毛敏靜,葉廷軍,施新明,彭奕冰,王學(xué)鋒
(上海市交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,上海200025)
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌術(shù)后疑似轉(zhuǎn)移
淋巴結(jié)細(xì)針穿刺液中甲狀腺球蛋白檢測的意義
毛敏靜,葉廷軍,施新明,彭奕冰,王學(xué)鋒
(上海市交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,上海200025)
目的通過檢測頸部轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)細(xì)針穿刺(FNA)洗脫液中甲狀腺球蛋白(Tg)的變化,為判斷淋巴結(jié)中是否有甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(PTC)轉(zhuǎn)移提供依據(jù)。方法收集PTC術(shù)后頸部可疑淋巴結(jié)B超引導(dǎo)下的FNA洗脫液標(biāo)本109例,以頸部反應(yīng)性增生淋巴結(jié)洗脫液標(biāo)本16例作為對照組。采用免疫化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測標(biāo)本的Tg值,結(jié)合組織病理結(jié)果回顧性分析FNA-Tg方法判斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的符合度。比較FNA-Tg法與傳統(tǒng)細(xì)胞學(xué)方法對轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的陽性檢出率。對穿刺涂片中的吞噬細(xì)胞及腫瘤細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)并根據(jù)結(jié)果分為4組,采用秩和檢驗(yàn)分析不同細(xì)胞成分對Tg值檢測的影響。結(jié)果109例淋巴結(jié)洗脫液中,84例FNA-Tg陽性的標(biāo)本與最終組織病理結(jié)果一致,為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。細(xì)胞學(xué)方法對單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢出率為93.9%,對PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變淋巴結(jié)的檢出率為88.6%;FNA-Tg法在單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移及PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變淋巴結(jié)中的檢出率均為100%。細(xì)胞分類結(jié)果表明腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)目與FNA-Tg值的變化無明顯差異,而囊性變吞噬細(xì)胞可見組FNA-Tg檢測值顯著高于未見吞噬細(xì)胞組(U=367.00,P<0.01)。結(jié)論淋巴結(jié)FNA洗脫液中的Tg可作為診斷PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的參考標(biāo)志物。在轉(zhuǎn)移灶伴有囊性變的淋巴結(jié)中,F(xiàn)NA-Tg法可提高陽性淋巴結(jié)的檢出靈敏度。細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片中吞噬細(xì)胞的存在對腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移有提示作用。
甲狀腺球蛋白;穿刺液;甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺腫瘤中最長見的類型之一,占甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的80%~90%,易發(fā)生頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移是確定甲狀腺乳頭狀癌臨床分期和治療的主要依據(jù)。對于甲狀腺癌相關(guān)可疑淋巴結(jié)的診斷方法主要有超聲、細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)(fine needle aspirate cytology,F(xiàn)NAC)檢查。近年來對可疑淋巴結(jié)的穿刺洗脫液進(jìn)行甲狀腺球蛋白(fine needle aspirate-thyroglobulin,F(xiàn)NA-Tg)檢測受到臨床廣泛關(guān)注[1-2]。由于人體內(nèi)甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)僅由甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞特異性分泌,標(biāo)本中Tg值的升高是甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞存在的依據(jù),如能排除異位甲狀腺則提示分化型甲狀腺癌發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)移。美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)最新版指南已將FNA-Tg檢測列為分化型甲狀腺癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的輔助診斷方法[3]。然而FNA-Tg檢查的具體操作準(zhǔn)則及Cut-off值設(shè)定目前尚沒有定論[4]。我們收集了頸部可疑淋巴結(jié)的細(xì)針穿刺洗脫液標(biāo)本進(jìn)行FNA-Tg檢測,探討此方法的價(jià)值和影響因素。
一、對象
