李翀 唐純娜 賀更生
[摘要] 目的 腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL)選擇性誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,但是其誘導(dǎo)促生存反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致耐藥。金雀異黃素抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性。本文旨在探討金雀異黃素和TRAIL以及兩者合用誘導(dǎo)人肝細(xì)胞癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞系肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。 方法 干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基超低粘附板培養(yǎng)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞獲得第3代腫瘤球形成細(xì)胞,作為肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞。金雀異黃素(10 μM)、TRAIL(10 ng/mL)及兩者聯(lián)合處理肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞72 h;免疫酶聯(lián)吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測(cè)定細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片;碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析細(xì)胞凋亡率;Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 10 μM 金雀異黃素誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平(100% vs 152%)和凋亡率[(2.71±0.64)% vs (5.14±0.76)%]適度增高(P<0.05);10 ng/mL TRAIL對(duì)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平(100% vs 110%)和凋亡率[(2.71±0.64)% vs (3.15±0.72)%]無(wú)明顯影響;10 μM 金雀異黃素預(yù)孵育1 h,聯(lián)合10 ng/mL TRAIL處理導(dǎo)致組蛋白/DNA碎片水平(100% vs 568%)和凋亡率[(2.71±0.64)% vs (17.3±1.27)%]顯著增高(P<0.05)。10 ng/mL TRAIL誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),10 μM 金雀異黃素抑制NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),聯(lián)合金雀異黃素與TRAIL有效降低NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)論 金雀異黃素與TRAIL協(xié)同誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡涉及NF-κB抑制。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝細(xì)胞癌;腫瘤干細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞凋亡;NF-κB
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R735.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2015)13-0023-03
[Abstract] Objective Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been demonstrated that selectively induced cancer cells, but facilitated prosurvival response leading to resistance. It has been reported that genistein could inhibit nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) exprotein and activaty. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of genistein or TRAIL, or both on apoptosis of liver cancer stem-like cells(LCSLCs) derived from SMMC-7721 cell line. Methods The third passage sphere-forming cells(SFCs) derived from SMMC-7721 cell line which was also called LCSLCs were obtained though suspended culture in ultra-low adhesion plate with stem cell-conditioned medium. LCSLCs were treated with Genistein(10 μM) and TRAIL(10 ng/mL) alone or in combination for 72 h. Histone/DNA fragment was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). And apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) with propidium iodide(PI) staining; the protein expression of NF-κB(p65) was analyzed by western blot. Results The level of histone/DNA fragment(100% vs 152.6%) and apoptosis rate[(2.71±0.64)% vs (5.14±0.76)%] was increased moderately by genistein(10 μM) in LCSLCs(P<0.05), but TRAIL(10 ng/mL) has no effect on histone/DNA fragment level(100% vs 110%) and apoptosis rate[(2.71±0.64)% vs (3.15±0.72)%]. After preincubation with 10μM genistein for 1h, the combination with 10 ng/mL TRAIL lead to significantly increase of histone/DNA fragment level(100% vs 568%) and apoptosis rate[(2.71±0.64)% vs (17.3±1.27)%] (P<0.05). 10 ng/mL TRAIL induced NF-κB(p65) expression in LCSLCs. 10 μM genistein could suppress the protein expression of NF-κB(p65). And the protein expression of NF-κB(p65) was significantly attenuated by the combination of genistein and TRAIL. Conclusion The apoptosis of LCSLCs which is co-induced by genistein and TRAIL is associated with the inhibition of NF-κB.
[Key words] Liver cancer; Cancer stem cell; Apoptosis; NF-κB
肝細(xì)胞癌位列癌癥相關(guān)死因第三位;其死亡率高主要是由于高復(fù)發(fā)率和耐藥性[1]。腫瘤干細(xì)胞理論認(rèn)為腫瘤組織中存在化療抵抗的干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞群,在肝細(xì)胞癌中,肝癌干細(xì)胞能在化療后重新構(gòu)建腫瘤[2]。腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡配體(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis ligand,TRAIL)已經(jīng)達(dá)到只針對(duì)惡性轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞和不影響正常細(xì)胞和不損傷正常組織的治療結(jié)果。雖然Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證明重組可溶性TRAIL有良好耐受性,但是其抗腫瘤活性有限[3];此外,TRAIL信號(hào)并不總是導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞凋亡。事實(shí)上一些研究表明,TRAIL可以通過(guò)某些信號(hào)分子包括核因子-κB(NF-κB)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、Akt等因子誘導(dǎo)促生存反應(yīng)[3]。有研究顯示膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞具有TRAIL抗性[4]。
金雀異黃素是大豆制品中的主要異黃酮。已有研究證明金雀異黃素在體內(nèi)外具有預(yù)防和治療包括肝細(xì)胞癌在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤作用[5]。還有研究表明,金雀異黃素通過(guò)抑制NF-κB活性增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的化療敏感性[6]。然而金雀異黃素是否能通過(guò)抑制NF-κB活性增強(qiáng)TRAIL誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡仍然缺乏文獻(xiàn)資料。本文研究金雀異黃素和TRAIL以及兩者合用對(duì)人肝細(xì)胞癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞系肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡的作用,并探討其作用機(jī)制是否涉及金雀異黃素抑制基礎(chǔ)和TRAIL誘導(dǎo)NF-κB活性。
