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心肌梗死相關(guān)微RNA的研究進(jìn)展

2015-04-17 02:11綜述審校
關(guān)鍵詞:纖維細(xì)胞心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞

王 寧(綜述) 文 平(審校)

(1大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬大連市兒童醫(yī)院心臟中心 大連 116012;2第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程系 西安 710032)

心肌梗死相關(guān)微RNA的研究進(jìn)展

王 寧1,2(綜述) 文 平1△(審校)

(1大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬大連市兒童醫(yī)院心臟中心 大連 116012;2第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程系 西安 710032)

微RNA(microRNAs,miRs)是一類非編碼RNA,能夠調(diào)控基因組中大部分基因的表達(dá)。心肌梗死(myocardid infarction,MI)常伴隨基因表達(dá)譜的改變和相關(guān)信號(hào)通路的失調(diào)。miRs在MI中扮演重要角色,其對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞的存活及缺血后血管生成有著多方面的調(diào)控作用。MI后miRs表達(dá)升高或下降可能參與心臟整體功能的調(diào)節(jié)。本文總結(jié)了MI相關(guān)miRs的最新進(jìn)展,并討論了miRs應(yīng)用于MI治療中的前景和局限性。

微RNA; 心肌梗死; 纖維化; 血管生成

【Abstraet】 MicroRNAs(miRs)are noncoding RNAs that control a large fraction of the genome. Myocardial infarction(MI)is characterized by strongly altered gene expression,deregulation of underlying signaling pathways and crucial participation of several miRs.miRs plays an important role in MI,and have multiple effects on the survival of cardiomyocytes and post ischemic angiogenesis.After MI miRs induction or repression might regulate overall cardiac function.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge about several miRs after MI and discuss briefly the application and limitations of miRs in treating MI.

【Kcy words】 microRNA; myocardial infaction; fibrosis; angiogenesis

心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)是冠狀動(dòng)脈急性、持續(xù)性缺血缺氧所引起的心肌壞死,可進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致心臟重構(gòu)而直接影響心臟的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)[1]。長(zhǎng)期的心臟重構(gòu)是造成心功能失代償?shù)闹匾?,但相關(guān)分子機(jī)制目前尚未完全明確[2]。心肌缺血可誘發(fā)心臟炎性應(yīng)答和轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)的改變,微RNA(micro RNAs,miRs)與MI之間的關(guān)聯(lián)日益成為心血管疾病研究的焦點(diǎn)[3]。據(jù)報(bào)道,心臟特異性敲除miRs合成酶Dicer可誘導(dǎo)失代償性心臟重構(gòu)和心力衰竭,提示miRs的合成通路對(duì)于心臟功能有著極其重要的意義[4]。此外,miRs組裝過程中的核心因子Argonaute 2經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾可增強(qiáng)低氧刺激后miRs的基因沉默效應(yīng)[5]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,miRs在調(diào)控 MI后心臟纖維化[6]、血管生成[7]和心肌肥大[8]等病理生理過程中扮演重要角色,提示miRs表達(dá)的改變與 MI存在緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。因此,調(diào)控miRs為治療MI引起的心功能不全提供了新策略,這在心臟缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的保護(hù)機(jī)制中得到了證實(shí)[9]。本文將逐一介紹MI相關(guān)miRs的功能,并討論其在臨床治療MI的應(yīng)用前景。

miR-1miR-1具有心肌細(xì)胞特異性,能夠抵抗新生大鼠胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)缺陷誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞肥大[10]。miR-1表達(dá)增高能夠抑制鈉鈣交換體1(sodiumcalcium exchanger 1,NCX1)的表達(dá),后者在衰竭心臟中表達(dá)顯著增高[11]。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈣離子-三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)酶2a(sarco/ endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a,SERCA2a)活性降低是心力衰竭的重要特征[12]。由腺伴隨病毒9 (adeno-associated virus 9,AAV9)介導(dǎo)的SERCA2a能增加衰竭心臟中miR-1的表達(dá),并逆轉(zhuǎn)心臟重構(gòu)[11]。

