徐琪毅,房國(guó)祥,戴少慧,楊國(guó)鋒,張麗娟
新疆伊犁兒童肺炎衣原體、鸚鵡熱衣原體及沙眼衣原體血清抗體調(diào)查
徐琪毅1,房國(guó)祥2,戴少慧3,楊國(guó)鋒2,張麗娟4
目的 調(diào)查新疆伊犁地區(qū)農(nóng)村居住兒童肺炎衣原體、鸚鵡熱衣原體及沙眼衣原體感染狀況 。方法 采用WHO推薦的微量間接免疫熒光方法(mIFA)半定量分析兒童血清肺炎衣原體、鸚鵡熱衣原體及沙眼衣原體IgG抗體,比較每種病原體在不同調(diào)查點(diǎn)及年齡組間陽性率差異。結(jié)果 肺炎衣原體、沙眼衣原體及鸚鵡熱衣原體人群血清IgG抗體陽性率分別為39.5%、2.1% 及0。鞏留縣(40.8%)及昭蘇縣(44.4%)人群肺炎衣原體抗體陽性率明顯高于伊寧市(32.4%)。性別、年齡及民族等差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 新疆伊犁農(nóng)村地區(qū)兒童存在較高的肺炎衣原體抗體陽性率,沙眼衣原體陽性率較低。本調(diào)查沒有檢測(cè)到鸚鵡熱衣原體抗體。
肺炎衣原體;鸚鵡熱衣原體;沙眼衣原體;兒童;伊犁
Supported by the National Key Science and Technology Projects of China (Nos. 2012ZX10004215 and 2008ZX10004-008) and the National Basic Research Program of China 973 Program (No. 2010CB530206),XU Qi-yi and FANG Guo-xiang contributed equally to this work. Correspondence author: Zhang Li-juan, Email:zhanglijuan@icdc.cn
衣原體是能夠引起人、某些哺乳動(dòng)物及禽類急、慢性感染的嚴(yán)格胞內(nèi)寄生菌。對(duì)人類致病的衣原體主要包括肺炎衣原體、鸚鵡熱衣原體及沙眼衣原體[1]。其中,鸚鵡熱衣原體是重要的人獸共患病原體。全球流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,肺炎衣原體在社區(qū)獲得性肺炎及下呼吸道感染中位居第二,在兒童急性呼吸道感染中可高達(dá)44%[2-3]。盡管如此,我國(guó)正常兒童衣原體,血清抗體流行率調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)十分有限。因此,2011年8-10月,我們對(duì)新疆北部伊犁地區(qū)農(nóng)村居住兒童進(jìn)行了上述3種常見致病衣原體進(jìn)行了血清流行病學(xué)調(diào)查。
1.1 調(diào)查地點(diǎn)及對(duì)象 調(diào)查地點(diǎn)包括伊寧市、鞏留縣及昭蘇縣3市/縣,對(duì)象為6~12歲農(nóng)村居住兒童。調(diào)查資料包括性別、年齡、民族、居住地點(diǎn)、家畜飼養(yǎng)、既往病史、及就讀學(xué)校等信息。經(jīng)本人同意,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采集非抗凝血液2 mL,當(dāng)?shù)丶膊☆A(yù)防控制中心分離血清并低溫-20 ℃或-40 ℃保存,后空運(yùn)至中國(guó)CDC傳染病預(yù)防控制所進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè) 采用WHO立克次體協(xié)作中心推薦的微量間接免疫熒光方法(m-IFA)[1]對(duì)3種衣原體進(jìn)行血清IgG抗體檢測(cè)。3種衣原體抗原片購于美國(guó)FOCUS Diagnostics公司(Cypress, California 90630,USA),按說明書操作,血清稀釋度>1∶16 為陽性參考值。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析 人群分為6~9歲和10~12歲2個(gè)年齡組。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)比較不同民族、年齡組間及調(diào)查點(diǎn)間血清抗體陽性率,數(shù)據(jù)分析用SAS 軟件(9.1版),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 調(diào)查地區(qū)及人群 本次調(diào)查6~12歲兒童共計(jì)766人,全部為在校正常就讀學(xué)生,其中伊寧市(256人)、鞏留縣(255人)及昭蘇縣(266人)。男412人, 女354人, 平均年齡9.1歲(6~12歲)。哈薩克族439人、漢族143人、唯吾爾族62人、蒙古族72人、回族22人、柯爾克孜族28人。調(diào)查地區(qū)為新疆的西北部地區(qū),冬長(zhǎng)夏短是當(dāng)?shù)氐湫偷臍夂蛱卣鳌^r(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)以游牧民畜牧養(yǎng)殖及農(nóng)業(yè)為主,20%兒童家庭飼養(yǎng)家畜包括牛及山羊及家犬。
