羅維

摘 要：文章將對(duì)近十年全國(guó)高考真題中that出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)及不同的用法進(jìn)行一定的歸納和總結(jié)，以幫助考生更好地了解不同語境下的that的真面目。

關(guān)鍵詞：英語教學(xué)；that；連詞；代詞

中圖分類號(hào)：G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1008-3561（2015）33-0072-02

that一詞對(duì)于任何一位英語學(xué)習(xí)者而言并不陌生，指示代詞，“那，那個(gè)”，后跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，指時(shí)間或空間上的那個(gè)人或事物?？扇绱撕?jiǎn)單的that其用法可謂“變化多端”，在近十年來的全國(guó)高考中屢見不鮮，如下圖所示。

從圖可知，that之出現(xiàn)頻率有上升之勢(shì)，可見對(duì)其用法做進(jìn)一步了解是十分必要的。

一、that充當(dāng)指示代詞

（2009海南）One of the most important questions they had ot consider was ____ of public health.

A.what B.this C.that D.which

解析：C為正確選項(xiàng)。句意為：他們需要考慮的最重要的問題之一就是公眾健康。that相當(dāng)于the question，即the+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。

（2015天津）The quality of education in this small school is better than ___ in some larger schools.

A.that B.one C.it D.this

解析：A為正確選項(xiàng)。句意為：這所小學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量要比一些大的學(xué)校還要好。此處that指代前面的the qualification of education. 此處that相當(dāng)于the quality， 即the+不可數(shù)名詞。

二、that充當(dāng)連詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

名詞性從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句及同位語從句，that在從句中只起連接作用，不作任何成分。（注：只有在賓語從句中that才可以省略）

（2009天津）It is obvious to the students___they should get well prepared for their future.

A.as B.which C.whether D.that

解析：此題選D。句意為：顯然，學(xué)生們應(yīng)該為自己的將來做好充分準(zhǔn)備。此題中it充當(dāng)形式主語，真正主語為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。

（2006湖南）With his work completed，the businessman stepped back to his seat，feeling pleased__ he was a man of action.

A.which B.that C.what D.whether

解析：此題選項(xiàng)為B。句意為：這位商人完成了自己的工作回到自己的位置上，一想到自己是個(gè)干實(shí)事的人就很知足。feeling pleased后接賓語從句，he was a man of action是個(gè)完整的句子，只缺連詞that.

（2010北京）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield， was______ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.

A.what B.that C.why D.whether

解析：此題選B。句意為：狄更斯喜歡自己的小說《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》很大原因是因?yàn)檫@部小說融進(jìn)了作者本人的許多生活經(jīng)歷。Was后面的句子不缺任何成分，故由that引導(dǎo)表語從句。

（2011天津）Modern science has given clear evidence_______ smoking can lead to many diseases.

A.what B.which C.that D.where

解析：此題選項(xiàng)為C。句意為：現(xiàn)代科學(xué)已經(jīng)證明吸煙可以引發(fā)各種疾病。此時(shí)，evidence與其后面引導(dǎo)的句子是相等或并列關(guān)系，即后面的句子在解釋說明前面的名詞，語法上稱為同位語從句，常見的這類名詞有fact，news，idea，truth，suggestion等。

三、that充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句

（2010全國(guó)Ⅱ）I refuse to accept the blame for something ____ was someone elses fault.

A.who B.that C.as D.what

解析：此題選B。當(dāng)定語從句中的先行詞是不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)，在句中作主語。

四、that在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的使用

強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為it is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分，判斷一個(gè)句子是否為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是將強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)去掉后，剩余成分略作調(diào)整或不作調(diào)整仍然能組成一個(gè)語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，即為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。（章振邦，2001）

（1）考查句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)。（2015湖南）It was when we were returning home ___ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

A.which B.that C.where D.how

解析：選 B。將it is… that 去掉后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)完成變?yōu)椋簑hen we were returning home，I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

（2）考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式。（2006山東）I just wonder__ that makes him so excited.

A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is

解析：選D。該句相當(dāng)于I just wonder what makes him so excited.

（3）考查含有not...until句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。（2009江西）It was ____he came back from Africa that year____he met the girl he would like to marry.

A.When；then B.not；until C.not until；that D.only；when

解析：此題選C，考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句式“not…until…”直到…才…，將強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)去掉后可調(diào)整為he did not meet the girl he would like to marry until he came back from Africa that year.句意完整，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，需要注意的是此時(shí)until后面的句子用陳述句語序，故選C。類似的例子今年的高考題中再次出現(xiàn)：（2015重慶）Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century______ his musical gift was fully recognized.

A.while B.though C.that D.after.

解析：選C。此處強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，否定詞not前移，即not until的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為：it is/was not until+從句/時(shí)間狀語+that+剩余部分。

五、其他

that還可以與一些其他詞連用構(gòu)成固定短語，引導(dǎo)狀語從句。如so that“為了…”（引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句），so…that…“如此…以至于…”（引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句）；in that因?yàn)椤?，在于…（引?dǎo)原因狀語從句），此時(shí)that用作連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分。

（2008江西）Animals suffered at the hands of Man_____ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.

A.In which B.for which C.so that D.in that

解析：選D。動(dòng)物遭受人類的毒手在于它們被人類屠殺成為人類的盤中餐或因人類需要農(nóng)業(yè)耕地而被趕出了自己的棲息地。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]章振邦.新編英語語法教程：第三版[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2001.

[2]張艷紅.小議高考試題中不同尋常的that[J].中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)，2011（05）.