收集2012年12月至2014年8月上海市交通大學(xué)附屬瑞金醫(yī)院行頸部B超檢查,探得可疑淋巴結(jié)的甲狀腺乳頭狀癌術(shù)后患者109例,男43例,女66例,年齡15~79歲。入組可疑淋巴結(jié)的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為超聲出現(xiàn)以下之一特點(diǎn):高回聲、囊性改變、鈣化、異常血供、回聲異常、淋巴結(jié)呈圓形(縱徑/橫徑比值<1.5)、淋巴門回聲消失以及淋巴結(jié)直徑超過6 mm[5-6]。另收集16例頸部反應(yīng)性增生淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本作為對照組。
二、方法
1.B超引導(dǎo)下的FNAC檢測選用ESAOTE MyLab 90彩色多普勒超聲儀,線陣探頭,探頭頻率為4~13 MHz?;颊呷∑脚P位,將枕頭墊于肩和頸下,充分暴露頸前區(qū)。常規(guī)消毒,采用7號針頭及10 mL注射器,超聲實(shí)時(shí)引導(dǎo)進(jìn)針,直至顯示針尖到達(dá)病灶區(qū),取負(fù)壓5 mL,不同方向抽吸標(biāo)本,拔出針頭前消除負(fù)壓,將吸出物噴打在載玻片上制成細(xì)胞涂片,HE染色后由3位細(xì)胞病理醫(yī)生閱片。FNAC結(jié)果分為陰性、不能確定和陽性。
2.FNA-Tg檢測將穿刺完的注射器及針頭用1 mL 0.9%氯化鈉溶液進(jìn)行沖洗,沖洗所得液體最終用0.9%氯化鈉補(bǔ)足至1 mL。洗脫液采用Beckman-Coulter Microfuge 18離心機(jī)1 000×g離心5 min,取上清液,采用免疫電化學(xué)發(fā)光法(Beckman-Coulter Access 800全自動(dòng)免疫分析儀)測定Tg含量。方法及Cut-off值參考KIM等[7-9]的研究,以FNA-Tg>10 ng/mL為陽性。
3.細(xì)胞分類將84例頸部清掃手術(shù)后組織病理證實(shí)為陽性的淋巴結(jié)細(xì)針穿刺標(biāo)本重新進(jìn)行閱片。以涂片中有無囊性變吞噬細(xì)胞分為A組(吞噬細(xì)胞未見組,49例)、B組(吞噬細(xì)胞可見組,35例),再分別按兩組腫瘤細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)結(jié)果分組。A1組:腫瘤細(xì)胞≤500個(gè),共19例;A2組:腫瘤細(xì)胞>500個(gè),共30例;B1組:腫瘤細(xì)胞≤500個(gè),共22例;B2組:腫瘤細(xì)胞>500個(gè),共13例。見圖1。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料采用中位數(shù)(M)[第25百分位數(shù)(P25)~第25百分位數(shù)(P75)]表示。比較患者FNAC結(jié)果及FNA-Tg檢測值與最終組織病理結(jié)果的符合度。比較FNAC與FNA-Tg檢測方法的陽性檢出率。采用秩和檢驗(yàn)比較不同細(xì)胞成分標(biāo)本的FNA-Tg檢測值是否存在差異。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、FNAC、FNA-Tg檢測及組織病理結(jié)果的一般資料
1.FNAC檢查結(jié)果109例可疑淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本FNAC診斷為陰性25例、陽性77例、不能確定7例。7例不能確定病例中包括3例不滿意標(biāo)本(異型細(xì)胞成分少)、4例囊性標(biāo)本(涂片僅見囊液及吞噬細(xì)胞)。對照組均診斷為反應(yīng)性淋巴結(jié)。見表1。
2.FNA-Tg檢測結(jié)果109例可疑淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本FNA-Tg法陰性25例、陽性84例。對照組結(jié)果均為陰性。見表1。
3.病理結(jié)果109例患者中有25例患者細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷為陰性[FNA-Tg為0.1(0.1~0.2)ng/mL],選擇隨訪超聲檢查;其余84例患者經(jīng)頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃手術(shù),病理診斷為淋巴結(jié)PTC轉(zhuǎn)移[FNA-Tg為6 020(1 923~12 000)ng/mL]。對照組均診斷為反應(yīng)性淋巴結(jié)[FNA-Tg為0.1(0.9~0.2) ng/mL]。見表1。
二、FNAC與FNA-Tg法的陽性檢出率比較
將84例病理證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片重新閱片,根據(jù)細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片中有無吞噬細(xì)胞分為單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移組及PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變組,統(tǒng)計(jì)兩種方法的陽性檢出率。(1)FNAC:單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴病例中檢出靈敏度為93.9%(46/49),PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變淋巴結(jié)病例中檢出靈敏度為88.6%(31/35),兩組合計(jì)陽性標(biāo)本的檢出靈敏度為91.7%(77/84);(2)FNA-Tg法:單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴及PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變淋巴結(jié)病例的檢出靈敏度均為100%(84/84)。見表2。
三、細(xì)胞分類標(biāo)本測得的FNA-Tg值比較