值得注意的是,血漿miR-1水平升高對(duì)于MI后心力衰竭的發(fā)生有一定提示意義[13]。Shan等[14]報(bào)道,miR-1在MI后表達(dá)增高,可通過轉(zhuǎn)錄后抑制IGF-1來增強(qiáng)心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的促凋亡通路。此外,miR-1具有致心律失常效應(yīng)[15]。β受體阻滯劑普萘洛爾可有效抑制miR-1在缺血心肌內(nèi)的表達(dá),改善心臟傳導(dǎo)功能,從而保護(hù)缺血心?。?6]??傊?,miR-1 與MI相關(guān)的心力衰竭關(guān)系密切,雖可作為生物標(biāo)志物和治療靶點(diǎn),但其在心臟中扮演的角色積極與否仍待進(jìn)一步研究。

miR-15據(jù)報(bào)道,miR-15在豬和小鼠MI模型梗死區(qū)和邊界區(qū)內(nèi)表達(dá)增高,其內(nèi)源性沉默能降低細(xì)胞應(yīng)激水平。應(yīng)用基于鎖核酸(locked nucleic acid,LNA)的miR療法能夠顯著抑制在體miR-15的表達(dá),從而減小梗死面積。相關(guān)機(jī)制涉及其下游分子丙酮酸脫氫酶激酶同工酶4(pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 mitochondrial 4,PDK4)和血清/糖皮質(zhì)激素調(diào)節(jié)激酶1(serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1,SGK1)參與的線粒體功能和心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。此外,miR-15可抑制轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)信號(hào)通路,從而調(diào)控心肌肥大和間質(zhì)纖維化,促進(jìn)心臟重構(gòu)向心力衰竭轉(zhuǎn)變[18]。

miR-21研究表明,miR-21在衰竭心臟內(nèi)表達(dá)增高,可促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞增殖[19]。梗死區(qū)內(nèi)miR-21升高能夠特異性抑制其下游的磷酸酶-張力蛋白同系物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN),導(dǎo)致成纖維細(xì)胞的金屬蛋白酶2表達(dá)增高,進(jìn)而激活成纖維細(xì)胞的生存信號(hào)通路,加劇梗死灶的纖維化重構(gòu)[20]。通過抑制miR-21可以有效減輕MI后組織的炎性損傷[21],降低處于增殖期的成纖維細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,從而減輕心臟整體的纖維化水平并維持心功能[22]。雖然miR-21具有顯著的抗纖維化效果,但該效應(yīng)未能在全身敲除miR-21的動(dòng)物模型中得到證實(shí)[23]。該分歧可能是使用不同長(zhǎng)度的miR-21拮抗劑所造成的,二十二聚體反義miR-21比八聚體反義miR-21的心臟保護(hù)效應(yīng)更強(qiáng)[24]。

miR-24miR-24可影響心肌細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性,其在 MI后表達(dá)下降[25]。慢病毒介導(dǎo)的miR-24過表達(dá)能夠阻礙心肌細(xì)胞的促凋亡通路,抑制一系列成纖維細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,如Ⅰ型膠原蛋白、Ⅲ型膠原蛋白、纖連蛋白和α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA),從而減輕心肌損傷[25-26]。

然而,另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-24在低氧和缺血誘導(dǎo)的小鼠內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達(dá)升高[27]。miR-24過表達(dá)還可促進(jìn)體外內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,抑制發(fā)育期斑馬魚的血管生成。在小鼠MI模型中治療性拮抗miR-24可直接促進(jìn)心臟內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的存活,從而改善心臟重構(gòu)[27]。上述結(jié)果表明miR-24在心臟成纖維細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮多方面作用。

miR-29miR-29在成纖維細(xì)胞中也高度表達(dá),并在MI后的心臟重構(gòu)中扮演重要角色[28]。miR-29可抑制膠原蛋白、原纖維蛋白和彈性蛋白等一系列纖維化相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),而MI后抑制miR-29能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)物和小鼠體內(nèi)的膠原等細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白的表達(dá)[29]。不僅如此,miR-29對(duì)其他臟器的纖維化進(jìn)程也有抑制作用[30-31]。Port等[32]從信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)和miRs水平上證實(shí)了miR-29在纖維化中的作用。值得注意的是,在心臟缺血再灌注損傷中,通過藥物抑制miR-29可減輕心肌細(xì)胞凋亡并發(fā)揮心臟保護(hù)作用[33]。因此,miR-29過表達(dá)有望成為治療MI相關(guān)纖維化的靶點(diǎn),但其在 MI不同時(shí)相中對(duì)心臟表現(xiàn)出的不同效應(yīng)應(yīng)當(dāng)慎重考慮。