2.2 血清抗體檢測(cè) 3個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)3種病原體的血清抗體流行率見表3。檢測(cè)結(jié)果可見,肺炎衣原體血清流行率平均高達(dá)39.5%。3個(gè)調(diào)查地點(diǎn)比較可見昭蘇縣(44.4%)和鞏留縣(40.8%)兒童抗體血清流行率明顯高于伊寧市(32.4 %)(P<0.05)。沙眼衣原體抗體流行率平均為2.1%, 伊寧市略高于昭蘇縣和鞏留縣,但比較分析3地區(qū)差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。男女性別、不同民族及年齡組比較分析,陽性率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本次調(diào)查沒有檢測(cè)到鸚鵡熱衣原體。3個(gè)調(diào)查地點(diǎn)3種衣原體IgG抗體陽性率結(jié)果見表1。
表1 調(diào)查地區(qū)3種衣原體抗體陽性率
Tab.1 Seroprevalence ofChlamydiapneumoniae,C.psittaciandC.trachomatisamong agrarian schoolchildren in 3 areas surveyed
AreasPositiverate%(No.positive/No.tested)C.pneumoniaeC.psittaciC.trachomatisYining32.4(83/256)0(0/256)3.5(9/256)Gongliu40.8(104/255)0(0/255)1.2(3/255)Zhaosu44.4(118/266)0(0/266)1.5(4/266)Total39.5(305/777)0(0/777)2.1(16/777)
肺炎衣原體是社區(qū)獲得性感染的重要病原體之一,也是兒童重癥哮喘及心肌炎的重要致病菌。肺炎衣原體社區(qū)獲得性感染在成人和兒童所占比例各地報(bào)道不一,來自約旦調(diào)查結(jié)果提示,在成人社區(qū)獲得性肺炎中,肺炎衣原體位居第2,約占23%,僅次于肺炎鏈球菌(26%),相反,兒童肺炎衣原體所占比例最高(14%)[4]。近期對(duì)亞洲地區(qū)成人社區(qū)獲得性肺炎病原綜述文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,肺炎衣原體感染所占比例為6.9%,僅次于肺炎鏈球菌(13.3%)、革蘭氏陰性腸桿菌(9.0%)、支原體(8.3%)[5]。來自美國(guó)德克薩斯一家醫(yī)院兒童調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),肺炎衣原體感染分別占急診兒童及住院兒童獲得性肺炎的6%和9%[6-7]。波蘭一項(xiàng)對(duì)1~3歲呼吸道感染兒童研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肺炎衣原體感染占13%[8]。值得注意的是2004年3月韓國(guó)Islet 島某學(xué)校發(fā)生肺炎衣原體感染暴發(fā)流行[9]。同樣,國(guó)內(nèi)各地區(qū)及醫(yī)院調(diào)查研究數(shù)據(jù)也不相同,浙江紹興地區(qū)一項(xiàng)對(duì)急性呼吸道感染患兒的病原學(xué)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),肺炎衣原體感染占11.2%,其中7~12歲兒童組占比最高30.9%[10]。該地另一項(xiàng)對(duì)兒童肺炎調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,衣原體肺炎占20.8%[11]。廣州梅洲地區(qū)兒童社區(qū)獲得性肺炎中,衣原體感染占14.5%,>6歲年齡組最高(28.12%),季節(jié)性以冬季最高,達(dá)20.8%[12]。
基于正常人群流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,肺炎衣原體無論在成人還是兒童都存在較高的流行率。國(guó)內(nèi)一大樣本流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,肺炎衣原體在兒童、青壯年及老年等人群血清總流行率為54.64%,其中4~14歲兒童血清流行率為47%[13]。意大利一項(xiàng)在校學(xué)生調(diào)查結(jié)果提示,當(dāng)?shù)貎和窝滓略wIgG抗體流行率為29%[14]。另據(jù)芬蘭一項(xiàng)對(duì)7個(gè)月到8歲兒童前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),每年正常兒童肺炎衣原體感染率達(dá)28%[15]。
本次調(diào)查共包括6個(gè)少數(shù)民族兒童,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果顯示各民族間肺炎衣原體抗體陽性率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。來自新加坡的一項(xiàng)有關(guān)亞洲不同種族人群肺炎衣原體血清流行率的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),中國(guó)(男76.7%,女68.3%) 、馬來西亞(男75.4%,女59.1%)、印度(男74.6%,女59.4%)、新加坡(男75.0%,女65.5%)等不同種族人群肺炎衣原體的血清抗體流行率差異差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[16]。盡管有報(bào)道顯示兒童肺炎衣原體感染隨年齡增加而增加,但本次調(diào)查的2個(gè)年齡組間比較,抗體流行率差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