B組(吞噬細(xì)胞可見組)FNA-Tg值明顯高于A組(吞噬細(xì)胞未見組)(U=367.00,P<0.01)。A1和A2組之間(U=279.50,P=0.91)、B1和B2組之間(U=139.50,P=0.90)FNA-Tg值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
PTC是從甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞起源的甲狀腺癌。隨著超聲聯(lián)合FNAC檢查的廣泛開展,大量患者被術(shù)前診斷。研究顯示B超引導(dǎo)下的FNAC在診斷甲狀腺癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面敏感性為55%~85%、特異性為90%~100%[10]。有研究表明,在PTC轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)診斷方面,聯(lián)合FNA-Tg檢查比單獨(dú)細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查有更高的敏感性和準(zhǔn)確性[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示84例病理診斷淋巴結(jié)陽性患者的FNA-Tg值明顯高于25例淋巴結(jié)陰性患者。因此,F(xiàn)NA-Tg值可作為判讀甲狀腺乳頭狀癌淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移的參考標(biāo)志物。因25例FNAC及FNA-Tg法都檢測為陰性的患者選擇了超聲隨訪,故未能做具體統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。
FNAC在單純PTC轉(zhuǎn)移組中的檢測靈敏度為93.9%,在PTC轉(zhuǎn)移伴囊性變組中僅為88.6%。而兩組FNA-Tg法的檢測靈敏度則均為100%。由于FNAC依賴鏡檢細(xì)胞涂片中找到腫瘤細(xì)胞,而有些伴有囊性變的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)涂片標(biāo)本中僅能見到囊液及吞噬細(xì)胞,腫瘤細(xì)胞可能找不到。本研究中4例細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷不能確定的標(biāo)本正是如此。FNA-Tg檢測不依賴細(xì)胞形態(tài),標(biāo)本中Tg值的升高是甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞存在的依據(jù)。本研究中4例細(xì)胞學(xué)不能明確診斷的標(biāo)本FNA-Tg法檢測均為陽性,且最終病理均證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)。因此,F(xiàn)NA-Tg法檢測能提高伴囊性變的PTC轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的檢出率,這與HOLMES等[12]的觀點(diǎn)一致。
本研究對FNA-Tg值的高低是否與細(xì)胞的類型有關(guān)進(jìn)行了探討。由于陰性標(biāo)本(富含淋巴細(xì)胞)的FNA-Tg檢測值極低,故不將淋巴細(xì)胞納入影響FNA-Tg值的因素。對84例組織病理證實(shí)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移病例分別由3位細(xì)胞學(xué)家重新閱片,按吞噬細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞的數(shù)目不同將其分為A1、A2、B1、B2組。結(jié)果表明,以腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)量分組的A1組與A2組之間、B1組與B2組之間FNA-Tg值差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。因此,F(xiàn)NA-Tg值的高低與腫瘤細(xì)胞的數(shù)量無關(guān),但可能與腫瘤細(xì)胞本身的激素分泌水平有關(guān),血清Tg值的高低同樣不能預(yù)測甲狀腺是否發(fā)生腫瘤[13]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)B組(吞噬細(xì)胞可見組)FNATg值明顯高于A組,但其具體機(jī)制尚不明確。我們推測可能是由于轉(zhuǎn)移灶腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死,胞質(zhì)中大量的Tg釋放,導(dǎo)致FNA-Tg值增高,同時(shí)刺激吞噬細(xì)胞發(fā)揮吞噬作用。但吞噬細(xì)胞與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系以及為何PTC轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié)易出現(xiàn)囊性變的現(xiàn)象,這些還有待進(jìn)一步研究。我們認(rèn)為在可疑淋巴結(jié)穿刺涂片中見到囊性變吞噬細(xì)胞對PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有提示作用,即便未找到腫瘤細(xì)胞,此時(shí)也應(yīng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行FNA-Tg檢測,如果陽性則應(yīng)結(jié)合以免漏診。