miR-92amiR-92a過表達(dá)可阻斷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的血管生成通路,繼而引發(fā)出芽能力降低等一系列血管生成缺陷,加重缺血組織的損傷[34],而全身給予miR-92a拮抗劑能夠阻斷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管生成通路的惡化[35]。抑制miR-92a可增加信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)分子7 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7,SMAD7)的表達(dá),從而減輕低氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[36]。此外,miR-17~92基因簇的其他成員也具有較強(qiáng)的抗血管生成特性,為調(diào)控缺血損傷后的血管生成提供了強(qiáng)勁工具。

miR-101miR-101包括miR-101a和miR-101b兩個(gè)異構(gòu)體。大鼠冠狀動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎4周后,梗死周邊區(qū)的miR-101表達(dá)下調(diào)。腺病毒介導(dǎo)的miR-101a過表達(dá)可降低c-Fos及其下游的TGF-β的水平,從而減輕MI后的間質(zhì)纖維化并改善左心室順應(yīng)性[37]。然而,Wu等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101可通過誘導(dǎo)自噬來減輕低氧/復(fù)氧所致的H9c2心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。因此,我們?nèi)孕栝_展更多的研究去論證miR-101的表達(dá)在心臟疾病治療中需增強(qiáng)還是抑制。

miR-126miR-126具有內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞特異性,其在正常血管發(fā)育以及維持MI后內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的正常功能和完整性中扮演重要角色[39]。miR-126在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)降低會(huì)減弱血管生成通路的活性[40]。血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子等趨化因子在miR-126缺失時(shí)并不能發(fā)揮它們?cè)贛I后新生血管化當(dāng)中的重要作用[41]。此外,富含于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞源性的凋亡小體miR-126可介導(dǎo)C-X-C模體趨化因子12(C-X-C motif chemokine 12,CXCL12)的生成從而發(fā)揮血管保護(hù)效應(yīng)[41]。

miR-199研究表明,miR-199可抑制許多細(xì)胞周期的負(fù)性調(diào)控因子,包括Homer蛋白同系物1和唯同源域蛋白,其異位表達(dá)能夠增強(qiáng)新生大鼠心肌細(xì)胞的增殖能力[42]。此外,腺伴隨病毒9介導(dǎo)的miR-199過表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)成年小鼠心肌細(xì)胞的增殖并刺激 MI后的心肌再生[42]。值得注意的是,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist相關(guān)蛋白1(Twist-related protein 1,TWIST1)的下調(diào)能夠降低miR-199的表達(dá),進(jìn)而激活心臟中泛素-蛋白酶體系統(tǒng)的表達(dá),并最終導(dǎo)致心力衰竭[43]。因此,miR-199在通過促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞再生以治療 MI方面有一定研究?jī)r(jià)值,但其在心力衰竭終末狀態(tài)中所參與的分子機(jī)制仍待進(jìn)一步研究。

miR-214與正常小鼠相比,miR-214敲除小鼠的缺血再灌注損傷更為嚴(yán)重。miR-214能抑制鈉鈣交換體1(sodium/calcium exchanger 1,NCX1),調(diào)節(jié)心肌細(xì)胞的鈣穩(wěn)態(tài),從而保護(hù)缺血心肌抵御鈣超載引發(fā)的細(xì)胞死亡[44]。miR-214還可降低PTEN的表達(dá),從而減輕過氧化氫誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[45]。

Duan等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-214于心力衰竭后表達(dá)上調(diào),miR-214過表達(dá)可通過與X盒結(jié)合蛋白1(X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)作用降低人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的血管生成,其沉默可減輕異丙腎上腺素誘導(dǎo)的心功能障礙和血管生成損害。miR-214還能通過抑制zeste基因增強(qiáng)子同源物2(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2)促進(jìn)心肌肥大。因此,miR-214在心臟中的作用是多方面的。

miR-378miR-378是主要表達(dá)于心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的負(fù)性調(diào)控心肌肥厚的內(nèi)源性因子[47],其在人衰竭的心臟和多種不同心肌肥大模型中的表達(dá)水平是降低的[48]。miR-378過表達(dá)可通過干擾活化T細(xì)胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cells,NFAT)在核內(nèi)的積累與胎兒基因程序的表達(dá),從而阻止心肌細(xì)胞的肥大,并防止壓力負(fù)荷誘導(dǎo)的小鼠心功能障礙[47]。Nagalingam等[48]報(bào)道,miR-378的抑制可通過旁分泌的方式誘導(dǎo)TGF-β的表達(dá)并促進(jìn)小鼠心臟內(nèi)成纖維細(xì)胞的分化,從而加劇血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導(dǎo)的心肌肥大和纖維化。

