孔維軍,廖文波,覃建樸,曹廣如,敖 俊,季文軍,陳太勇
(遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 脊柱外科,貴州 遵義 563099)
臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流
不同麻醉下椎間孔鏡治療腰椎間盤突出癥療效觀察
孔維軍,廖文波,覃建樸,曹廣如,敖 俊,季文軍,陳太勇
(遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 脊柱外科,貴州 遵義 563099)
目的 對比分析局麻與連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉下行經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡治療腰椎間盤突癥的臨床治療效果。方法 選擇2010年1月至2012年12月行經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡下突出椎間盤切除術(shù)(PTED)患者共36例,根據(jù)患者對麻醉的選擇分為A、B兩組,A組18例選擇局麻、B組18例選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉;術(shù)前、術(shù)后行患者療效滿意情況評價(jià)即ODI及VAS評分,術(shù)中疼痛感受分:無疼痛、輕度疼痛、中度疼痛、重度疼痛,無疼痛及輕度疼痛為麻醉滿意,中、重度疼痛為麻醉不滿意。結(jié)果 A組中2例因術(shù)中不能耐受疼痛而改硬膜外麻醉,兩組病例術(shù)后均無發(fā)生腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)根損傷等并發(fā)癥;兩組患者術(shù)中發(fā)生疼痛滿意度比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后3個(gè)月ODI評分及VAS疼痛評分較術(shù)前明顯緩解(P<0.05);A、B兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3月ODI評分與術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS評分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 對于選擇何種麻醉下完成PTED,與術(shù)者的技術(shù)熟練程度、臨床操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)及應(yīng)變處理能力密切相關(guān)。但選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,可避免或減少患者術(shù)中疼痛等不適情況。
麻醉;椎間孔鏡;腰椎間盤突出癥;療效
腰椎間盤突出癥是骨科常見病和多發(fā)病,是腰腿痛最常見的病因[1]。在保守治療無效的患者中,手術(shù)治療成為解除患者痛苦的唯一選擇。近年來,椎間孔鏡技術(shù)因其組織創(chuàng)傷小、效果肯定、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),逐漸被患者、醫(yī)師所青睞,成為腰椎間盤突出癥的優(yōu)選方案[2]。經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡手術(shù)(PTED)治療腰椎間盤突出癥,可在局麻或硬膜外麻醉下完成手術(shù)。兩種不同的麻醉對手術(shù)治療效果是否存在影響的相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,因此我們分組對比了局麻與連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉下經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡治療腰椎間盤突出癥的臨床治療效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 從2010年1月至2012年12月收治的腰椎間盤突出癥患者中篩選出局麻及連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉下行PTED手術(shù)者各18例,分為A、B兩組。其中A組男11例,女7例;B組男10例,女8例。年齡36~76歲,平均56.8歲。 L3/4節(jié)段A、B組各1例,L4/5節(jié)段A、B組各8例,L5/S1節(jié)段A、B組各9例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):腰椎間盤突出癥診斷明確,經(jīng)保守治療1個(gè)月無效,癥狀反復(fù)發(fā)作明顯影響生活者[2-3];排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):腰椎滑脫、腫瘤、感染、既往同節(jié)段腰椎手術(shù)史患者。入選病例術(shù)前均常規(guī)拍腰椎動力位及正側(cè)位X線平片、腰椎間盤CT,腰椎MRI檢查;術(shù)前向患者交代局麻及硬膜外麻醉的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),讓其知情選擇,從而分為A、B兩組。A組18例選擇局麻、B組18例選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,均在俯臥位行經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡突出髓核摘除術(shù)及纖維環(huán)成形術(shù)。由熟練掌握此技術(shù)的同一脊柱外科醫(yī)生完成手術(shù)。
1.2 評價(jià)方式 術(shù)前、術(shù)后療效滿意情況評價(jià)采用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(Oswestry disability Index.ODI)[4]及VAS評分;術(shù)中感受分為無、輕度、中度、重度疼痛四級(無:無不適;輕度:輕度疼痛不適,可承受;中:中度疼痛不適,不能承受,經(jīng)予以靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛藥物后繼續(xù)手術(shù);重:難以接受的疼痛伴恐懼緊張,要求放棄手術(shù),經(jīng)鎮(zhèn)痛治療無效。術(shù)中無、輕度疼痛感受為麻醉滿意標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中重度疼痛為麻醉不滿意)。
1.3 手術(shù)方法 36例患者均采取俯臥位下手術(shù),消毒前根據(jù)患者影像資料及C臂輔助劃標(biāo)志線確定穿刺點(diǎn)。A組18例患者予以常規(guī)術(shù)區(qū)消毒鋪巾,l%利多卡因逐層浸潤麻醉,C型臂X線機(jī)透視引導(dǎo)穿刺,經(jīng)后側(cè)椎板間隙入路,導(dǎo)針位置深至椎管后壁,其軸線延長至間盤中心,安放工作通道,經(jīng)工作通道置入椎間孔鏡,在孔鏡監(jiān)視下經(jīng)工作通道使用各種型號和角度的髓核鉗取出其病變間盤組織,探查和松解相應(yīng)的出口神經(jīng)根以及行纖維環(huán)裂口的成形術(shù)[5]。B組18例患者行連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉生效后取俯臥位,常規(guī)術(shù)區(qū)消毒鋪巾,C型臂X線機(jī)透視引導(dǎo)穿刺,具體手術(shù)操作同前所述。