綜上所述,淋巴結(jié)FNA洗脫液中的Tg可作為診斷PTC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的輔助參考標(biāo)志物,特別是在細(xì)胞學(xué)不能做出診斷時(shí)。同時(shí)在轉(zhuǎn)移灶伴有囊性變的淋巴結(jié)中,F(xiàn)NA-Tg法對轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)有更高的陽性檢出率。細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片中吞噬細(xì)胞的存在對腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移有提示作用。特別是在超聲提示可疑淋巴結(jié)伴有囊性變時(shí),除了傳統(tǒng)的FNAC外,還應(yīng)增加FNA-Tg檢測來輔助診斷淋巴結(jié)是否為分化型甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移。
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The significance for thyroglobulin detection in suspicious cervical lymph node fine-needle aspirate washout fluid after surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
MAO Minjing,YE Tingjun,SHI Xinming,PENG Yibing,WANG Xuefeng.(Department of Clinical Laboratory,Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medical,Shanghai 200025,China
ObjectiveTo determine the change of thyroglobulin(Tg)in fine-needle aspirate(FNA)of cervical lymph node(CLN)in order to provide the reference of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)metastasis identification in lymph node Under ultrasound-guided FNA,109 samples from patients that were suspicious for metastatic PTC were collected,and 16 samples from patients whose cervical lymph nodes diagnosed as reactive were used as control group.FNA-Tg levels were measured by immunochemiluminescence assay.Then,the relationships between FNA-Tg levels and metastatic PTC were investigated.The positive detection rates of FNA-Tg test and traditional cytology test were compared.The macrophage cell and tumor cell in FNA slides were counted,then divided them into 4 groups.The rank sum test was used to analyze the differences of FNA-Tg levels from samples of different cellular components.ResultsAmong the109 samples,84 samples had positive FNA-Tg results which were consistent with their pathological results(metastatic PTC).The detect rates of traditional cytology test in simple metastatic PTC and cystic metastatic PTC were 93.9%and 88.6%,respectively.However,the detection rates of FNA-Tg test were 100%in both simple and cystic metastatic PTC.After group clavsification,according to their cellular components,is showed that FNA-Tg levels were not associated with the number of tumor cells.FNA-Tg levels of the group with cystic macrophage were significantly higher than those of the group with no macrophage(U=367.00,P<0.01).ConclusionsTg test by FNA washout fluid can be used as a valuable marker of lymph node metastasls from PTC.FNA-Tg test could improve the deteetiom sensitivity in diagnosing metastatic PTC especially in cystic metastasis.Macrophages seen in traditional cytology test could be indicative of metastasis.
Thyroglobulin;Fine-needle washout fluid;Papillary thyroid carcinoma;Lymph node metastasis
1673-8640(2015)03-0230-04
R446.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-8640.2015.03.006
2014-09-18)
(本文編輯:龔曉霖)
毛敏靜,女,1984年生,學(xué)士,主管技師,主要從事甲狀腺疾病相關(guān)免疫學(xué)檢驗(yàn)工作。
王學(xué)鋒,聯(lián)系電話:021-64370045。