研究表明,miR-378能夠抑制caspase-3從而減少H9c2心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡[49]。然而,Knezevic等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)miR-378可作用于胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)以降低蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)信號(hào)通路活性,從而促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。另一方面,利用反義miR抑制miR-378能夠保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞免受過氧化氫和缺氧復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的凋亡。這種分歧可能與不同研究所采用的模型及研究對(duì)象所處的生長(zhǎng)階段不同有關(guān),但以上研究提示miR-378可在多層面調(diào)控MI所涉及的病理生理機(jī)制。

結(jié)語目前,miRs在MI中的研究雖已取得很大進(jìn)展,但miRs應(yīng)用于臨床亦面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)。許多可治療MI的靶miRs同時(shí)也參與癌癥等其他疾病進(jìn)程。例如,抑制miR-34雖能促進(jìn)心臟修復(fù),但卻有誘導(dǎo)腫瘤形成的危險(xiǎn)[51]。但MI后miR-34的短期抑制是否增加腫瘤發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍待進(jìn)一步研究。值得注意的是,僅有少數(shù)miRs特異性表達(dá)于一種細(xì)胞類型,如miR-208僅表達(dá)于心肌細(xì)胞[52]。大多數(shù)miRs廣泛或普遍表達(dá)于多種不同組織細(xì)胞,這將導(dǎo)致全身應(yīng)用miRs治療時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的脫靶效應(yīng),而規(guī)避脫靶效應(yīng)的主要策略是實(shí)現(xiàn)miRs的組織或細(xì)胞特異性定位。一種方法是通過導(dǎo)管將反義miRs或?qū)iRNA的成熟體設(shè)計(jì)并合成的小片段雙鏈miR(miR mimics)遞送至心臟,然而無論是通過順行還是逆行實(shí)施導(dǎo)管遞送,反義miRs或miR mimics在其他組織的效應(yīng)均不能被完全阻止[36]。對(duì)于miR-24等具有不同血管和心臟效應(yīng)的miRs甚至可能需要為其設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)胞特異性的遞送工具。例如,微球包被的miR-92a拮抗劑經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給藥便可靶向定位至毛細(xì)血管[53]。規(guī)避脫靶效應(yīng)的另一種方法是采取能夠靶向作用于心肌細(xì)胞的腺伴隨病毒9[54],這在一定程度上能解決細(xì)胞特異性給藥的問題。此外,考慮到許多miRs之間具有協(xié)同作用,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用反義miRs或miR mimics可實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的治療效果。然而,這種組合療法有可能增加脫靶效應(yīng)和不良反應(yīng),從而使臨床效果的調(diào)控復(fù)雜化。迄今為止,只有miR-15[17]和miR-92a[36]的治療性抑制在豬中研究過,大多數(shù)miRs在投入臨床試驗(yàn)前依然需要在更大的動(dòng)物模型中驗(yàn)證效果并完成相應(yīng)的毒理學(xué)、藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)以及藥效學(xué)測(cè)試。

總之,MI的診斷和治療是需謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待的艱巨任務(wù),miRs在調(diào)控MI后心肌細(xì)胞的存活與凋亡、血管生成、心肌肥大和心臟纖維化等病理生理過程中扮演重要角色。miRs療法在MI處理的常規(guī)手段之外提供了新的途徑,諸多miRs有望成為實(shí)現(xiàn)MI后心臟再生修復(fù)的治療靶點(diǎn)。目前,我們?nèi)孕栝_展更多的基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床試驗(yàn)去驗(yàn)證其可行性,最終將miRs療法發(fā)展成為診斷和治療MI的有效策略。

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Progrcss of mieroRNAs rclatcd to myoeardial infaretion

WANG Ning1,2,WEN Ping1△
(1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,Dalian Children's Hospital,Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116012,Liaoning Province,China;2Department of Biomedical Engineering,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710032,Shaanxi Province,China)

R 542.2+2

B

10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.06.018

2015-04-16;編輯:王蔚)

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81102687)

△Corresponding author E-mail:13504115999@163.com

上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)資助項(xiàng)目(12JC1402100)

△Correspondingauthor E-mail:zhoulent@126.com

*This work was supportcd by thc National Natural Seicnec Foundation of China(81102687).

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