1.4 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后常規(guī)臥床休息6~12 h,術(shù)后12 h佩戴腰圍下床活動,術(shù)后48~96h出院;出院后囑咐患者4周內(nèi)不能進(jìn)行軀體彎腰、扭轉(zhuǎn)、負(fù)重和劇烈運(yùn)動。
術(shù)中無不適者A組2例、B組13例;輕度疼痛不適者A組8例、B組4例;中度疼痛不適者A組6例、B組1例;重度疼痛不適者A組2例、B組0例(見圖1);術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛A組8例,B組1例。A組中2例重度疼痛患者改連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉完成手術(shù)。兩組病例均沒有發(fā)生腦脊液漏、神經(jīng)根損傷、椎間隙感染、腹腔臟器及血管損傷等并發(fā)癥。兩組患者療效滿意比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組術(shù)中疼痛滿意度比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。兩組術(shù)后3個(gè)月ODI評分及VAS疼痛評分較術(shù)前明顯緩解(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3月ODI評分與術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS評分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
圖1 兩組患者術(shù)中疼痛情況比較
表1 兩組患者術(shù)中不適及療效滿意情況
組別疼痛無(%)輕度(%)中度(%)重度(%)術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛(%)A組2(11.1)8(44.4)6(33.3)2(11.1)8(44.4)B組13(72.2)4(22.2)1(5.6)0(0)1(5.6)
表2 兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)前后對比資料
評價(jià)方式A組B組手術(shù)時(shí)間(min)100.0±34.098.0±36.0術(shù)前ODI評分50.0±9.252.0±8.8術(shù)后3月ODI評分9.8±2.5?8.5±3.4?術(shù)前VAS評分7.6±3.28.1±2.6術(shù)后3月VAS評分1.8±1.0?1.7±1.0?
*與同組術(shù)前比較,P<0.05;A、B兩組各項(xiàng)分別比較,P>0.05。
對于保守治療無效的腰椎間盤突出癥患者,其傳統(tǒng)外科手術(shù)治療方法是椎板間隙開窗突出髓核摘除術(shù)。該術(shù)式存在廣泛的椎旁肌剝離導(dǎo)致的失神經(jīng)支配以及對椎體骨性結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞等缺點(diǎn)[3,5-7],嚴(yán)重影響術(shù)后臨床療效。微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡下手術(shù)避免了椎旁肌的剝離及腰椎后方結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞,具有創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、康復(fù)快、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[6-10]。本組患者術(shù)后平均臥床時(shí)間8 h,術(shù)后平均住院時(shí)間3 d,充分反映了該微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
目前行經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡技術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥多數(shù)學(xué)者采用局麻,也有部分學(xué)者采用連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,少數(shù)學(xué)者報(bào)道了應(yīng)用腰麻或全麻。對于應(yīng)用局麻及連硬膜外麻醉對手術(shù)療效的相關(guān)比較,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少。兩組病例研究表明,患者術(shù)中的疼痛耐受情況有明顯的區(qū)別,手術(shù)療效無明顯差異。術(shù)中為了預(yù)防神經(jīng)根損傷的并發(fā)癥,多數(shù)學(xué)者采用局部麻醉,因局麻鎮(zhèn)痛效果有限,多數(shù)患者術(shù)中存在疼痛不適,嚴(yán)重者產(chǎn)生恐懼感甚至放棄手術(shù)的可能。本研究中A組麻醉滿意率10/18,不滿意率8/18;B組麻醉滿意率17/18,麻醉不滿意1/18。A組中2例患者因不能耐受疼痛而改選硬膜外麻醉后完成手術(shù)。而B組僅一例出現(xiàn)中度疼痛,經(jīng)給予鎮(zhèn)痛藥后順利完成手術(shù);對于神經(jīng)根損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的規(guī)避,與手術(shù)者豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)與嫻熟的技術(shù)、縝密的臨床思維與敏銳的辨別力密不可分。相關(guān)臨床微創(chuàng)術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中,均敘述了分離粘連及顯露間盤時(shí)難免牽拉神經(jīng)根。在腰麻及全麻下,雙下肢感覺運(yùn)動被完全阻滯,觸及神經(jīng)根均無反應(yīng),誤傷后不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)。我們早期選擇局麻下手術(shù),存在術(shù)區(qū)麻醉效果欠佳,手術(shù)操作中患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重酸脹不適、疼痛等不良情況。有些患者因疼痛刺激致使血壓升高、心率加快,甚至出冷汗等休克癥狀[11]。對原伴有高血壓、冠心病等患者有一定危險(xiǎn)。選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉下手術(shù),克服了上述弊病[11]。連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉能保持觸覺及運(yùn)動神經(jīng)的功能,利于術(shù)中防止誤傷神經(jīng)根;同時(shí)不需輔助強(qiáng)化,保持患者清醒,術(shù)中可與術(shù)者溝通配合,按指令活動足趾等[11-13],避免了局麻不全致術(shù)中疼痛而產(chǎn)生的不安心理,有利于減少患者術(shù)后的焦慮;若術(shù)中對神經(jīng)根造成了刺激,患者亦會有相應(yīng)區(qū)域的不適癥狀發(fā)生,可與患者溝通交流,調(diào)整操作系統(tǒng)方向避免其損傷。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道微創(chuàng)椎間孔鏡手術(shù)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)根支配區(qū)感覺麻木或痛覺過敏高達(dá)5%~15%[12-14]。所以多數(shù)學(xué)者為了術(shù)中避免神經(jīng)根的損傷而選擇局部麻醉下手術(shù)。但因操作時(shí)術(shù)區(qū)脹痛不適持續(xù)存在,必然對患者產(chǎn)生焦慮,甚至影響到患者術(shù)后的恢復(fù)。對于早期從事該項(xiàng)手術(shù)操作,選擇局麻可以求得經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的心理平衡與寄托。從而逐步摸索、探討出適合自己的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。對于手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富者,選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉或全麻為患者施行手術(shù),使患者在平和、安靜、清醒、無痛下度過手術(shù),可避免或減少患者術(shù)中疼痛不適及術(shù)后焦慮等不安心理,有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),減少住院時(shí)間。
