究[22-25]已經(jīng)有報道。光度適體生物傳感器可用于金屬離子[26-28]、小分子[29-31]、核酸[32]、蛋白質(zhì)[33]、DNA[34]等物質(zhì)的檢測。

Yang等[35]利用比色傳感器對赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)進行了測定。采用未修飾的AuNPs基于構(gòu)象變化產(chǎn)生AuNPs的聚集,通過肉眼觀察到AuNPs的顏色變化從紅到藍,從而實現(xiàn)了對OTA的測定,實驗所得的檢測限為20 nmol/L,檢測范圍為20-625 nmol/L 之間。 Zhou研究組[36]基于AuNPs的光度適體傳感器實現(xiàn)了對As(III)的檢測。利用適體與As(III)之間的特異性相互作用形成,陽離子聚合物即As(III)的適體復合物使得AuNPs聚集,出現(xiàn)顯著的顏色變化,該方法具有高的選擇性,測得的檢測限為5.3 ppb。Erickson研究組[37]基于AuNPs與AgNPs的多種比色法實現(xiàn)了對卡波濟氏肉瘤的檢測。

2.2.2 化學發(fā)光適體生物傳感器 化學發(fā)光分析法具有靈敏度高、線性范圍寬、響應(yīng)快、操作方便等優(yōu)點,并與多學科相交叉,研究和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來越廣泛?;诤怂徇m體作為生物識別元素的化學發(fā)光生物傳感器被稱為化學發(fā)光適體生物傳感器。近年來,基于信號放大技術(shù)的化學發(fā)光(CL)及化學發(fā)光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移(CRET)已廣泛用于研究的報道[38-41]屢見不鮮?;瘜W發(fā)光適體生物傳感器可用于DNA[42-44]、蛋白質(zhì)[45]、金屬離子[46]等其他物質(zhì)如氨[47]、尿酸[48]的檢測。

Zhang研究組[49]基于交聯(lián)催化劑鏈置換反應(yīng)(CC-SDR)指數(shù)擴增技術(shù)實現(xiàn)了對實際樣品中microRNA(miRNA)的超靈敏檢測。指數(shù)擴增過程中不需要聚合酶和切刻內(nèi)切酶,所得到miRNA的檢測限低至0.68 fmol/L。該方法具有良好的特異性并成功地應(yīng)用于實際樣品的分析,這是第一次將化學發(fā)光分析法用于miRNA檢測,這給miRNA分析提供了一個新的超靈敏及信號放大的檢測平臺。Ronit和Willner等[50]報道了一系列基于CL適體傳感器的平臺用于血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)的分析。基于高鐵血紅素/G-四鏈體催化誘導VEGF的CL適體傳感器檢測VEGF,檢測限為18 nmol/L;基于高鐵血紅素/ G-四鏈體催化兩個適體亞基誘導VEGF的CL適體傳感器檢測VEGF,檢測限為2.6 nmol/L;基于半導體納米材料QDs-高鐵血紅素/G-四鏈體超分子結(jié)構(gòu)誘導VEGF的CRET適體傳感器檢測VEGF,檢測限為875 pmol/L。此外,基于Exo III循環(huán)放大信號技術(shù)他們還進行了VEGF分析的研究,所得檢測限為5 pmol/L,此方法可用于人血清樣品中VEGF的分析。

2.2.3 熒光適體生物傳感器 熒光適體傳感器是基于適體與目標分子作用前后熒光信號的變化來檢測目標分子?;跓晒膺m體生物傳感器的研究已廣泛應(yīng)用于蛋白質(zhì)[51-54]、DNA[55,56]、金屬離子[57,58]、MicroRNA[59]、高鐵血紅素[60]等物質(zhì)的分析檢測。He和Yu等[61]研究了基于SDA信號放大的熒光適體傳感器檢測可卡因的新方法。他們設(shè)計了有兩個可卡因適體識別序列的新的發(fā)夾探針和單鏈探針,可檢測低至2 nmol/L的可卡因,此方法與先前報道的可卡因適體傳感器相比,具有靈敏度高、選擇性好和成本低的優(yōu)點。Ma和Shi等[62]報道了基于RCA信號放大的熒光適體傳感器也對可卡因進行了檢測。他們基于RCA信號放大與磁珠分離減小背景信號,最后得到可卡因的檢測限為0.48 nmol/L 。此方法為許多蛋白質(zhì)和小分子的高靈敏度檢測提供一個新的平臺。此外,Zhang和Sun研究組[63]、Zhu和Xu研究組[64]分別報道了基于熒光適體傳感器檢測凝血酶的新方法,得到的凝血酶的檢測限均為100 pmol/L。

3 結(jié)論

因發(fā)展簡單、快速、低成本、靈敏度高、選擇性好的基于信號放大技術(shù)的適體生物傳感器在醫(yī)療診斷、環(huán)境監(jiān)測等領(lǐng)域有著十分重要的意義。在近年來的發(fā)展中,基于信號放大技術(shù)的研究也已經(jīng)取得了一定的成就,利用信號放大技術(shù)方法檢測具有更高的靈敏度。根據(jù)目前研究現(xiàn)狀可以預見,今后利用信號放大技術(shù)構(gòu)建新的傳感檢測平臺及探索新的檢測機理的研究將會更多,通過多種信號放大技術(shù)相結(jié)合、以及開發(fā)新的信號放大技術(shù),以實現(xiàn)更高靈敏度和多種目標的同時檢測將成為趨勢。因此,隨著新材料新技術(shù)的發(fā)展,必將為信號放大技術(shù)的發(fā)展開辟更加廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

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(責任編輯 狄艷紅)

Advance Based on Signal Amplification Technology with Aptamer Biosensor

Xue Mingyue1,2Qin Yingfeng1Li Jian1Ye Gaojie1Zhan Zhihua2
(1. Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medical Resources(Ministry of Education of China),College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guangxi Normal Univeisitv,Guilin 541004;2. Guilin Normal College,Guilin 541001)

Signal amplification technology has grown immensely in many fields because of its high accuracy and sensitivity at low concentrations. As a recognized molecule, aptamer has been used on many biosensors, and also has shown a good prospect in medical diagnosis,environmental monitoring and biological analysis. In recent years, biosensors with aptamer as recognized molecule has attracted more and more attention. The new research development of aptamer biosensors based on signal amplification technology in nearly three years was summarized especially.

signal amplification technology;aptamer;biosensor

2013-12-05

廣西教育廳科研項目(2013YB285,2014JGA290),桂林師范高等??茖W校項目(GLSZ201214)

薛茗月,女,博士研究生,研究方向:電分析及生化分析;E-mail:xmy818@163.com

湛志華,男,博士,副教授,研究方向:電分析化學;E-mail:zzhu302@sohu.com

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