1 材料與方法
1.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與試劑
人肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系SMMC-7721自上海中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(kù)(中國(guó)上海)購(gòu)得。SMMC-7721細(xì)胞系生長(zhǎng)用添加10%胎牛血清、100 IU/mL盤(pán)尼西林、100 μg/mL鏈霉素的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基置5% CO2、37℃的培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)。
金雀異黃素和胰島素購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司。重組人TRAIL購(gòu)自美國(guó)R&D Systems 公司。高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基、DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基、50×B27添加物(不含維生素A)和胎牛血清購(gòu)于美國(guó)Gibco公司。重組人表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)和人堿性成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)購(gòu)于PROSPEC公司。鼠抗人NF-κB(p65)單克隆抗體購(gòu)于美國(guó)Cell signaling公司;鼠抗人β-catenin單克隆抗體和辣根過(guò)氧化物酶結(jié)合的羊抗鼠二抗均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santa Cruz生物科技有限公司。
1.2腫瘤球培養(yǎng)
參照文獻(xiàn)[7]描述的方法,用無(wú)血清干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基[含20 ng/mL EGF、10 ng/mL bFGF、1×B27和0.4 μg/mL胰島素的DMEM/F12(Gibco Invitrogen)培養(yǎng)基]懸浮,以5000細(xì)胞/孔的密度接種6孔超低粘附培養(yǎng)板。培養(yǎng)6 d,得到腫瘤球形成細(xì)胞,0.25%胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化,并計(jì)數(shù)。
1.3細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)
按照文獻(xiàn)[8]描述的方法,用碘化丙啶熒光染色流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測(cè)定細(xì)胞凋亡率以及酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測(cè)定細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平評(píng)估細(xì)胞凋亡程度。
1.4蛋白印跡分析
按照文獻(xiàn)[8]描述的方法進(jìn)行總細(xì)胞溶解產(chǎn)物的制備和蛋白印跡分析??笵R5抗體、抗NF-κB(p65)抗體和抗β-actin抗體作為一抗。用增強(qiáng)型ECL蛋白質(zhì)印記分析系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)信號(hào)。
2結(jié)果
2.1肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)和擴(kuò)增
干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基超低粘附板培養(yǎng)人肝細(xì)胞癌SMMC-7721細(xì)胞系細(xì)胞形成懸浮生長(zhǎng)的腫瘤球(圖1)。腫瘤球傳代培養(yǎng)結(jié)果證實(shí):第3代球形成細(xì)胞的腫瘤球形成率最高(18.92±2.17)%,作為后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞模型。
2.2金雀異黃素和TRAIL及兩者合用對(duì)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平的影響
ELISA測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示:金雀異黃素(10 μM)處理導(dǎo)致肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平增高52%(P<0.05);TRAIL(10 ng/mL)處理僅提高10%,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;金雀異黃素(10 μM)與TRAIL(10 ng/mL)合用使組蛋白/DNA碎片水平增高468%,提示聯(lián)合金雀異黃素(10 μM)與TRAIL(10 ng/mL)協(xié)同性誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3金雀異黃素和TRAIL及兩者合用對(duì)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡率的影響
PI染色流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析結(jié)果證實(shí):溶媒(0.1% DMSO)處理、金雀異黃素(10 μM)處理、TRAIL(10 ng/mL)處理以及聯(lián)合金雀異黃素(10 μM)和TRAIL(10 ng/mL)處理肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡率分別是(2.71±0.64)%、(5.14±0.76)%、(3.15±0.72)%和(17.3±1.27)%(圖3),說(shuō)明聯(lián)合金雀異黃素與TRAIL協(xié)同性誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡。
2.4 聯(lián)合金雀異黃素與TRAIL下調(diào)NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)
Western blot分析結(jié)果表明,10 ng/mL TRAIL誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),10 μM 金雀異黃素抑制NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),聯(lián)合金雀異黃素與TRAIL有效降低NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)水平(圖4)。
3討論
盡管TRAIL具有選擇性腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性,不影響非惡性轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞,可作為一種很有前途的抗癌藥物[9];但是,我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),TRAIL(10 ng/mL)處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞系球形成細(xì)胞即定義的肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞不能有效誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡;其證據(jù)包括不能有效增高細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平和細(xì)胞凋亡率。這些結(jié)果提供了肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞具有TRAIL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡耐受性的證據(jù)。我們還證實(shí)TRAIL (10 ng/mL)處理誘導(dǎo)NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),從而提示,肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生TRAIL誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡耐受性的可能機(jī)制之一是其誘導(dǎo)NF-κB所致。
雖然金雀異黃素(10 μM)只能輕微誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡,然而,當(dāng)使用金雀異黃素(10 μM)預(yù)孵育后聯(lián)合TRAIL(10 ng/mL)處理導(dǎo)致肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞組蛋白/DNA碎片水平和細(xì)胞凋亡率增高數(shù)倍。這些結(jié)果證明,聯(lián)合金雀異黃素和TRAIL可以引起協(xié)同性誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡作用,因此,有可能根除肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮治療人肝細(xì)胞癌作用。我們的結(jié)果顯示,金雀異黃素不僅能下調(diào)基礎(chǔ)NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá),而且能有效抑制TRAIL誘導(dǎo)的NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)。這些結(jié)果啟迪我們,金雀異黃素可能通過(guò)抑制TRAIL誘導(dǎo)NF-κB(p65)蛋白表達(dá)即NF-κB活化增強(qiáng)TRAIL誘導(dǎo)肝癌干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞凋亡作用。因此,我們的研究結(jié)果為臨床應(yīng)用天然制劑金雀異黃素和選擇性腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡誘導(dǎo)劑TRAIL靶向腫瘤干細(xì)胞治療腫瘤特別是肝細(xì)胞癌提供了合理性的解釋。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-05)