經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡技術(shù)(PTED)較椎間盤鏡技術(shù)(MED)更加微創(chuàng),具有操作安全、組織損傷小、對神經(jīng)根顯露充分、術(shù)后疤痕組織極少造成硬膜囊及神經(jīng)根的黏連,若治療失敗可立即改行后路補(bǔ)救手術(shù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[13-15]。對于選擇何種麻醉下完成手術(shù),與術(shù)者的技術(shù)熟練程度、臨床操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)、術(shù)中敏銳的觀察能力與應(yīng)變處理能力密切相關(guān)[15-16]。因此,應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格按照適應(yīng)證選擇合適病人,根據(jù)術(shù)者自身經(jīng)驗(yàn),選擇合適的麻醉開展PTED。但是,選擇連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,可避免或減少患者術(shù)中疼痛等不適情況。
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[收稿2014-12-25;修回2015-01-20]
(編輯:王福軍)
Curative effects of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy on lumbar disc herniation treatment in different anesthesia
KongWeijun,LiaoWenbo,QinJianpu,CaoGuangru,AoJun,JiWenjun,ChenTaiyong
(Department of Spine Surgery,The Affilated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563099, China)
Objective To investigate the effects of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) on lumbar disc herniation treatment via local anesthesia and continuous epidural anesthesi.Methods From January, 2010 to December, 2012, a total of 36 patients with PTED operation was selected. Patients were divided into A with 18 cases via local anesthesia and B with 18 cases via continuous epidural anesthesia groups. All cases
intervertebral foramen and fiber loop mirror disc herniation of nucleus pulposus enucleation plasty under the prone position. The preoperative and postoperative patients were evaluated with satisfactory curative efficacy including Oswestry disability Index (ODI) and VAS scores. Intraoperative pain perception index included no pain, light pain, moderate pain and severe pain. No pain and light pain were considered as anesthesia satisfaction and moderate pain and severe pain were identified for anesthesia disatisfaction.Results In operation, two cases in group A could not tolerate the pain and changed to epidural anesthesia to complete the operation. After operation, no cerebrospinal fluid leakage and nerve root injury and other complications occurred in two groups. The significant difference of intraoperative pain and discomfort between the two groups was shown (P<0.05). Three months after surgery, ODI score and VAS score of pain in two groups were attenuated obviously than those before surgery (P<0.05). However, before surgery, three months after surgery, no significant difference of ODI score and VAS score in two groups was detected (P>0.05).Conclusion The successful PTED operation under different anesthesia is closely related to the technical proficiency, clinical experience and operationer’s strain capacity. The continuous epidural anesthesia could be used to avoid or reduce the patient pain and discomfort.
anesthesia; percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy; lumbar disc herniation; curative effects
廖文波,男,博士,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:脊柱退變疾病的微創(chuàng)治療,E-mail:wenbo900@sina.com。
R681.5
B
1000-2715(2015)02-0182-03