沙眼衣原體除了引起沙眼外,主要引起婦女泌尿生殖道感染。本次調(diào)查沙眼衣原體在3個(gè)地區(qū)兒童人群中檢出陽性率均很低,平均2.1%。據(jù)美國(guó)近期一項(xiàng)研究顯示,沙眼衣原體同樣可引起兒童呼吸道感染,而且占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?。該調(diào)查通過PCR擴(kuò)增衣原體特異基因,在124例PCR陽性病人中,肺炎衣原體占63.7%(79/124),沙眼衣原體占62.1%[17]。本調(diào)查沒有檢測(cè)到鸚鵡熱衣原體。
國(guó)內(nèi)外大量調(diào)查資料顯示,肺炎衣原體感染與氣候相關(guān),冬季明顯高于其他季節(jié)。本次調(diào)查的3個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)間兒童抗體陽性率差異顯著,昭蘇縣與鞏留縣2個(gè)地區(qū)人群抗體流行率明顯高于伊寧市。我們推測(cè)與當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蛴嘘P(guān),昭蘇縣與鞏留縣位于伊犁河谷滯留地帶,而伊寧位于河谷開闊地帶,昭蘇縣與鞏留縣年平均氣溫較伊寧縣低3~4 ℃,季節(jié)變化也較伊寧市滯后半個(gè)月??傊?,本調(diào)查提示新疆伊犁地區(qū)農(nóng)村兒童存在較高的肺炎衣原體抗體流行率。而沙眼衣原體感染率較低,該地區(qū)沒有檢測(cè)到鸚鵡熱衣原體。
(致謝:本文衷心感謝伊寧市CDC、鞏留縣CDC及昭蘇縣CDC及直屬鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查及樣本采集給與的支持。)
[1]Yang ZS, Fang H. Human and animal pathogenic bacteriology[M].Shijiazhuang: Hebei Science & Technology Publishing House, 2003:1262-1295. (in Chinese) 楊正時(shí),房海.人及動(dòng)物病原細(xì)菌學(xué)[M].石家莊: 河北科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2003:1262-1295.
[2]Hammerschlag MR. Pneumonia due toChlamydiapneumoniaein children: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2003,35(5):384-390.
[3]Kumar S, Hammerschiag MR. Acute respiratory infection due to theChlamydiapneumonia: current status of diagnostic methods[J]. Infect Dis, 2007, 44(4):568-576.
[4]Al-Ali MK, Batchoun RG, Al-Nour TM. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Jordan[J]. Saudi Med J, 2006,27(6):813-816.
[5]Peto L, Nadjm B, Horby P, et al. The bacterial aetiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia in Asia: a systematic review[J]. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2014, 108(6):326-337.
[6]Wubbel L, Muniz L, Ahmed A,et al. Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1999, 18(2):98-104.
[7]Michelow IC, Olsen K, Lozano J,et al.Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children[J]. Pediatr, 2004, 113(4):701-707.
[9]Lee KJ, Kwon SJ, Choi BR, et al. Outbreak of respiratory tract infections on an islet in Korea: possibleChlamydiapneumoniaeinfection[J].Jpn J Infect Dis, 2006, 59(5):294-298.
[10]Liu SM. Acute respiratory infections in childrenChlamydiapneumoniae: A investigation of 1 035 cases[J]. Chin Modern Doctor, 2012, 50(11):30-32.(in Chinese) 劉淑梅.1 035例急性呼吸道感染患兒肺炎衣原體感染情況的調(diào)查分析[J].中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2012,50(11):30-32.
[11]Chen J. Clinical analysis ofChlamydiapneumoniaeinfections in children with acute pneumonia[J]. Modern Med, 2015,21(9):45-46. (in Chinese) 陳劍.兒童急性呼吸道肺炎衣原體感染臨床分析[J].當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué),2015,21(9):45-46.
[12]Xiao GW, Zeng LB, Xie YP, et al. The epidemic characteristics of the infection ofChlamydiapneumoniaein children with community acquired pneumonia in Meizhou area[J]. Chin Trop Med, 2015, 15(1):31-33. (in Chinese) 肖光文,曾令斌,謝彥鵬,等.梅洲地區(qū)兒童社區(qū)獲得性肺炎中嗜肺炎衣原體的流行特征[J].中國(guó)熱帶醫(yī)學(xué),2015,15(1):31-33.
[13]Yang SD, Wang HF. The serological analysis ofMycoplasmapneumoniaeandChlamydiapneumoniaein 3 600 cases of healthy peoples[J]. Chin Fore Med Res, 2014, 12(27): 31-33. (in Chinese) 楊松娣,王海峰.3 600例健康體檢者肺炎衣原體和肺炎支原體的血清學(xué)分析[J].中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究 ,2014,12(27): 31-33.
[14]Dal Molin G, Longo B, Not T, et al. A population based seroepidemiological survey ofChlamydiapneumoniaeinfections in schoolchildren[J].J Clin Pathol, 2005, 58(6):617-620.
[15]Volanen I, Vainionpaa R, Ilonen J, et al. A prospective study ofChlamydiapneumoniaeantibodies in children between 7 months and 8 years of age[J]. Scand J Infect Dis, 2003, 35(8):471-477.
[16]Koh WP, Taylor MB, Hughes K, et al. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies againstChlamydiapneumoniaein Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians in Singapore[J]. Int J Epidemiol, 2002, 31:1001-1007.
[17]Webley WC, Tilahun Y, Lay K,et al. Occurrence ofChlamydiatrachomatisandChlamydiapneumoniaein pediatric respiratory infections[J]. Eur Respir J, 2009, 33(2):360-367.
Serological investigation ofChlamydiapneumoniae,C.psittaciandC.trachomatisamong agrarian school children in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang Province, China
XU Qi-yi1,FANG Guo-xiang2,DAI Shao-hui3,YANG Guo-feng2,ZHANG Li-juan4
(1.YiliPrefectureCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Yili835000,China; 2.ZhaosuCountyCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Zhaosu835600,China; 3.GongliuCountyCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,GongLiu835400,China; 4.DepartmentofRickettsology,theNationalInstituteforCommunicableDiseaseControlandPrevention,ChinaCDC,Beijing102206, China)
To better understand the seroprevalence ofChlamydiapneumoniae,C.psittaciandC.trachomatisamong agrarian school children in Yili Prefecture,micro-indirect immunoflorescence assays (mIFA)were used for testing IgG antibodies againstC.pneumoniae,C.psittaciandC.trachomatis. Comparison of different areas, different age groups and different nationalities were performed using the χ2test using SAS software. Results showed that the average seroprevalence ofC.pneumoniae,C.trachomatisandC.psittaciin children were 39.5% (305/777), 2.1% (16/777) and 0 (0/777), respectively. The seroprevalence ofC.pneumoniaein Gongliu County (40.8%) and Zhaosu County (44.4%) were significantly higher than that in Yining City (32.4%) (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the male and the female groups and between the two age groups (6-9 years old and 9-12 years old) and among the different minorities.Here we concluded that the positive rate of the antibody againstC.pneumoniais quite high in the school children in the local areas investigated but the seroprevalence ofC.trachomatisis was comparatively lower. No antibody ofC.psittaciwas detected in this study.
Chlamydiapneumoniae;C.psittaci;C.trachomatis;children;Yii
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2015.12.022
“十二五”傳染病重大專項(xiàng)課題(No.2012ZX10004215和No.2008ZX10004-008);國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)研究項(xiàng)目973計(jì)劃(No.2010CB530206)徐琪毅,房國(guó)祥同等貢獻(xiàn)
張麗娟, Email:zhanglijuan@icdc.cn
1.新疆伊犁州疾病預(yù)防控制中心, 伊犁 835000; 2.昭蘇縣疾病預(yù)防控制中心,昭蘇 835600; 3.鞏留縣疾病預(yù)防控制中心,鞏留 835400; 4.中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心傳染病預(yù)防控制所,北京 102206
R374
A
1002-2694(2015)12-1193-03
2015-08-27;
2015-10-16